The document discusses the history and practices of Nike, the largest athletic shoe and apparel company. It notes that Nike was founded in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman and became known for its innovative running shoes. The document outlines Nike's extensive product line that has expanded beyond shoes to include clothing and equipment for many sports. It also describes Nike's organizational culture that values diversity and provides employees benefits like health insurance and discounts. While Nike has faced some recent sales declines, the document anticipates the company will continue to be a leader in the sports industry through new product innovations.
nike company presentation (nike diversification strategy ) follow me on on instagram @abhasduaxx like share subscribe, hope you like this and enjoy the presentation.
thank you
Case 4 - Nike.rtfdTXT.rtfQuestion Nike Please reflect on th.docxwendolynhalbert
Case 4 - Nike.rtfd/TXT.rtf
Question: Nike: Please reflect on the potential influences of “external environments” on a firm; in this case, which aspects of the environment have impacted Nike’s labor practices and how?
Hitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices Moore: Twelve year olds working in [Indonesian] factories? That’s O.K. with you? Knight: They’re not 12-year-olds working in factories... the minimum age is 14. Moore: How about 14 then? Does that bother you? Knight: No.
— Phil Knight, Nike CEO, talking to Director Michael Moore in a scene from documentary film The Big One, 1997.
Nike is raising the minimum age of footwear factory workers to 18... Nike has zero tolerance for underage workers. 1
— Phil Knight, 1998
In 1997, Nguyen Thi Thu Phuong died while making sneakers. As she was trimming synthetic soles in a Nike contracting factory, a co-worker’s machine broke, spraying metal parts across the factory floor and into Phuong’s heart. The 23 year-old Vietnamese woman died instantly.2
Although it may have been the most dramatic, Phuong’s death was hardly the first misfortune to hit Nike’s far-flung manufacturing empire. Indeed, in the 1980s and 1990s, the corporation had been plagued by a series of labor incidents and public relations nightmares: underage workers in Indonesian plants, allegations of coerced overtime in China, dangerous working conditions in Vietnam. For a while, the stories had been largely confined to labor circles and activist publications. By the time of Phuong’s death, however, labor conditions at Nike had hit the mainstream. Stories of reported abuse at Nike plants had been carried in publications such as Time and Business Week and students from major universities such as Duke and Brown had organized boycotts of Nike products. Even Doonesbury had joined the fray, with a series of cartoons that linked the company to underage
and exploited Asian workers. Before these attacks, Nike had been widely regarded as one of the world’s coolest and most successful companies. Now Nike, the company of Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods; Nike, the sign of the swoosh and athletic prowess, was increasingly becoming known as the company of labor abuse. And its initial response — “We don’t make shoes” — was becoming harder and harder to sustain.3
Nike, Inc.
Based in Beaverton, Oregon, Nike had been a corporate success story for more than three decades. It was a sneaker company, but one armed with an inimitable attitude, phenomenal growth, and the apparent ability to dictate fashion trends to some of the world’s most influential consumers. In the 1970s, Nike had first begun to capture the attention of both trend-setting teenagers and financial observers. Selling a combination of basic footwear and street-smart athleticism, Nike pushed its revenues from a 1972 level of $60,000 to a startling $49 million in just ten years.4 It went public in 1980 and then astounded Wall Street in the mid-1990s as annual growth staye ...
Ch #6Marc Kasky versus NikeMarc Kasky of San Francisco sees .docxtidwellveronique
Ch #6
Marc Kasky versus Nike
Marc Kasky of San Francisco sees his world as a com- munity and has a long history of caring about the others in it. He got early lessons in business ethics from his father, who ran a car repair business.
The customer would bring his car in and say there’s something horribly wrong in my car: I think I need a new transmission. . . . My father would call them back an hour later and say, “Come get your car, there was a loose screw here and there; I fixed it. What does it cost? Nothing.” I saw how that affected our family. It impressed me a great deal.1
After graduating from Yale University in 1969, he volunteered to work in poor Cleveland neighbor- hoods. Moving to San Francisco, he headed a non- profit center for foundations that funded schools. He involved himself in civic and environmental causes. He also became an avid jogger and ran marathons.
Over the years Kasky wore many pairs of Nike shoes and considered them a “good product.”2 But he stopped buying them in the mid-1990s after reading stories about working conditions in overseas factories where they were made. By then Nike, Inc., had be- come the main focus of the anti-sweatshop cause, ac- cused of exploiting low-wage workers who made its shoes and clothing. The more Kasky read about Nike, the more convinced he was that it was not only vic- timizing workers, but lying about it too. Kasky sought the help of an old friend, Alan Caplan, an at- torney who had achieved fame in progressive circles by bringing the suit that forced R. J. Reynolds to stop using Joe Camel in its ads.
With Caplan’s help, Kasky sued Nike in 1998 for false advertising, alleging it had made untrue state- ments about its labor practices. This was not Kasky’s first lawsuit. Previously, he had sued Perrier over its claim to be “spring water” and Pillsbury Co. for labeling Mexican vegetables with the words “San Francisco style.” Both suits were settled.3 Nike sought dismissal of Kasky’s suit, arguing that the statements he questioned were part of a public de- bate about sweatshops and protected by the First Amendment.
NIKE
Nike, Inc., is the world’s largest producer of athletic shoes and sports apparel. It grew out of a handshake in 1962 between Bill Bowerman, the track coach at the University of Oregon, and Phil Knight, a runner he had coached in the 1950s. Knight had just received an MBA from Stanford University, where in a term paper he had written about competing against estab- lished athletic shoe companies by importing shoes made in low-wage Asian factories. Now he was ready to try it. He and Bowerman each put up $550 and Knight flew to Japan, arranging to import 300 pairs of Onitsuka Tiger shoes.
After seven years, Knight and Bowerman decided to stop selling the Japanese company’s brand and create their own. So they designed a shoe and sub- contracted its production to a factory in Japan. By now Bowerman and Knight had incorporated, and an employee suggested naming the company Nike, f ...
1. Analyze the case and determine the factors that have made KFC a s.docxaulasnilda
1. Analyze the case and determine the factors that have made KFC a successful global business.
2. Why are cultural factors so important to KFC’s sales success in India and China?
3. Spot the cultural factors in India that go against KFC’s original recipe.
4. Why did Kentucky Fried Chicken change its name to KFC?
5. What PESTEL factors contributed to KFC’s positioning?
6. How does the SWOT analysis of KFC affect the future of KFC?
Points to be considered:
1. Please follow 6th edition of the APA Format.
2. On separate page, the word "Abstract,' centered on paper followed by 75-100 word overview.
3. References needs to be Peer Reviewed Articles.
4. This assignment should be 15-20 pages excluding the title and reference pages. The paper should contain at least one graph, figure, chart, or table.
5. Please use the questions as Headings for the topics in the Paper.
I have attached the case study document below.
.
1. A.Discuss how the concept of health has changed over time. B.Di.docxaulasnilda
1. A.Discuss how the concept of "health" has changed over time. B.Discuss how the concept has evolved to include wellness, illness, and overall well-being. C.How has health promotion changed over time? D.Why is it important that nurses implement health promotion interventions based on evidence-based practice?
2. A.Compare and contrast the three different levels of health promotion (primary, secondary, tertiary). B.Discuss how the levels of prevention help determine educational needs for a patient.
.
1. Abstract2. Introduction to Bitcoin and Ethereum3..docxaulasnilda
1.
Abstract
2.
Introduction to Bitcoin and Ethereum
3.
Background
a. How do we understand Ethereum and Smart Contracts?
b. Blockchain Cryptocurrency and Smart Contracts
c. What are Pros and Cons of using Ethereum?
d. Ethereum Virtual Machine
4.
Platforms or Programming for Smart Contracts
5.
Smart Contract Applications
6.
Research Methodology
a. Current Smart Contract Applications
b. Security Issues
c. Privacy Issues
d. Performance Issues
7.
Ethereum System and Solidity Smart Contracts
a. What do we understand about Ethereum and the Likes?
b. How does Ethereum and the likes work?
8.
Ethereum and Hyperledger in Smart Contracts
9.
What can we get by the term Scalability?
10.
Smart Contracting Programming and High-Level Issues
a. Usability
b. Ethical and Legal Issues
11.
Specifications and Implementations
12.
Pros and Cons of using Ethereum Smart Contracts
13.
Current Trends on Ethereum
14.
Future State of Ethereum Smart Contracts or Virtual Machines
15.
Conclusion
Note: Paper about Ethereum
20 pages
ppt 12-14 slides.
No plagiarism,
APA , Citations, and references.
.
1. A. Compare vulnerable populations. B. Describe an example of one .docxaulasnilda
1. A. Compare vulnerable populations. B. Describe an example of one of these groups in the United States or from another country. C.Explain why the population is designated as "vulnerable." Include the number of individuals belonging to this group and the specific challenges or issues involved. D. Discuss why these populations are unable to advocate for themselves, the ethical issues that must be considered when working with these groups, and how nursing advocacy would be beneficial.
2. A. How does the community health nurse recognize bias, stereotypes, and implicit bias within the community? B. How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? C. Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. D. Include an evidence-based article that addresses the cultural issue. E. Cite and reference the article in APA format.
.
1. A highly capable brick and mortar electronics retailer with a l.docxaulasnilda
1. A highly capable brick and mortar electronics retailer with a loyal regional customer base (such as Fry's) should adopt which of the following medium term strategies?
