Agate and milky quartz are both types of quartz that have the same chemical composition but differ in appearance due to impurities incorporated during their formation. Minerals can be identified based on properties like color, shape, luster, streak, cleavage, and hardness on the Mohs scale. There are three main types of rocks - igneous rocks which form from solidified magma, either plutonic (cooled below ground) or volcanic (erupted onto the surface), sedimentary rocks which form from the compaction or cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks which form from pre-existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemical reactions in the Earth's crust.

1. NATURAL SCIENCE
1st
of ESO
MINERALS
AND
ROCKS

5. Agate and milky quartz are both quartz, because they have the
same chemical composition and therefore, physical properties.
The differences between them are caused by impurities, other
chemical elements that are included in the quartz during the
formation process.

9. NATIVE
ELEMENTS
These minerals are made by
a single element.
Gold, silver,
copper
OXIDES They are made up of
Oxygen and one other
element.
Oligiste (iron)
SULPHIDES A mix of Sulphur and a Metal Galena
CARBONATES They are made of Carbon,
Oxygen and a Metal.
Calcite
HALIDES Composed of Chloride and a
Metal.
Halite

10. a) COLOUR: minerals are always the same colour, no matter where
they are taken or what process endured.
b) SHAPE: minerals can be geometric or irregular.
c) LUSTRE: refers to the way a mineral reflects ligt. It can be:
- Metallic: like pyrite.
- Non metallic.
d) STREAK: it refers to the colour of the powder that a mineral leaves
when scraped.
e) CLEAVAGE: is the way a that a mineral breaks. It can break in
sheets or in cubes.
f) HARDNESS: measures how a mineral reacts to being scratched.

11. The Mohs Scale of Hardness

16. Detrital Rocks

17. Chemical Rocks

18. Organic Rocks

23. VOLCANIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS
PLUTONIC
IGNEOUS ROCKS

24. Plutonic rock
Volcanic rock

26. High pressure due to weight
Intense heat due to magma
Metamorphic rock

27. Metamorphic rocks

29. Weathering and
erosion
Changes in
temperature
and pressure
Fusion at high
temperature