1Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications.docx

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Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE
Publications, 2018.
CHAPTER 12: Acculturation, Culture Shock, and Intercultural
Competence
FLAN 3440
Acculturation
The process of cultural change whereby you adapt to a new
culture by adopting its values, attitudes, and practices
When two different cultural groups engage in continuous
contact, one of the two groups will induce more change than the
other
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Acculturative Stress
The degree of physical and psychological stress persons
experience when they enter a culture different from their own as
a result of the adaptation required to function in a new and
different cultural context.
People face changes in
Diet
Climate
Housing
Communication
Role prescriptions

Media consumption
Norms
Values
Isolation
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Model of Acculturation
The culture influences the individual, and the individual
influences the culture
Young Kim’s model maintains that
acculturation is an interaction between the stranger and the host
culture
the role of communication, the role of the host environment,
and the role of predisposition best explain the acculturation
process
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SOURCE: Based on data from Kim, Y. Y. (1997). Adapting to a
New Culture. In L. A. Samovar & R. E. Porter (Eds.),
Intercultural Communication: A Reader (8th ed., pp. 404–417).
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Modes of Acculturation
Assimilation

Integration
Separation
Marginalization
Cultural transmutation
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Modes of Acculturation
Levels of acculturation depend on:
the degree to which the person approaches or avoids interaction
with the host culture
(outgroup contact and relations)
the degree to which the individual maintains or relinquishes
his/her native culture's attributes
(ingroup identity and maintenance)
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SOURCE: Data adapted from Berry, J. W. (1989). Psychology
of Acculturation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 37, 201–
234.
Acculturation in the United States
The degree of acculturation for micro-cultural groups within the
US is associated with a variety of social and medical problems
To understand maladaptive attitudes and behaviors among

various microcultural groups, researchers are assessing levels of
acculturation
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Culture Shock
The effects associated with the tension and anxiety of entering a
new culture, combined with the sensations of loss, confusion,
and powerlessness resulting from the forfeiture of cultural
norms and social rituals.
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Culture Shock
Culture shock appears to be a psychological and social process
that progresses in stages, usually lasting as long as a year
Associated with:
Sensations of loss
Confusion
Powerlessness
from the forfeiture of cultural norms and social rituals
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Stages of Culture Shock
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Factors that Affect Nature of Culture Shock
Walt Lonner
Control Factors
Interpersonal Factors
Organismic/Biological Factors
Intrapersonal Facctors
Spatial/Temporal Facctors
Geopolitical Factors
Churchman & Mitrani
Degree of similarity between native and new culture
Degree & Quality of information about new culture
Host culture’s attitude & policies toward immigrants
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SOURCE: Adapted from Churchman, A., & Mitrani, M. (1997).
The Role of the Physical Environment in Culture Shock.
Environment and Behavior, 29, 64–87; Lonner, W. (1986).
Foreword. In A. Furnham & S. Bochner (Eds.), Culture Shock:
Psychological Reactions to Unfamiliar Environments (pp. xv–

xx). London: Methuen.
“W” Curve of Culture Shock
Contains two of the U curves of the culture shock model
Entry to new culture
Re-entry shock
Makes communication of cross-cultural experiences difficult to
share
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“W” Curve of Culture Shock
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Strategies for Managing Culture Shock
Be prepared
Be aware of symptoms
Everyone experinces culture shock
Be aware of danger signs
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Success in the Intercultural Context
Five personality dimensions directly linked to success in long-
term intercultural encounters
Empathy
open-mindedness

social initiative
emotional stability
flexibility
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Intercultural Communication Competence
Ability to adapt verbal and nonverbal messages to the
appropriate cultural context
Competence as perceived vs. possessed
Effective behaviors are those that successfully accomplish
communicative goals
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Model of Intercultural Competence
Three necessary and interdependent ingredients of
communication competence
Knowledge component
Motivation (affective) component
Behavior (psychomotor) component
Situational features
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Knowledge component—at minimum, a comprehension of
values and beliefs.
Influenced by:
Cognitive simplicity and rigidity
Ethnocentrism
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Affective component—motivation to interact with those from
other cultures.
Influenced by:
Intercultural communication apprehension
Intercultural willingness to communicate
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Model of Intercultural Communication Competence
Psychomotor component—enactment (skill) of the knowledge
and affective components.
Elements:
Verbal and nonverbal performance
Role enactment
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Model of Intercultural Communication Competence

Situational Features—competence varies in situations and
contexts.
This is dependent upon:
Environment
Previous contact
Status differential
Third-party interventions
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Integrated Model of Intercultural Competence
Empathy
Intercultural experience/training
Approach tendencies
Global attitude
Listening skills
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Running Head: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
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INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

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Reflection of chapter 4
(The environmental context)
For this reflection, the concept that I have picked is from The
Environmental Context in chapter 4. The specific concept that
the paper will discuss is the concept of the cultural preference
for privacy. This is a concept that explains that different
cultures have different preferences for privacy both online and
offline. The preference of privacy ranges from solitude to
isolation to intimacy with friends or with the family to
anonymity and finally reserves. The level of preference that a
culture has forms the basis upon which certain policies are set,
how people socialize and the basis of deciding how to structure
their houses and living spaces.
I have had an experience with this concept especially in regard
to the preference for privacy on the online space. Some time
back in a group of very diverse individual, a topic was raised
about the numerous censoring and limitation that is done on the
web in China. In the group, there was one Chinese individual
who tried to explain that it works well for them and their
country. However, most the other individuals in the group
including myself who come from a culture where there is a lot
of freedom on the internet where individuals can access
anything and post anything, they like were against the whole
concept of internet censoring.
We went round and round telling the Chinese individuals how
the government was denying them a right to freedom and how
much more they were missing on the internet because of being
locked out by the government. No matter how much he tried to
explain how that worked well for their society, none of us were
hearing any of it because we were all convinced that what their
government does is wrong. Surprisingly at the end of the whole

discussion and debate, the Chinese individual seemed very
unmoved by our many opinions and was still okay with this
approach the government had decided to take to monitor
activities on their web. From this experience, however, I ended
up feeling like we had gone on an on to impose our views and
criticisms without giving ourselves a chance to listen and
understand the point of view of the one person who felt that
such policies were okay for their country.
If I knew then what I know now that is the concepts of this
course in regard to the fact that different cultures have different
preferences of privacy the experience for me would be very
different. This is because I would have made contributions to
the discussion from a point of a lot more understanding rather
than just imposing my opinion like what everyone else did. I
would have been able to see and understand the point of view of
the Chinese fellow in the group when he said that what they
have worked for them and consequently be more accommodative
of the fact we all do not have to be the same and that our needs
are not their needs.
The communication or the debate, in this case, would have been
more constructive because the argument would be made with
consideration of the differences we have in culture and
preferences. This would have helped to accommodate and bring
to the table different objective rather than subjective points of
view and consequently make the debate a lot more constructive
for all involved. The knowledge that different cultures have
different preferences for privacy help us see why individuals
make the different choices that they do in policies and
structures and that it is okay, and we do not need to impose our
beliefs or critiques on them without understanding the basics.

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1Neuliep, Intercultural Communication, 7e. © SAGE Publications.docx