"50% off" sale every month
Divest
Niche or harvest
Invest in R&D
2. Amazon's strategy involves offering expanded variety but at very competitive prices. This is primarily achieved through
Economies of scope
Focus on international markets
Economies of scale
Innovative products
3. Uber is an example of industry chaining in which of the following ways?
Economies of scale for service providers
Economies of scope for customers
Improving access and reduced search costs for customers and service providers
Lower wages for service providers and lower prices for customers
4. Shareholder returns are primarily derived from
Growth in share value and dividend payments
dividend payments only
Growth in company profits
Growth in the share value only
5. Strategy is defined best as:
A unique value proposition supported by sound financial decisions
A unique value proposition supported by synergies in operations
A unique value proposition supported by aggressive marketing
A unique value proposition supported by a complex supply chain
6. The cost of attracting new customers is the highest with which of the following groups?
Early adopters
Late majority
Laggards
Innovators
7. In the context of the Differentiation (Quality) vs Efficiency trade-off curve, the efficient frontier refers to:
The company that provides maximum quality for a given cost
The company that provides minimum cost
The company that provides maximum quality
The company that maximizes efficiency
8. Nike hiring sports stars to be brand ambassadors is an example of which of the following mechanisms?
Market development
Customer segmentation
Product development
Market penetration
9. Which of the following is an indication of strategic committment of a company in an industry
Lowering wages of the workforce
Increased technology investment
Acquiring real-estate in an urban location of demand
Increased divident payments for two years in a row
10. A pharma company with a deep roster of capable engineers and scientists and that is the market leader is best advised to begin development of a new drug as:
A partnership with smaller competitors
License its innovation from other laboratories
An independent venture
Smaller scale effort
11. The most valuable competency in the declining phase of an industry is:
Resposiveness
Innovation
Efficiency
Quality
12. There is often limited capacity relative to demand in the early growth period of an industry because:
Capacity is very expensive in the later stages of an industry
Only few companies have products or technologies in a budding industry
Prices tend to be low in the embryonic stage
Many companies compete for early advantage in an emerging industry
13. If the willingness to pay of .
1. A. Research the delivery, finance, management, and sustainabili.docxaulasnilda
1. A. Research the delivery, finance, management, and sustainability methods of the U.S. health care system.
B. Evaluate the effectiveness of one or more of these areas on quality patient care and health outcomes.
C.Propose a potential health care reform solution to improve effectiveness in the area you evaluated and predict the expected effect.
D. Describe the effect of health care reform on the U.S. health care system and its respective stakeholders.
E.Support your post with a peer-reviewed journal article.
2. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama in March 2010. Many of the provisions of the law directly affect health care providers. Review the following topic materials:
"About the Affordable Care Act"
"Health Care Transformation: The Affordable Care Act and More"
What are the most important elements of the Affordable Care Act in relation to community and public health? What is the role of the nurse in implementing this law?
.
1. All of the following artists except for ONE used nudity as part.docxaulasnilda
1. All of the following artists except for ONE used nudity as part of her/ his work:
a) Ana Mendieta
b) Carolee Schneeman
c) Yoko Ono
d) Judy Chicago
e) Robert Mapplethorpe
2. All of the following except ONE are features of Conceptualism (though not all apply to every Conceptualist work)
a) Audience participation
b) Use of text/language within visual works
c) Direct criticism of the art museum
d) Very expensive artworks
e) Sets of instructions to follow
f) Temporary or fleeting projects
3. Please match the following description with correct art movement or tendency:
1) Minimalism
2) Fluxus
3) Abstract Expressionism
4) Feminist practices
5) Conceptualism
A. Created action paintings that blurred the line between art and life
B. Included works drawing attention to the unethical actions of art museums
C. An idealistic to recalibrate the human senses
D. A loose knit international group of artists that made performances and other unconventional works
E. Argued that the criteria for determining historical value in visual art has been too narrow
4. The following art movement or tendencies except for ONE can be considered to have been responses to Abstract Expressionism (through sometimes for very different reasons)
a) Conceptualism
b) Pop Art
c) Earthwork
d) Surrealism
e) Minimalism
.
1. According to the article, what is myth and how does it functi.docxaulasnilda
1. According to the article, what is myth and how does it function as a naturalizing agent?
2. What is a sign?What is its relation to myth?
3. If advertising “is not an attempted sale of products – evidence shows that consumers are able to resist ‘advertising in the imperative’(12.) – but a ‘clear expression of a culture’ and cultural beliefs” then what does the iPod advert express about current culture?
4. What does the iPod advert presented in the article “sell”?
Attachments have resources
.
1. 6 Paragraph OverviewReflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before.docxaulasnilda
1. 6 Paragraph Overview/Reflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before Class Commences
The Critical Theorists: Critical Legal Theory, Critical Race Theory, Critical Feminist Theory, & Critical Latinx Theory
Wacks Chapters 13 & 14
Bix Chapter 19
2.6 Paragraph Overview/Reflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before Class Commences
Why Obey the Law & Why Punish?
Wacks Chapters 11 & 12
Bix Chapters 9 & 16
3.6 Paragraph Overview/Reflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before Class Commences
Wacks Chapter 10
Bix Chapter 10
.
1. A.Compare independent variables, B.dependent variables, and C.ext.docxaulasnilda
1. A.Compare independent variables, B.dependent variables, and C.extraneous variables. D.Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables. E.Support your answer with peer-reviewed articles.
2. A.Describe the "levels of evidence" B. and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each.
.
1. According to the Court, why is death a proportionate penalty for .docxaulasnilda
1. According to the Court, why is death a proportionate penalty for child rape? Do you agree? Explain your reasons.
2. Who should make the decision as to what is the appropriate penalty for crimes? Courts? Legislatures? Juries? Defend your answer.
3. In deciding whether the death penalty for child rape is cruel and unusual, is it relevant that Louisiana is the only state that punishes child rape with death?
4. According to the Court, some crimes are worse than death. Do you agree? Is child rape one of them? Why? Why not?
THE RESPONSE TO THE FOUR QUESTIONS ALL TOGETHER SHOULD LEAD ADD UP TO 400 WORDS IN TOTAL.
.
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nike company presentation (nike diversification strategy ) follow me on on instagram @abhasduaxx like share subscribe, hope you like this and enjoy the presentation.
thank you
Case 4 - Nike.rtfdTXT.rtfQuestion Nike Please reflect on th.docxwendolynhalbert
Case 4 - Nike.rtfd/TXT.rtf
Question: Nike: Please reflect on the potential influences of “external environments” on a firm; in this case, which aspects of the environment have impacted Nike’s labor practices and how?
Hitting the Wall: Nike and International Labor Practices Moore: Twelve year olds working in [Indonesian] factories? That’s O.K. with you? Knight: They’re not 12-year-olds working in factories... the minimum age is 14. Moore: How about 14 then? Does that bother you? Knight: No.
— Phil Knight, Nike CEO, talking to Director Michael Moore in a scene from documentary film The Big One, 1997.
Nike is raising the minimum age of footwear factory workers to 18... Nike has zero tolerance for underage workers. 1
— Phil Knight, 1998
In 1997, Nguyen Thi Thu Phuong died while making sneakers. As she was trimming synthetic soles in a Nike contracting factory, a co-worker’s machine broke, spraying metal parts across the factory floor and into Phuong’s heart. The 23 year-old Vietnamese woman died instantly.2
Although it may have been the most dramatic, Phuong’s death was hardly the first misfortune to hit Nike’s far-flung manufacturing empire. Indeed, in the 1980s and 1990s, the corporation had been plagued by a series of labor incidents and public relations nightmares: underage workers in Indonesian plants, allegations of coerced overtime in China, dangerous working conditions in Vietnam. For a while, the stories had been largely confined to labor circles and activist publications. By the time of Phuong’s death, however, labor conditions at Nike had hit the mainstream. Stories of reported abuse at Nike plants had been carried in publications such as Time and Business Week and students from major universities such as Duke and Brown had organized boycotts of Nike products. Even Doonesbury had joined the fray, with a series of cartoons that linked the company to underage
and exploited Asian workers. Before these attacks, Nike had been widely regarded as one of the world’s coolest and most successful companies. Now Nike, the company of Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods; Nike, the sign of the swoosh and athletic prowess, was increasingly becoming known as the company of labor abuse. And its initial response — “We don’t make shoes” — was becoming harder and harder to sustain.3
Nike, Inc.
Based in Beaverton, Oregon, Nike had been a corporate success story for more than three decades. It was a sneaker company, but one armed with an inimitable attitude, phenomenal growth, and the apparent ability to dictate fashion trends to some of the world’s most influential consumers. In the 1970s, Nike had first begun to capture the attention of both trend-setting teenagers and financial observers. Selling a combination of basic footwear and street-smart athleticism, Nike pushed its revenues from a 1972 level of $60,000 to a startling $49 million in just ten years.4 It went public in 1980 and then astounded Wall Street in the mid-1990s as annual growth staye ...
Ch #6Marc Kasky versus NikeMarc Kasky of San Francisco sees .docxtidwellveronique
Ch #6
Marc Kasky versus Nike
Marc Kasky of San Francisco sees his world as a com- munity and has a long history of caring about the others in it. He got early lessons in business ethics from his father, who ran a car repair business.
The customer would bring his car in and say there’s something horribly wrong in my car: I think I need a new transmission. . . . My father would call them back an hour later and say, “Come get your car, there was a loose screw here and there; I fixed it. What does it cost? Nothing.” I saw how that affected our family. It impressed me a great deal.1
After graduating from Yale University in 1969, he volunteered to work in poor Cleveland neighbor- hoods. Moving to San Francisco, he headed a non- profit center for foundations that funded schools. He involved himself in civic and environmental causes. He also became an avid jogger and ran marathons.
Over the years Kasky wore many pairs of Nike shoes and considered them a “good product.”2 But he stopped buying them in the mid-1990s after reading stories about working conditions in overseas factories where they were made. By then Nike, Inc., had be- come the main focus of the anti-sweatshop cause, ac- cused of exploiting low-wage workers who made its shoes and clothing. The more Kasky read about Nike, the more convinced he was that it was not only vic- timizing workers, but lying about it too. Kasky sought the help of an old friend, Alan Caplan, an at- torney who had achieved fame in progressive circles by bringing the suit that forced R. J. Reynolds to stop using Joe Camel in its ads.
With Caplan’s help, Kasky sued Nike in 1998 for false advertising, alleging it had made untrue state- ments about its labor practices. This was not Kasky’s first lawsuit. Previously, he had sued Perrier over its claim to be “spring water” and Pillsbury Co. for labeling Mexican vegetables with the words “San Francisco style.” Both suits were settled.3 Nike sought dismissal of Kasky’s suit, arguing that the statements he questioned were part of a public de- bate about sweatshops and protected by the First Amendment.
NIKE
Nike, Inc., is the world’s largest producer of athletic shoes and sports apparel. It grew out of a handshake in 1962 between Bill Bowerman, the track coach at the University of Oregon, and Phil Knight, a runner he had coached in the 1950s. Knight had just received an MBA from Stanford University, where in a term paper he had written about competing against estab- lished athletic shoe companies by importing shoes made in low-wage Asian factories. Now he was ready to try it. He and Bowerman each put up $550 and Knight flew to Japan, arranging to import 300 pairs of Onitsuka Tiger shoes.
After seven years, Knight and Bowerman decided to stop selling the Japanese company’s brand and create their own. So they designed a shoe and sub- contracted its production to a factory in Japan. By now Bowerman and Knight had incorporated, and an employee suggested naming the company Nike, f ...
1. Analyze the case and determine the factors that have made KFC a s.docxaulasnilda
1. Analyze the case and determine the factors that have made KFC a successful global business.
2. Why are cultural factors so important to KFC’s sales success in India and China?
3. Spot the cultural factors in India that go against KFC’s original recipe.
4. Why did Kentucky Fried Chicken change its name to KFC?
5. What PESTEL factors contributed to KFC’s positioning?
6. How does the SWOT analysis of KFC affect the future of KFC?
Points to be considered:
1. Please follow 6th edition of the APA Format.
2. On separate page, the word "Abstract,' centered on paper followed by 75-100 word overview.
3. References needs to be Peer Reviewed Articles.
4. This assignment should be 15-20 pages excluding the title and reference pages. The paper should contain at least one graph, figure, chart, or table.
5. Please use the questions as Headings for the topics in the Paper.
I have attached the case study document below.
.
1. A.Discuss how the concept of health has changed over time. B.Di.docxaulasnilda
1. A.Discuss how the concept of "health" has changed over time. B.Discuss how the concept has evolved to include wellness, illness, and overall well-being. C.How has health promotion changed over time? D.Why is it important that nurses implement health promotion interventions based on evidence-based practice?
2. A.Compare and contrast the three different levels of health promotion (primary, secondary, tertiary). B.Discuss how the levels of prevention help determine educational needs for a patient.
.
1. Abstract2. Introduction to Bitcoin and Ethereum3..docxaulasnilda
1.
Abstract
2.
Introduction to Bitcoin and Ethereum
3.
Background
a. How do we understand Ethereum and Smart Contracts?
b. Blockchain Cryptocurrency and Smart Contracts
c. What are Pros and Cons of using Ethereum?
d. Ethereum Virtual Machine
4.
Platforms or Programming for Smart Contracts
5.
Smart Contract Applications
6.
Research Methodology
a. Current Smart Contract Applications
b. Security Issues
c. Privacy Issues
d. Performance Issues
7.
Ethereum System and Solidity Smart Contracts
a. What do we understand about Ethereum and the Likes?
b. How does Ethereum and the likes work?
8.
Ethereum and Hyperledger in Smart Contracts
9.
What can we get by the term Scalability?
10.
Smart Contracting Programming and High-Level Issues
a. Usability
b. Ethical and Legal Issues
11.
Specifications and Implementations
12.
Pros and Cons of using Ethereum Smart Contracts
13.
Current Trends on Ethereum
14.
Future State of Ethereum Smart Contracts or Virtual Machines
15.
Conclusion
Note: Paper about Ethereum
20 pages
ppt 12-14 slides.
No plagiarism,
APA , Citations, and references.
.
1. A. Compare vulnerable populations. B. Describe an example of one .docxaulasnilda
1. A. Compare vulnerable populations. B. Describe an example of one of these groups in the United States or from another country. C.Explain why the population is designated as "vulnerable." Include the number of individuals belonging to this group and the specific challenges or issues involved. D. Discuss why these populations are unable to advocate for themselves, the ethical issues that must be considered when working with these groups, and how nursing advocacy would be beneficial.
2. A. How does the community health nurse recognize bias, stereotypes, and implicit bias within the community? B. How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? C. Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. D. Include an evidence-based article that addresses the cultural issue. E. Cite and reference the article in APA format.
.
1. A highly capable brick and mortar electronics retailer with a l.docxaulasnilda
1. A highly capable brick and mortar electronics retailer with a loyal regional customer base (such as Fry's) should adopt which of the following medium term strategies?
"50% off" sale every month
Divest
Niche or harvest
Invest in R&D
2. Amazon's strategy involves offering expanded variety but at very competitive prices. This is primarily achieved through
Economies of scope
Focus on international markets
Economies of scale
Innovative products
3. Uber is an example of industry chaining in which of the following ways?
Economies of scale for service providers
Economies of scope for customers
Improving access and reduced search costs for customers and service providers
Lower wages for service providers and lower prices for customers
4. Shareholder returns are primarily derived from
Growth in share value and dividend payments
dividend payments only
Growth in company profits
Growth in the share value only
5. Strategy is defined best as:
A unique value proposition supported by sound financial decisions
A unique value proposition supported by synergies in operations
A unique value proposition supported by aggressive marketing
A unique value proposition supported by a complex supply chain
6. The cost of attracting new customers is the highest with which of the following groups?
Early adopters
Late majority
Laggards
Innovators
7. In the context of the Differentiation (Quality) vs Efficiency trade-off curve, the efficient frontier refers to:
The company that provides maximum quality for a given cost
The company that provides minimum cost
The company that provides maximum quality
The company that maximizes efficiency
8. Nike hiring sports stars to be brand ambassadors is an example of which of the following mechanisms?
Market development
Customer segmentation
Product development
Market penetration
9. Which of the following is an indication of strategic committment of a company in an industry
Lowering wages of the workforce
Increased technology investment
Acquiring real-estate in an urban location of demand
Increased divident payments for two years in a row
10. A pharma company with a deep roster of capable engineers and scientists and that is the market leader is best advised to begin development of a new drug as:
A partnership with smaller competitors
License its innovation from other laboratories
An independent venture
Smaller scale effort
11. The most valuable competency in the declining phase of an industry is:
Resposiveness
Innovation
Efficiency
Quality
12. There is often limited capacity relative to demand in the early growth period of an industry because:
Capacity is very expensive in the later stages of an industry
Only few companies have products or technologies in a budding industry
Prices tend to be low in the embryonic stage
Many companies compete for early advantage in an emerging industry
13. If the willingness to pay of .
1. A. Research the delivery, finance, management, and sustainabili.docxaulasnilda
1. A. Research the delivery, finance, management, and sustainability methods of the U.S. health care system.
B. Evaluate the effectiveness of one or more of these areas on quality patient care and health outcomes.
C.Propose a potential health care reform solution to improve effectiveness in the area you evaluated and predict the expected effect.
D. Describe the effect of health care reform on the U.S. health care system and its respective stakeholders.
E.Support your post with a peer-reviewed journal article.
2. The Affordable Care Act was signed into law by President Barack Obama in March 2010. Many of the provisions of the law directly affect health care providers. Review the following topic materials:
"About the Affordable Care Act"
"Health Care Transformation: The Affordable Care Act and More"
What are the most important elements of the Affordable Care Act in relation to community and public health? What is the role of the nurse in implementing this law?
.
1. All of the following artists except for ONE used nudity as part.docxaulasnilda
1. All of the following artists except for ONE used nudity as part of her/ his work:
a) Ana Mendieta
b) Carolee Schneeman
c) Yoko Ono
d) Judy Chicago
e) Robert Mapplethorpe
2. All of the following except ONE are features of Conceptualism (though not all apply to every Conceptualist work)
a) Audience participation
b) Use of text/language within visual works
c) Direct criticism of the art museum
d) Very expensive artworks
e) Sets of instructions to follow
f) Temporary or fleeting projects
3. Please match the following description with correct art movement or tendency:
1) Minimalism
2) Fluxus
3) Abstract Expressionism
4) Feminist practices
5) Conceptualism
A. Created action paintings that blurred the line between art and life
B. Included works drawing attention to the unethical actions of art museums
C. An idealistic to recalibrate the human senses
D. A loose knit international group of artists that made performances and other unconventional works
E. Argued that the criteria for determining historical value in visual art has been too narrow
4. The following art movement or tendencies except for ONE can be considered to have been responses to Abstract Expressionism (through sometimes for very different reasons)
a) Conceptualism
b) Pop Art
c) Earthwork
d) Surrealism
e) Minimalism
.
1. According to the article, what is myth and how does it functi.docxaulasnilda
1. According to the article, what is myth and how does it function as a naturalizing agent?
2. What is a sign?What is its relation to myth?
3. If advertising “is not an attempted sale of products – evidence shows that consumers are able to resist ‘advertising in the imperative’(12.) – but a ‘clear expression of a culture’ and cultural beliefs” then what does the iPod advert express about current culture?
4. What does the iPod advert presented in the article “sell”?
Attachments have resources
.
1. 6 Paragraph OverviewReflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before.docxaulasnilda
1. 6 Paragraph Overview/Reflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before Class Commences
The Critical Theorists: Critical Legal Theory, Critical Race Theory, Critical Feminist Theory, & Critical Latinx Theory
Wacks Chapters 13 & 14
Bix Chapter 19
2.6 Paragraph Overview/Reflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before Class Commences
Why Obey the Law & Why Punish?
Wacks Chapters 11 & 12
Bix Chapters 9 & 16
3.6 Paragraph Overview/Reflection on Reading Assigbnment Due Before Class Commences
Wacks Chapter 10
Bix Chapter 10
.
1. A.Compare independent variables, B.dependent variables, and C.ext.docxaulasnilda
1. A.Compare independent variables, B.dependent variables, and C.extraneous variables. D.Describe two ways that researchers attempt to control extraneous variables. E.Support your answer with peer-reviewed articles.
2. A.Describe the "levels of evidence" B. and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each.
.
1. According to the Court, why is death a proportionate penalty for .docxaulasnilda
1. According to the Court, why is death a proportionate penalty for child rape? Do you agree? Explain your reasons.
2. Who should make the decision as to what is the appropriate penalty for crimes? Courts? Legislatures? Juries? Defend your answer.
3. In deciding whether the death penalty for child rape is cruel and unusual, is it relevant that Louisiana is the only state that punishes child rape with death?
4. According to the Court, some crimes are worse than death. Do you agree? Is child rape one of them? Why? Why not?
THE RESPONSE TO THE FOUR QUESTIONS ALL TOGETHER SHOULD LEAD ADD UP TO 400 WORDS IN TOTAL.
.
1- Prisonization What if . . . you were sentenced to prison .docxaulasnilda
1- Prisonization?
What if . . . you were sentenced to prison? Do you believe you would become a more seasoned criminal or would learning criminal ways from those who were caught make you a worse criminal? Explain
2- Gangs of Prison?
What if . . . you were appointed as warden at a medium security prison which had a terrible problem with gang affiliations? What methods would you employ to combat the problem? Explain.
3-The solidarity of inmate culture (Big House era) developed through several characteristics. Name them?
.
1. 250+ word count What is cultural and linguistic competence H.docxaulasnilda
1. 250+ word count
What is cultural and linguistic competence? How does this competency apply to public health? Why is this important to the practice of public health?
2. 250+ word count
Reflect on your own cultural and linguistic competence. How confident are you in your ability to address the needs of diverse communities? How do you think you could improve your level of cultural and linguistic competence?
.
1. 200 words How valuable is a having a LinkedIn profile Provid.docxaulasnilda
1. 200 words How valuable is a having a LinkedIn profile? Provide example to support your statement.
2. 200 words What benefits does it add your academic and professional development? Provide example to support your statement.
3. 200 words How does having this profile contribute to networking as healthcare and public health professionals? Provide example to support your statement.
4. 200 words What other social media and networking platforms are available to network with other healthcare and public health professionals? Provide example to support your statement.
.
1. According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines ar.docxaulasnilda
1. According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are the three most popular countries for IT outsourcing. Write a short paper (2-4 paragraphs) explaining what the appeal would be for US companies to outsource IT functions to these countries. You may discuss cost, labor pool, language, or possibly government support as your reasons. There are many other reasons you may choose to highlight in your paper. Be sure to use your own words.
2.) Many believe that cloud computing can reduce the total cost of computing and enhance “green computing” (environmental friendly). Why do you believe this to be correct? If you disagree, please explain why?
.
1. Addressing inflation using Fiscal and Monetary Policy tools.S.docxaulasnilda
1. Addressing inflation using Fiscal and Monetary Policy tools.
Scenario - The US economy is currently experiencing high rates of inflation. You
have Fiscal and Monetary policy tools available to address this problem:
a. To attack the problem of inflation you must select one Monetary Policy
tool and one Fiscal Policy tool. Write down the name of your Fiscal Policy
tool and your Monetary Policy tool.
i. Think the options through and write down your choices.
b. Please explain why you selected the tools that you selected and why you did
not select the other choices? Do this for both monetary and fiscal policy
tools!
i. Specifically, explain what is so good about the tool you selected and what is not so
good about the tools you did not select? Do this for both the Monetary Policy tool
and the Fiscal Policy tool. The key here is to use some decision criteria in making
your choice.
c. Thoroughly and completely explain how your solution (both the monetary
and the fiscal policy tool) would work to solve the problem of inflation, and
indicate the impact your solution would have on at least 5 key economic
variables. Be specific.
i. Present this using the chain of events format with up or down arrows to indicate the
direction of impact on each variable. I need to see the detail.
2. Addressing recession using Fiscal and Monetary Policy tools.
Scenario - The US economy is currently experiencing recession. You have Fiscal
and Monetary policy tools available to address this problem:
a. To attack the problem of recession, you must select at least one Monetary
Policy tool and one Fiscal Policy tool. Write down the name of your Fiscal
Policy tool and your Monetary Policy tool.
i. Think the options through and write down your choices.
b. Please explain why you selected the tools that you selected and why you did
not select the other choices? Do this for both monetary and fiscal policy
tools!
i. Specifically, explain what is so good about the tool you selected and what is not so
good about the tools you did not select? Do this for both the Monetary Policy tool
and the Fiscal Policy tool. The key here is to use some decision criteria in making
your choice.
c. Thoroughly and completely explain how your solution (both monetary and
fiscal policy tools) would work to solve the problem of recession, and
indicate the impact your solution would have on the key economic
variables. Be specific.
i. Present this using the chain of events format with up or down arrows to indicate the
direction of impact on each variable. I need to see the detail.
3. Please list and explain the 4 key supply side growth factors we discussed, and
discuss the viability (do-ability) of each in terms of getting our economy growing
again, given that today our economy is not growing.
a. The slides should provide you with what you need here.
b. The issue of viability – if the economy is growing slowly or not at all, do we have any chance
of achieving suc.
1. A vulnerability refers to a known weakness of an asset (resou.docxaulasnilda
1. A vulnerability refers to a
known
weakness of an asset (resource) that can be exploited by one or more attackers. In other words, it is a known issue that allows an attack to succeed.
For example, when a team member resigns and you forget to disable their access to external accounts, change logins, or remove their names from company credit cards, this leaves your business open to both intentional and unintentional threats. However, most vulnerabilities are exploited by automated attackers and not a human typing on the other side of the network.
Testing for vulnerabilities is critical to ensuring the continued security of your systems. Identify the weak points. Discuss at least four questions to ask when determining your security vulnerabilities.
2.
Topic:
Assume that you have been hired by a small veterinary practice to help them prepare a contingency planning document. The practice has a small LAN with four computers and Internet access. Prepare a list of threat categories and the associated business impact for each. Identify preventive measures for each type of threat category. Include at least one major disaster in the plan. 200-300 words.
.
1. According to the readings, philosophy began in ancient Egypt an.docxaulasnilda
1. According to the readings, philosophy began in ancient Egypt and then spread to Greece.
True/False
2. This question is based on the presentation of logical concepts in the first reading.
Consider the following argument: "All chemists are Lutheran. Rita is Lutheran. So, Rita must be a chemist."
Is the argument …
Deductive & Invalid
Inductive & Valid
Deductive & Strong
Inductive & Weak
3. Would Socrates agree or disagree with the following statement:
Each of us invents his or her own truth and if you feel it in your heart and really want it to be true then don't listen to those who criticize your belief.
He would agree
He would disagree
4. According to the first reading, Thales asked some important "gateway" questions. Which of the following is not one of the gateway questions discussed in the reading:
Does the diverse range of things we experience have a single common explanation or cause?
Does God exist?
Is the universe intelligible?
5. Scientism is the belief that science is one of many paths to truth about the world.
True/False
6. Deductive arguments always aim to show
The conclusion is probably true
The conclusion must be true
7. In the type of argument known as _____, we begin with premises about a phenomenon or state of affairs to be explained; then we reason from those premises to an explanation for that state of affairs.
deduction
inference to the best explanation
syllogism
anaological induction
8. In the online lecture, the multiverse hypothesis is put forward by Stenger in support of theism.
True/False
9. According to the reading, the cosmic coincidences were known in ancient times.
True/False
10. According to the reading, the problem with Darwin's claim that his theory of natural selection explains all the order in nature is that no evolutionary process of natural selection is possible unless a background system of amazing complexity already exists; but since it must exist prior to any evolutionary process, it cannot be explained as the result of an evolutionary process.
True/False
11. Suppose we have two highly improbable hypotheses: H1 and H2. Suppose H2 is slightly less improbable than H1, all else equal.
According to the presentation of best explanation arguments in the reading, H2 presents a more reasonable explanation than H1.
True/False
12. According to the reading, the fine tuning argument shows that we can know with certainty that an intelligent designer exists.
True/False
13. According to the readings, science cannot possibly explain the source of the order in the universe.
True/False
14. The design argument is presented in the readings as an analogical argument and it is also presented as an inference to the best explanation.
True/False
15. According to the online readings, Ockham's Razor favors the multiverse theory over theism,
True/False
16. The proposition that Mount Rainier has snow on its peak would be an example of a proposition known to be true a priori.
True/False
17. Which of the foll.
1-Explain what you understood from the paper with (one paragraph).docxaulasnilda
1-Explain what you understood from the paper with (one paragraph)
2-What is a Lorenze curve and how is it disputed by Paglin
3-What is the method used in the paper and what can you say about the data used and the empirical aspect of the paper.
4-What other common measurements out there for measuring income inequality, poverty, and development gap.
.
1-Explanation of how healthcare policy can impact the advanced p.docxaulasnilda
1-Explanation of how healthcare policy can impact the advanced practice nurse profession
2-Explanation of why advocacy is considered an essential component of the advance practice nurse's role
3- Discuss the four pillars of Transformational leadership and the effect it may have on influencing policy change
Description
Explanation of how healthcare policy can impact the advanced practice nurse profession
Research healthcare policy for APNs on a state and national level and the impact on the APN profession
Explanation of why advocacy is considered an essential component of the advance practice nurse's role
Describe advocacy in healthcare terminology.
Discuss how advocacy is an essential role of the APN and the impact on patient care.
Discuss the four pillars of Transformational leadership and the effect it may have on influencing policy change
Define Transformational leadership.
Discuss how Transformational Leadership may have an effect on influencing policy change
Critically analyze how healthcare systems and APRN practice are organized and influenced by ethical, legal, economic and political factors.
Demonstrate professional and personal growth concerning the advocacy role of the advanced practice nursing in fostering policy within diverse healthcare settings.
Advocate for institutional, local, national and international policies that fosters person-centered healthcare and nursing practice.
All writing submitted should reflect graduate student quality and APA writing rules. All writing informed by outside sources should include APA formatted citations and associated scholarly, current references. 1500 words
.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
1st peer post 1.) The practice of using a nonviolent approach.docx
1. 1st peer post :
1.) The practice of using a nonviolent approach for resistance
and protest during the civil rights movement was key. The
reason this was vital, is mainly because it sent a powerful
message to the world, in that the violence was being
administered by the oppressors and not the oppressed. If the
oppressed had exhibited violence it would have taken the focus
away from the issues they were fighting for (Drawing attention
to the injustices during the Jim Crow era) and instead focused
on violence. Although it took many years, the nonviolent
movement proved to be successful.
2.) A few obvious civil rights issues are that of Police Brutality
and Systematic Racism, consisting of a number of issues
directly related to racism and oppression in the black
community. The issue of unarmed black men and women being
three times more likely to be killed by a police officer is one
that has quickly gained more attention, mostly because people
are able to record these incidents on their smart phones and post
them to the internet for not only the US, but for the world to
see. This issue has plagued the black community for far too
long. Racism in the black community has created issues such as
food desserts, lack of proper health care, and redlining. Lastly,
human trafficking is also an issue that does not get enough
attention. While there are tactics from the civil rights movement
that can be used today, such as peaceful nonviolent marches,
and organized social movements, I think that some things have
changed in terms of what we are fighting for, and being that it
is a different time, I’m not sure most of those strategies could
be used to solve our modern day problems.
2nd peer post:
1. I think the values of using theses tactics was them showing
the higher up people that had the ability to change that its
2. effecting lots of people and showing them that people can come
together as one to fight for what they believe in. Sit ins and
court cases helped them be able to present themselves and show
there knowledge and give their opinions and help bring
attention to things and people that were being mistreated. I
think it was a good approach to use to show people its another
way, sometimes I think when something is going bad or
someone is doing negative things you have to be the bigger
person and show them the other side maybe it can open them up
to something that they were missing.
2. Its some much discrimination going on in todays society that
I don't know what to point out of where to start honestly. The
Botham Jean's case is a big case I think that was a
discrimination case just the story sounds fishy and a bold face
lie. A innocent man was killed in his own home and she only
got 10 years serving in the state and she will not even serve
even half the time . I am a right for wrong type of person and
she was totally wrong and out of place. I think that a lot of
people with color and people who are experiencing
discrimination are educating themselves more about civil rights
and I think we all should learn and educate ourselves because
its really important because things that happened back in the
days are slowly coming back .
3. Nike: The Most Powerful Shoe Company
Elizabeth Curtis
March 14, 2009
BIS 101 W (7 pm)
Central Michigan University
“The most powerful force in sports in not a football or baseball
team.
It is a shoe company”
-Donald Katz
4. Just Do it
ii
Executive Summary
Nike has grown to be the world’s largest marketer of athletic
footwear and
apparel. It has accumulated billon of dollars ever since it started
business in 1964. It was
originally named Blue Ribbon Sports. The popular shoe
company started in the trunk of
Phil Knight’s car and quickly became known for its “swoosh”
logo. Nike is also well
known for its slogan “just do it”. The name ‘Nike’ was named
after the winged Greek
goddess of victory. Nike also markets products under Nike Golf,
Nike Pro, Air Jordan,
and Nike Skateboarding. Hurley and Converse are two of Nike’s
subsidiaries and they
design, market, and distribute athletic footwear too. The
company sells products
internationally and sponsors many professional athletes. Nike
is heavily advertised and
5. one of the best brand names known in the world. Nike shoes are
not just the latest fashion
trend; they are also light and comfortable to wear. When you
buy Nike products you are
guaranteed to get great value for your money and of course
satisfaction (Greenburg,
1994).
Nike has many products to offer for various sports. They started
only making
running shoes and now progressed to making clothing and
sporting equipment. Their
sporting equipment is made for sports such as track and field,
baseball, hockey, tennis,
football, golf, lacrosse, basketball, cricket, and soccer. Nike
does not just manufacture
sports apparel and running shoes. The company also operates
many retail stores and
outlet stores. Nike shoes are sold for $40-200 a pair at many
stores across the United
States. Pricing depends on the style and the popularity of the
shoe. Nike’s headquarters is
6. iii
located on 74 acres in the heart of Oregon. There are 16
beautiful buildings paying tribute
to some of the most talented athletes ever to live (Katz, 1994).
Nike provides more than just sporting equipment and shoes.
They provide great
jobs and benefits for people all over the world. To became a
Nike team member you do
not have to be an athlete. You simply have to think like an
athlete and put forth effort to
better the company. Nike provides great retirement plans, free
gym memberships,
medical insurance, and many other benefits. They offer many
job positions and ways you
can participate in the sports industry (Geisel, 1994).
All companies are facing tough times during the economic
crisis. Nike’s sales
have been declining 10% because citizens cannot afford brand
name merchandise. Nike
plans to still provide quality products to the world. You can
always count on the most
powerful shoe company in the world.
7. iv
1
History
Nike, Inc was a company that was not created overnight; it took
determination
and risk to create a new running shoe. A passionate athlete
8. named Philip Knight founded
Nike in 1964. It was originally named Blue Ribbon Sports and
changed to Nike in 1978.
Bill Bowerman was Philip’s track coach and inspired him to
invent a lighter, more
durable running shoe. He had an extraordinary track career at
the University of Oregon
and attended the Stanford Business School in 1962. At business
school, he had to
complete a semester-long project. The project consisted of
devising a small business and
creating a marketing plan. Knight decided to fulfill his coaches’
dream and he created a
higher quality running shoe. His business professor found his
project to be different but
nothing special (Greenburg, 1994).
In 1963, Philip Knight made a business trip to Japan. He
presented himself to the
president of Tiger Shoes as an American athletic equipment
distributor. Philip wanted to
sell Tiger shoes in the United States. He was not an athletic
equipment distributor but lied
to the president of Tiger Shoes. Philip Knight received exactly
what he wanted and
9. started to sell running shoes under the name of Blue Ribbon
Sports (Katz, 1994).
Philip Knight sold $8,000 worth of Tiger Shoes and placed an
order for more in
1964. He spent long hours selling shoes from the back of his car
at sporting events. After
becoming unsatisfied with selling shoes, Philip decided to start
making his own shoes. At
the time, he was an accounting teacher at Portland State
University and asked a student to
design a logo for a new shoe company. In 1971, Caroline
Davidson created the Swoosh
logo. It represented the wing of the Greek Goddess, Nike. The
Greek Goddess
2
symbolized victory. Philip handed her $35.00 for the new Nike
logo and was very
pleased (Greenberg, 2009).
Philip quickly found he could not run a company alone;
therefore, he asked his
former Oregon track coach for help. Bowerman and Knight
10. decided to hire a full-time
salesman for more help. Jeff Johnson was hired and played an
important role in selling
shoes. Jeff created the products first brochures, print ads,
marketing materials, and shot
the first photograph for the company’s catalogues (Katz, 1994).
Knight and Bowerman
considered Nike successful when they received $1 million in
sales in 1971. Philip knew
he had to stay ahead of competitors and wanted his brand to
stand out, so he decided to
add traction to the bottom of the shoes. Bowerman drew the new
shoe from his wife’s
waffle iron. The shoe had an outsole that had waffle-type nubs
for traction but were
lighter than traditional training shoes (Greenberg, 2009).
Nike shoes became the most unique shoe in the 1970s. In 1979,
the first line of
clothing was launched and the Nike Air shoe-cushioning device
debuted. Soon after in
1981, Nike products started to be sold internationally. Nike
started to really become
popular when they started to sponsor the best athletes in the
world. In 1988, Nike signed
11. basketball superstar Michael Jordan. According to Katz (1994),
“not everyone can be a
Nike Guy. For Example: Michael Jordan refusing to wear
Reebok at the 1992 Olympics”.
In the early 90s, revenue reached $3 billion allowing Nike to
crush its competitors.
Another star athlete also signed a 20-year contract. Tiger
Woods agreed to sign a $40
million endorsement in 1995. In 2000, the Nike Shox’s were
invented. They provided a
new footwear cushioning system and this started a new trend
across the world. Today,
3
Nike is constantly thinking of new ideas to improve their shoes
and sports equipment
(Katz, 1994).
Products and Services Offered
Nike lives by the important saying, “If you have a body you,
you are an athlete.”
They develop products that help athletes of every level of
ability reach their potential.
12. They provide three main product engines that include footwear,
apparel, and equipment.
Nike started only making running shoes but over the years they
have continued to come
up with new products. Now jerseys, shorts, watches, pants, and
baselayers are made for a
variety of sports. They make products for track and field,
baseball, hockey, tennis,
football, golf, lacrosse, basketball, cricket, and soccer. They do
not just produce sporting
apparel and equipment. Nike also produces urban style clothing
because of their
association with the hip-hop culture. They have even created
skateboarding shoes called
the Nike SB. Other products include the Air Zoom Yorker; a
newly designed cricket shoe
that is 30% lighter than other competitors. Most of Nike's
newest shoes contain flywire
and lunarlite foam. These are materials used to reduce the
weight of many types of shoes.
Recently, they have teamed up with Apple Inc and produced the
Nike+. The Nike+
uniquely monitors a runner’s performance and links it to an
iPod Nano. Nike products are
13. made for men, women, and children of all ages (Hollister,
2008).
Nike distributes all of their products across the globe. The Nike
headquarters is
located near Beaverton, Oregon and is called the Nike World
Campus. It consists of 16
buildings and each building pays tribute to some of the most
legendary athletes in the
world. Mia Hamm, Michael Jordan, Lance Armstrong, Jerry
Rice, and John McEnroe are
4
some of the athletes that have been honored. Nike also provides
Nike Stores, NikeFactory
Stores, and NikeWomen stores. Nike has 20,000 retail accounts
throughout the U.S. and
contracts with 110 other countries. To produce these products
there are 700 contract
factories in 52 countries. There are close to 800,000 workers
involved in making Nike’s
popular sporting products.
Organizational Culture and Working Environment
14. Nike does more than just provide outfits for the world’s best
athletes. They are a
place to explore potential, eliminate boundaries, and the chance
to follow your career
dreams. Nike employers look for people who can grow, think,
dream and create. The
Nike staff thrives in a culture that embraces diversity and
rewards imagination. They
always seek achievers, leaders and visionaries. Every employee
brings inspiration and
innovation to the sporting business. Nike has been named
Fortune Magazine’s 100 Best
Companies To Work For. They are the world’s largest sports
and Fitness Company that
works with communities and cultures around the world. To
become part of the Nike staff
you do not need to be an athlete, you simply need to think like
one (Hollister, 2009).
Diversity is considered to be an important part of the sport
company’s business.
All of Nike differences allow the brand to be creative and to
reach people globally.
Diversity helps a Nike employer recruit the most creative
minds. The more the staff
15. works together, the more Nike can offer consumers. Nike
believes in equality and
fairness in the workplace by recruiting from employment
sources. Some of these
organizations include the European PWN (Professional
Women’s Network), the National
5
Black MBA Association Career Fair, Portland Latino Career
Fair, the Diversity, Inc./NY
Times Career Fair, and the National Society of Hispanic MBAs
(Geisel, 1994).
Nike provides wonderful employee benefit packages. Medical
insurance and
disability plans are all above the 80th percentile of competitor
companies. Nike time-off
plans are ranked #1 when compared to competitor companies.
They have kept their
discounted stock purchase plan with a full 15 percent discount
and look-back period. The
benefit program also provides workers with the chance to stay
fit by providing free gym
16. memberships. Every region provides variable medical coverage,
a performance sharing
plan, fitness center memberships, time off, retirement, and more
(Geisel, 1994)
Nike also provides a number of other employee benefits for US
employees
including direct deposit of paycheck, scholarships for children
of employees, and tuition
assistance. They will match not only your contributions to the
nonprofit organizations of
your choice, but will also contribute $10 for every hour of
volunteer work you offer.
There is a casual dress code at Nike stores worldwide. You can
show up to work in jeans
and sneakers. As an employee you get up to 50 percent off all
Nike footwear, apparel,
and equipment, plus discounts for family members (Geisel,
1994).
Nike offers a great retirement plan but retirement plans vary by
geographic
region. Nike's Board of Directors determines the contribution
amount based on annual
financial performance every year. It is fully funded and invested
by Nike. Employees are
17. eligible after completing 1,000 or more hours of service during
one fiscal year of
employment. Nike's fiscal year is from June 1 to May 31
(Geisel, 1994).
Nike has so many stores across the globe and this provides
many different job
6
positions. Jobs include administrative support, brand and
consumer marketing, human
resources, manufacturing and engineering, design, logistics,
sales, and finance. There are
many important job positions waiting to be filled by people that
are determined to
represent Nike to the best of their ability (Geisel, 1994).
Anticipated Future & Financial Outlook
Nike is the world’s largest sportswear company but could see
some trouble in the
future. They have recorded a drop in sales for the third quarter
and things could get
tougher as orders for apparel and shoes is declining by 10%.
Nike sells its products ahead
18. of time and this gives insight on the health of the sports
equipment and the footwear
market (Casey, 2009).
Future orders for Nike products are scheduled to be delivered in
the spring and
early summer. Nike’s future order is $6.5 billion and this is
down from $7.2 billion in an
earlier quarter. Their revenue declined 2.3% to $4.44 billion at
the end of the February
28th quarter. The U.S makes up one third of Nike’s sales and
sales increased from 3% to
$1.6 billion. The sports company had a drop in sales because of
sales declining in other
countries. Europe, the Middle East and Africa all had sale
decreases of 14% to $1.2
billion. Nike’s subsidiaries did not have a sales decrease.
Brands such as Converse and
Hurley increased 1% to $587.4 million. Competitors do not
consider Nike’s sales loss to
be bad for the company. Other sports companies have lost a
huge amount of money
during the economic crisis. Nike has a history of increasing
revenue; therefore, when
sales started to decline Nike employees were scared (Casey,
19. 2009).
Nike agreed to obtain Umbro in 2007 for $580 billion. Umbro is
a British based
7
soccer brand. Nike took a $240.7 million goodwill charge and
this led to a 4.7% decline
in their net income and they reported 50 cents per share. Nike
posted a net income of
$463.8 million and 92 cents per share in the same time period.
Nike has had some
positive occurrences during these tough economic times. They
are currently stealing
market share from other competitors. Nike’s share of the sports
market rose three
percentage points to 48% of shoes being sold. Adidas lost a
percentage point and this
caused them to fall in the market by 5%. Puma and Reebok lost
shares at the same time
Nike did (Casey, 2009).
Summary of Findings
Nike has always been a huge part of my life. I grew up playing
20. sports; therefore, I
have bought numerous Nike products. My soccer cleats, t-shirts,
shorts, and pants all
contained the “swoosh.” Today, I cannot even count how many
pairs of Nike tennis shoes
that lay at the bottom of my closet. I became a fan of Nike when
they started sponsoring
Mia Hamm. I was a young soccer player that admired her, so of
course I admired her
clothing too. Wearing Nike tennis shoes and apparel made me
feel special, and I felt like
a professional athlete.
I never thought about working at Nike; however, after
completing the research
project I am very interested. During my junior year, I plan to
apply for their marketing
internship. Having an athletic background and studying
marketing prepares me for a
position at Nike. Being a marketing executive for a 500k
company that would allow me
to be creative and involved with sports would be amazing. I
strongly believe Nike
produces quality products and would recommend anyone to buy
their products or even
21. 8
work for them. They provide great benefits and treat their
employees with respect. Health
and fitness has always been important to me, so I found it very
surprising that Nike
provides free gym memberships. I also believe that Nike does
not have worry about their
sales during this economic crisis. They have so many great
employees and products to
offer. All Nike needs to do is stay ahead of their competition by
coming up with new
product ideas. People around the world are familiar with the
Nike logo; therefore, they
will not forget about the company.
Gaining more knowledge on a valuable 500k company will be
very beneficial.
Learning about Nike was both interesting and fun. I will be able
to present this project to
employers at job and internship interviews. I think employers
will be blown away by the
effort and time I put into this project. It could also give me a
22. better chance of receiving
the Nike internship. This project has started me on the right
path towards a business
career.
Bibliography
1. Beckland, L. (1991). Swoosh. San Diego: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich.
2. Casey, N. (2009, March 19). Corporate News: Nike Signals
Tougher
Outlook. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. B.4.
Retrieved March
17, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global database.
3. Geisel, J. (1994, November). With wit and flair, Nike Inc.
just does it. Business
Insurance, 28(45), 27. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from
ABI/INFORM
Global database.
4. Greenberg, K. (1994). Bill Bowerman& Phil Knight: Building
the Nike Empire.
Woodbridge: Blackbirch Press.
23. 5. Hollister, G. (2008). Out of Nowhere. Indianapolis: Meyer &
Meyer Sport.
6. Katz, D. (1994). Just Do It. New York: Random House.
Evaluating Source Material
Welcome to the Information AgeMultiple Sources on similar
topics
Validity
Accuracy
Objectivity
Replicability
Where do you look
Examples
9/11http://whatreallyhappened.com/WRHARTICLES/reich.html
http://watch.pair.com/reich.htmlhttp://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/I
ndex.htmlhttp://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB196
/index.htmhttp://www.forward.com/articles/2437/http://www.sp
ectator.co.uk/melaniephillips/2550646/the-sacrifice-of-truth-to-
power.thtmlhttp://www.motherjones.com/bush_war_timeline/htt
p://noosphere.princeton.edu/terror.htmlhttp://www.adl.org/911/c
elebration.asphttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-
dec01/video.htmlwackyiraqi.com/hate/anotherday.stm
25. you?
TimelinessHow recent is the source?
Hitler was Time Magazines man of the year in 1938.Does it
matter?Are there versions or revisions available
PublisherAre they reputableIs the group recognized in the
fieldIs it appropriate for this type of informationIs there a
review process
AudienceWho is the intended audienceWhat is the point of
viewToo scholarly or specificToo popular and general
Checking the materialDo they reference other expertsIs their
evidence for opinions and factsObjective or emotional
languageDoes it reference primary source materialIs it
accurateToo one sided
Internet SourcesAnyone can post anythingNo fact checking
existsIf an author is listed use the authorship testHas it been
copied from another sourceIs there monitoring and reviewIs it
objectiveAccuracy of informationHow did you link into the site
27. Key PointsTwo report typesReport formatInformational
AnalyticalWriting a progress report
Two Report TypesInformational – provide information only No
analysis or interpretations
Analytical – analyzes data presentedIncludes conclusions and
recommendationsBased on writer’s interpretation of data
Report FormatsMemo format is common for informal reports
More formal reports will use standard report format
including:Cover/title pageExecutive summaryMemo of
transmittal
Creating a Progress ReportPrepared periodicallyProvides status
of projectUse memo format Typically one page with
headingsSent to supervisor and anyone else involved
28. Progress Report continuedSections
Introduction
Work completed
Work yet to complete
Conclusion (or anticipated problems)
Progress Report for Unit III Capstone
Refer to text exampleUse memo, block format Include four
sections with appropriate headingsReport must be error-free
Formal Report StandardsBlank PageCover PageFrontis
PieceExecutive SummaryBreak
PageContentFormattingBibliography
Cover Page1” top and bottom margins1.25” side
marginsCentered TitleTitleYour NameDateCourseUniversity
informationNo Page Number, but is countedStapled upper left
cornerDouble Spaced, Times New Roman 16 pt., BOLD
29. Frontis PieceCan be blankA drawingA storyA quoteIs not
counted or numbered
Executive SummaryA brief overview of the paper generallyNo
more than 2 pagesMargins 1.25” from top and bottom, 1” from
right, 1.5” from leftExecutive Summary should be titled the
same as the paper with the addition of Executive Summary
printed above it.Page numbered with small roman numerals,
centered, in the footerThese pages do not count toward the 6-9
pages of the paper
Break PageBlank Page between executive summary and body of
the text. It is counted and numbered with a small roman
numeral
ContentBody of the paper should include:Include a brief history
of the organization, cite with at least one source (1-2
pages)Discussion of types of products and services offered (1
page)Discussion of organizational culture and work
environment (1-2 pages)Anticipated future of the company &
financial outlook, cite with at least one source. (1-2
pages)Summary of the findings and your determination. Would
you work for them? Why or why not. (1 page)
Content ContinuedContent will include at least 5 sources of
which no more than 2 will be onlineContent will include at least
30. one quotation properly annotated and cited using APA
guidelines
FormatDouble SpacedTop and Bottom Margin 1.25”Right
Margin 1”Left Margin 1.5”Page numbers centered in footer and
start with Arabic numeral 1Citations must follow correct APA
style guidelines (Author, year).
Format ContinuedHeadings for each section must be
includedHeadings should be bold and centered within the
margins, not to the pageExecutive Summary and text body
should be in Times New Roman, 12 pt.
BibliographyAlphabetizedInclude no more than 2 online
sourcesDoes not require academic journalsCan include articles
from typical business journalsNumber SourcesBibliography
should be titled as Bibliography Centered and Underlined 14
point typeNot page numberedArial 12 point
SummaryTwo report typesReport
formatInformationalAnalyticalProgress report
What are Civil Rights?
As we discussed a few weeks ago, there is a difference
between civil rights and civil liberties.
Civil rights are essentially things the government is supposed to
31. do for its people and ways the government is supposed to
protect their people. A major idea is that the government
should protect people from discrimination.
More specifically, the government is supposed to protect us
from discrimination based on our inherent characteristics (keep
in mind I am saying "supposed to" a lot because I am NOT
saying our government actually does these things).
Inherent characteristics refer to the basic things that make you
who you are; such as your gender, race, ethnicity, and religion.
The idea being that these are fundamental aspects of all of us
that we either cannot change or should not be expected to
change.
It should be noted that there has been considerable debate
about whether sexual orientation is an inherent characteristic.
While many would say that discrimination based on sexual
orientation is just as bad as discrimination based on race, there
are those who disagree with that. Particularly, they might
disagree because they see sexual orientation as a "choice" or
because sexual orientation might conflict with their religious
beliefs or because they just simply think discrimination based
on race is worse than discrimination based on sexual
orientation. The Trump administration has at times seemed to
imply that discrimination based on sexual orientation is in a
different class of discrimination and that there might not be as
many protections for victims of sexual orientation-based
discrimination. Here are a few links (Links to an external
site.) to articles that discusses this situation (Links to an
external site.).
Important Civil Rights Amendments: 13th, 14th, and 15th
US Civil War
From 1861-1865 the United States was embroiled in a civil
32. war. The war pitted the northern states against the southern
states. The war was fought for different reasons (economics
and the slavery in the south were two main reasons). This war
led to the southern states seceding from the United States and
forming their own government (here is a link (Links to an
external site.) about this that is not required reading, but it is
interesting) We will not be examining this period of time,
History classes are much better for that, but we will be
discussing the political and Constitutional consequences of the
war.
The Civil War ended in 1865 and this led to several important
events:
· The southern states, which had seceded from the union, were
brought back into the United States
· The practice of slavery was technically abolished
· And the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were passed within
5 years of the war ending
_____________________________________________________
______________
13th Amendment (passed in 1865)
Here is the exact wording of the 13th Amendment:
Section 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
This is an important amendment and it, for the most part,
outlaws slavery and declares it to be illegal. As mentioned in a
previous module, the Founding Fathers did not really address
the issue of slavery in the original Constitution, although, the
Three-Fifths Compromise does essentially say that slavery was
legal. The 13th Amendment is commonly thought of as ending
the practice of slavery.
33. However, there are some problems with the 13th Amendment.
Most importantly, it says that slavery should not
exist EXCEPT as punishment for crime. Some have argued that
this exception means that slavery was not truly abolished and
that our current-day prison system is a modern form of slavery
which is not illegal or unconstitutional. We will examine this
debate in more detail next week.
_____________________________________________________
_______________
14th Amendment (passed in 1868)
The 14th Amendment is one of the most important amendments
and it is also a rather lengthy amendment (see here (Links to an
external site.) for the exact wording of the 14th).
There was considerable debate about this amendment back in
the 1860s when it was being discussed. Many in the South
especially did not like this amendment. There are MANY
important parts of the amendment and most of them are found in
section 1 of the amendment.
In the first section we can find:
· Citizenship Clause: this is the definition of what it means to
be an American citizen. This definition is very broad, but it
importantly gives citizenship to people who had been slaves and
whose ancestors had been African. The Supreme Court
case Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) denied citizenship to people
who were of African descent. Essentially, anyone who was
black, could not be seen as a citizen, even if they were born in
the United States. The citizenship clause of the 14th
amendment essentially says that if you are born in the United
States, you are a citizen.
· Due Process Clause: this part of the 14th amendment means
that the government cannot take life, liberty, or property away
from anyone without a judicial process having taken place.
· Equal Protection Clause: this might be the part of the 14th
amendment, or the entire Constitution, that has been used the
most to expand people's rights or to argue against
discrimination. This clause means that the government has to
34. protect everyone equally and that the law applies to everyone
equally. The Equal Protection Clause has been used over the
years to fight against segregation, to defend people from
discrimination based on sexual orientation, and discrimination
based on physical disability.
Essentially, if there is a group of people, who clearly are being
treated differently by our government, or who do not seem to
have the same protections as other people, then that might
violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
_____________________________________________________
______________
15th Amendment (passed in 1870)
Here is the exact wording of the 15th Amendment:
Section 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
This amendment deals with voting and it extends voting rights
to men who had previously been slaves. It is important to note
that even though the amendment does not specifically say only
men have the right to vote, that is how the amendment was
interpreted. Women, regardless of color, did not have the right
to vote when this amendment was passed. It will not be for
another many decades that women will get the right to vote.
The 15th Amendment led to considerable backlash in the South.
This backlash will be examined in the next page.
Important Civil Rights Amendments: 13th, 14th, and 15th
US Civil War
From 1861-1865 the United States was embroiled in a civil
war. The war pitted the northern states against the southern
states. The war was fought for different reasons (economics
35. and the slavery in the south were two main reasons). This war
led to the southern states seceding from the United States and
forming their own government (here is a link (Links to an
external site.) about this that is not required reading, but it is
interesting) We will not be examining this period of time,
History classes are much better for that, but we will be
discussing the political and Constitutional consequences of the
war.
The Civil War ended in 1865 and this led to several important
events:
· The southern states, which had seceded from the union, were
brought back into the United States
· The practice of slavery was technically abolished
· And the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were passed within
5 years of the war ending
_____________________________________________________
______________
13th Amendment (passed in 1865)
Here is the exact wording of the 13th Amendment:
Section 1.Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2.Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
This is an important amendment and it, for the most part,
outlaws slavery and declares it to be illegal. As mentioned in a
previous module, the Founding Fathers did not really address
the issue of slavery in the original Constitution, although, the
Three-Fifths Compromise does essentially say that slavery was
legal. The 13th Amendment is commonly thought of as ending
the practice of slavery.
However, there are some problems with the 13th Amendment.
Most importantly, it says that slavery should not
exist EXCEPT as punishment for crime. Some have argued that
this exception means that slavery was not truly abolished and
36. that our current-day prison system is a modern form of slavery
which is not illegal or unconstitutional. We will examine this
debate in more detail next week.
_____________________________________________________
_______________
14th Amendment (passed in 1868)
The 14th Amendment is one of the most important amendments
and it is also a rather lengthy amendment (see here (Links to an
external site.) for the exact wording of the 14th).
There was considerable debate about this amendment back in
the 1860s when it was being discussed. Many in the South
especially did not like this amendment. There are MANY
important parts of the amendment and most of them are found in
section 1 of the amendment.
In the first section we can find:
· Citizenship Clause: this is the definition of what it means to
be an American citizen. This definition is very broad, but it
importantly gives citizenship to people who had been slaves and
whose ancestors had been African. The Supreme Court
case Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) denied citizenship to people
who were of African descent. Essentially, anyone who was
black, could not be seen as a citizen, even if they were born in
the United States. The citizenship clause of the 14th
amendment essentially says that if you are born in the United
States, you are a citizen.
· Due Process Clause: this part of the 14th amendment means
that the government cannot take life, liberty, or property away
from anyone without a judicial process having taken place.
· Equal Protection Clause: this might be the part of the 14th
amendment, or the entire Constitution, that has been used the
most to expand people's rights or to argue against
discrimination. This clause means that the government has to
protect everyone equally and that the law applies to everyone
equally. The Equal Protection Clause has been used over the
years to fight against segregation, to defend people from
discrimination based on sexual orientation, and discrimination
37. based on physical disability.
Essentially, if there is a group of people, who clearly are being
treated differently by our government, or who do not seem to
have the same protections as other people, then that might
violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
_____________________________________________________
______________
15th Amendment (passed in 1870)
Here is the exact wording of the 15th Amendment:
Section 1.The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2.The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
This amendment deals with voting and it extends voting rights
to men who had previously been slaves. It is important to note
that even though the amendment does not specifically say only
men have the right to vote, that is how the amendment was
interpreted. Women, regardless of color, did not have the right
to vote when this amendment was passed. It will not be for
another many decades that women will get the right to vote.
The 15th Amendment led to considerable backlash in the South.
This backlash will be examined in the next page.
Important Civil Rights Amendments: 13th, 14th, and 15th
US Civil War
From 1861-1865 the United States was embroiled in a civil
war. The war pitted the northern states against the southern
states. The war was fought for different reasons (economics
and the slavery in the south were two main reasons). This war
led to the southern states seceding from the United States and
forming their own government (here is a link (Links to an
external site.) about this that is not required reading, but it is
interesting) We will not be examining this period of time,
History classes are much better for that, but we will be
38. discussing the political and Constitutional consequences of the
war.
The Civil War ended in 1865 and this led to several important
events:
· The southern states, which had seceded from the union, were
brought back into the United States
· The practice of slavery was technically abolished
· And the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were passed within
5 years of the war ending
_____________________________________________________
______________
13th Amendment (passed in 1865)
Here is the exact wording of the 13th Amendment:
Section 1.Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2.Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
This is an important amendment and it, for the most part,
outlaws slavery and declares it to be illegal. As mentioned in a
previous module, the Founding Fathers did not really address
the issue of slavery in the original Constitution, although, the
Three-Fifths Compromise does essentially say that slavery was
legal. The 13th Amendment is commonly thought of as ending
the practice of slavery.
However, there are some problems with the 13th Amendment.
Most importantly, it says that slavery should not
exist EXCEPT as punishment for crime. Some have argued that
this exception means that slavery was not truly abolished and
that our current-day prison system is a modern form of slavery
which is not illegal or unconstitutional. We will examine this
debate in more detail next week.
_____________________________________________________
_______________
14th Amendment (passed in 1868)
39. The 14th Amendment is one of the most important amendments
and it is also a rather lengthy amendment (see here (Links to an
external site.) for the exact wording of the 14th).
There was considerable debate about this amendment back in
the 1860s when it was being discussed. Many in the South
especially did not like this amendment. There are MANY
important parts of the amendment and most of them are found in
section 1 of the amendment.
In the first section we can find:
· Citizenship Clause: this is the definition of what it means to
be an American citizen. This definition is very broad, but it
importantly gives citizenship to people who had been slaves and
whose ancestors had been African. The Supreme Court
case Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) denied citizenship to people
who were of African descent. Essentially, anyone who was
black, could not be seen as a citizen, even if they were born in
the United States. The citizenship clause of the 14th
amendment essentially says that if you are born in the United
States, you are a citizen.
· Due Process Clause: this part of the 14th amendment means
that the government cannot take life, liberty, or property away
from anyone without a judicial process having taken place.
· Equal Protection Clause: this might be the part of the 14th
amendment, or the entire Constitution, that has been used the
most to expand people's rights or to argue against
discrimination. This clause means that the government has to
protect everyone equally and that the law applies to everyone
equally. The Equal Protection Clause has been used over the
years to fight against segregation, to defend people from
discrimination based on sexual orientation, and discrimination
based on physical disability.
Essentially, if there is a group of people, who clearly are being
treated differently by our government, or who do not seem to
have the same protections as other people, then that might
violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
_____________________________________________________
40. ______________
15th Amendment (passed in 1870)
Here is the exact wording of the 15th Amendment:
Section 1.The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2.The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
This amendment deals with voting and it extends voting rights
to men who had previously been slaves. It is important to note
that even though the amendment does not specifically say only
men have the right to vote, that is how the amendment was
interpreted. Women, regardless of color, did not have the right
to vote when this amendment was passed. It will not be for
another many decades that women will get the right to vote.
The 15th Amendment led to considerable backlash in the South.
This backlash will be examined in the next page.
The Jim Crow Era (1877-1965)
The 15th Amendment was passed in 1870. This amendment
seemingly gave all black men, and all former slaves who were
men, the right to vote. However, there were many people who
disliked this change, particularly in the South, where slavery
had been practiced widely. There was also a sense of fear; with
black men now having the right to vote, coupled with the fact
that the slave population had been large in the South, there was
a concern that the balance of power would shift towards the
black population.
To combat this, a series of laws were passed, primarily in the
Southern states, that became known as Jim Crow laws.
Jim Crow was not an actual person, but rather was a fictional
character; it was a racist and stereotypical depiction of a black
man (see the image above).
The Jim Crow laws were aimed at separating racial groups, or
segregation. This meant that schools, public accommodations,
41. transportation, and even cities/towns were segregated by law.
Typically this meant that people of color were not allowed in
the same areas as white individuals.
Although segregation was the main goal, the Jim Crow era also
involved other forms of discrimination that particularly were
aimed at limiting the impact of the 15th amendment and the
right to vote. Keep in mind, because of our system of
government, individual states are able to make some of their
own laws and decide, to a certain extent, how things will work
within their own state. This led to the development of Jim
Crow laws, and things known as Black Codes, which aimed at
limiting the political power of people of color and their ability
to participate in the political system. Some of these things
were:
· Literacy Tests: In order to be able to vote, some states
required people to take a test first. This test was supposedly to
make sure people were literate and could read and write. In
reality, they were a tool to make it harder for black individuals
to vote. Here is a literacy test from the state of Louisiana.
Look through this test and ask yourself: 1.) would you have
been able to pass the test, and 2.) is this really testing literacy?
Keep in mind that the only way to pass is to get 100% correct.
· Poll taxes: In order to be able to vote or even register to vote,
some states required people to pay a tax. States do have the
right to impose taxes, and that was used as justification for this
tax, but it clearly disproportionately impacted lower-income
people who tended to be people of color. We can now see this
tax as being a way to make it harder for people of color to
vote.
· Grandfather clauses: Built-in to many of these state laws were
things called "grandfather clauses," which basically meant that
if your grandfather was able to vote previously without paying a
tax, then you did not have to pay a tax either. This only applied
to white men, since the grandfathers of newly free black men
were not able to vote.
Now if you are wondering how these things did not violate the
42. 15th amendment, well...they did violate the 15th but states were
able to explain that they were not saying that people of color
could not vote, but rather that before they voted they needed to
pay a tax or take a test.
_____________________________________________________
____________
AND THE AWARD FOR MAYBE THE WORST SUPREME
COURT DECISION OF ALL TIME GOES TO....
(Drumroll)
PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)! This is a notorious case for
how badly the Supreme Court ruled. In this case, the Supreme
Court upheld the constitutionality of segregation. They ruled
that as long as the segregated facilities or resources were equal
in quality, then there was nothing wrong is forcing segregation
of races. A famous result of this case was the saying, "separate
but equal,"meaning that you could force people to live
separately as long as there was equality in their separation. For
example, it was fine to have white-only schools and black-only
schools because while they were separate, both races had
schools and access to education. Also, it was ok for force black
individuals to ride in a separate bus than whites because black
individuals still had access to transportation. This case also
essentially reinforced and supported the constitutionality of Jim
Crow laws.
We of course know that there was no equality in this
segregation, but the Plessy decision will stand until the 1950s.
Here is a cartoon from that time that accurately represents this
inequality:
It should also be mentioned, that while we saw a lot of these
things happen in Southern states, and Jim Crow does generally
refer to the South, these things were ALSO happening in other
parts of the country. Segregation existed in parts in Northern
states as well. Additionally, poll taxes were widely used
throughout the country, including in California (here is
an interesting article (Links to an external site.) on this subject
43. which is not required reading). I think it is important to note
that this type of discrimination was not only in the South nor
was it only targeting black individuals.
Next week, we will take a look at whether we see current-day
examples of things that resemble Jim Crow laws.
Civil Rights Movement
Despite the end of the Civil War and the supposed end of
slavery, the US entered into another dark period known as the
Jim Crow era, which we just covered. Even though the 15th
amendment was passed, people of color (and black men more
specifically) saw their voting rights limited and their ability to
vote suppressed. The Plessy v. Ferguson case made things
considerably more difficult, since the Supreme Court essentially
upheld these forms of discrimination.
HOWEVER, people fought for their rights and fought to end the
discrimination. Despite being oppressed and being victims of
violence, people banded together to change the government, the
laws, and the decisions of the Supreme Court. It was during the
Jim Crow era that we saw the beginnings of the Civil Rights
Movement, which sought to change these laws. In particular,
they aimed at ending literacy tests, poll taxes, and the system of
segregation.
The height of the Civil Rights Movement was during the 1950s
and 1960s. This is also the period of time when the greatest
advancements in civil rights were made (more on this on the
next page). There is certainly too much that went on during the
Civil Rights movement to cover in one page, but this is an
excellent example of a Social Movement.
Social movements are grouping of people which focus on
addressing social or political issues. They are often made up of
everyday people, typically from various backgrounds, who
advocate for change. Many times these movements use peaceful
means, although sometimes violent means are used as well.
Social movements also utilize different tactics to accomplish
their goals:
44. · Protests
· Marches/rallies
· Sit-ins/demonstrations
· Court-cases
One of the most significant aspects of the Civil Rights
Movement was the usage of nonviolent resistance. Nonviolent
resistancefocused on using techniques, like the ones listed
above, and avoiding using anything resembling violence to
achieve their goals. This idea was inspired by the nonviolent
resistance utilized by Mahatma Gandhi. Nonviolent resistance
also strategically used civil disobedience, which means
purposefully ignoring or refusing to comply with laws, as a way
to highlight the law. Civil disobedience is also a form of
protest.
Examples of this from the Civil Rights movement were:
· Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat on a bus for a white
man. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott in which Martin
Luther King Jr., and others, organized a boycott of the bus
system until the busses became desegregated.
· The Selma-to-Montgomery March, which was a march to draw
attention to the lack of equal voting rights. The march was
stopped by police and the police used tear gas, whips, and clubs
against the protesters, despite the fact that this was a peaceful
march. The images of police beating peaceful protesters had a
significant social impact.
· The Woolworth Lunch Counter sit-in: where protesters refused
to leave a lunch counter until they were served. This was done
to highlight the inequalities of segregation and was largely
organized by students of color.
· Freedom Riders: these were individuals who rode buses in the
segregated South. Even though court rulings had stated that
segregation of buses was unconstitutional, many Southern states
refused to comply with those decisions and continued to have
segregated buses. These protesters did this to highlight the fact
that Southern states were not complying with federal law (and
45. states are supposed to comply with federal law)
· Voter registration drives: due to the many laws that existed
that made it harder for black individuals to register to vote,
there were many blacks in the South that were not registered.
However, members of the Civil Rights Movement organized
voter registration drives where they would go to areas with low
registration and helped people register to vote. The "Freedom
Summer of 1964" (Links to an external site.) in Mississippi is
an example of this (the Freedom Summer article is not required
reading). Civil Rights Advancements
One incredibly important turning point was the Supreme Court
case Brown v. Board of Education (1954). This case ruled that
the idea of "separate but equal" was unconstitutional. This case
centered on the education system and focused on the reality that
schools in segregated areas, particularly in areas that were
predominantly people of color, lacked in funding and
resources. This disparity showed that there was no equality in
segregation.
However, despite this case, segregation and discrimination did
not immediately end. Many Southern states dragged their feet
in desegregating and many simply ignored this decision. A
limitation to the Supreme Court is that they have no
enforcement power; meaning, they cannot MAKE a state do
something that they don't want to do. The Court depends on the
other branches of government to support and uphold their
decisions.
As a result, pressure was placed on Congress to do something
about the fact that Southern states were not complying with
the Browndecision.
This brings us to two VERY important laws passed by
Congress:
· Civil Rights Act of 1964: the goal of this law was to end
segregation in public places and accommodations AND to end
employment discrimination based on race, color, sex, and
religion. Here is a good quick overview of the Civil Rights
Act (Links to an external site.) that you should read.
46. · Voting Rights Act of 1965: the goal of this law was to end the
legal barriers to voting and to really (FINALLY) enforce the
15th Amendment. Specifically, the law banned the usage of
literacy tests and it was aimed at improving voter turnout and
participation among people of color.
These laws were largely the culmination of the work of
the Civil Rights Movement. People involved in this movement
fought, for many, many years, to get government to take action
and to change the minds of those in government on these
issues. This change came slowly, and it happened
incrementally, but it did happen. And it is because of the work
of everyday people, working with each other, that produced
these changes.
A reason these laws were so important is that they were acts of
Congress, and Congress DOES have enforcement power (unlike
the Supreme Court). Meaning, Congress CAN make states do
things they don't want to do. Congress can do this through
decreasing the amount of money a state receives from the
federal government or by using the military or the National
Guard. Basically, Congress can threaten states to change their
laws and Congress has the tools to punish states if they don't
comply.
Lastly, in 1964 the 24th Amendment was passed. This
amendment declared poll taxes to be unconstitutional. This was
a significant advancement in ending a widely used voter
suppression tactic of the Jim Crow era.
The 19th Amendment and Native American Citizenship
Here is the exact wording of the 19th Amendment:
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on
account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
During the 1900s, there was also a strong push to expand voting
rights to include women. Keep in mind, the 15th Amendment
DID NOT include women and even after that amendment was
47. passed, women (of any color) still could not vote. The woman's
suffrage movement coincided to a certain extent with the civil
rights movements, as women were fighting for more rights and
more protection from their government.
The 19th Amendment was passed in 1920, which is shocking
(well maybe shocking) to think about how long it took for
women to have the right to vote.
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Another group of people that faced persecution and saw their
voting rights limited were the Native American population.
This group of people were actually not seen as being citizens of
the United States for a very long period of time. It was not
until the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 were Native Americans
seen as being citizens. Up until then, they were not able to vote
in most elections. Even after the Indian Citizenship Act, many
states denied Native Americans the ability to vote.
The 14th Amendment, which says that anyone born in the
United States is a citizen, had been interpreted to NOT include
the indigenous population of the United States.
It was not until the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that states were
forced to extend voting rights to Native Americans.