The aim of this study is to evaluate shading performance and the extent of sunlight penetration on the front house facade of the earliest terraced houses in Malaysia built in 1950s. Two house facades are selected for the case study located in Petaling Jaya Old Town, the first Garden City’s new town in Malaysia. The survey applies sunlight simulation technique using the SunTool programme. The simulation calculates at hourly interval from 7.00am to 6.00pm. The study finds that terraced house facades built in 1950s do not sufficiently design to tackle the house facade exposed to direct sunlight. The emphasis of façade design built in 1950s is more on the architectural style rather than designing efficient shading devices to tackle direct sunlight penetrating to the façade wall and windows. Roof overhang and recessed wall with balcony are the horizontal shading elements commonly used in the house façade design. No vertical shading device was applied to the façade design during 1950s.
The document provides details about Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) at University of Malaya. It discusses the building's history, architect, site context, and surrounding area. DTC was constructed in 1965-1966 in a Brutalist architectural style influenced by Le Corbusier. It serves as the convention center for University of Malaya and is located in the center of the campus surrounded by educational and commercial buildings within 100m to provide convenience. The site context analysis examines accessibility, relation to the natural environment, and comparison to surrounding structures.
Menara Mesiniaga and Critical Regionalism: Adapting Vernacular Malay Architec...Amos Tan
This document discusses the application of critical regionalism in the skyscraper Menara Mesiniaga in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It defines critical regionalism as an approach that incorporates modern architecture with local contextual influences. The document examines how Menara Mesiniaga draws from vernacular Malay architecture in its passive design strategies to achieve thermal comfort, as the building responds to Malaysia's hot and humid climate. It also compares Menara Mesiniaga to generic skyscrapers and the International Style, finding that the building exemplifies critical regionalism through its consideration of local culture, climate, and aspirations in its design.
Menara Mesiniaga Building Science Report Adila Zaas
The document provides a case study analysis of the Menara Mesiniaga building in Malaysia, focusing on identifying its innovative passive design strategies. The building was designed by architect Ken Yeang using bioclimatic principles to maximize natural ventilation and minimize energy usage. It features elements like exterior shading devices, operable windows, and a central core to aid cross ventilation. Thermal analysis shows how the building's form, landscaping features, and natural ventilation methods help provide thermal comfort for occupants in the hot, humid Malaysian climate.
This document provides a case study analysis of Menara Mesiniaga, a skyscraper in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. It discusses how the building exemplifies principles of Critical Regionalism through its adaptation of forms and technologies from vernacular Malay architecture.
The document begins by introducing Critical Regionalism as an architectural approach that aims to give buildings a sense of place through a contextual response, rather than adopting the International Style. It then examines how Critical Regionalism has influenced architecture in Malaysia, citing examples like Menara Mesiniaga, Menara Dayabumi, and the Petronas Twin Towers.
The document analyzes how Menara Mesiniaga draws from vernacular Malay architecture in its
El documento habla sobre el Proyecto de Seguridad Alimentaria y Salud (PROSAN) que tiene como objetivo mejorar la disponibilidad, acceso y uso de alimentos para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de las familias con niños menores de 5 años a través de capacitaciones sobre nutrición, la entrega de semillas y animales para la crianza, y el establecimiento de huertos caseros. Sin embargo, algunos beneficiarios expresan que el programa no ha cumplido completamente con sus objetivos debido a falta de apoyo en los últimos años.
Ringkasan dokumen tentang motivasi diri dalam 3 kalimat:
Dokumen memberikan 16 tips untuk meningkatkan motivasi diri termasuk merancang tujuan, tersenyum, beristirahat dengan baik, membina persahabatan yang erat, menjaga penampilan, menjalani gaya hidup sihat, berdoa kepada Tuhan.
SUEÑO DE AMAPOLAS
Fusiona tu rostro a mi huerto
Ven amor acércate y átate a mis manos
Avancemos apasionados los naranjos y limoneros
mientras perfumo mis cabellos de amapola
Apriétame fuerte, quítame de un golpe el aliento
Sé goloso, comete los botones de mi pecho
Suelta la hebilla de este laberinto
antes que las lágrimas se junten en la piedra del tintero.
Ponme tu nombre en la galería y la muralla
Recorre el bosque extasíalo con pausa
Puebla de placer pétalos y raíces
Recostados amor como en un sueño de amapolas
fusiónate en mí , sé un gusano húmedo
Goza de mi corola orgulloso
Rózala con la suavidad de la rosa
en un solo pálpito fusiónate a su vacío
hasta mojarme las paredes, báñalas de estrellas.
Incendiados en el jardín de la noche
con el pétalo del sexo excitaré su tibieza
pon la pluma exótica flameante y agradecida
que se fusionen corola y pluma en habitaciones de perlas
sin lograr saber del macho o de la hembra.
Calientes formemos incrustados sueños de polen, de ave, de tierra,
del ser que se venera en las formas caprichosas
y al fusionarnos en el sexo nos vengan a la memoria.
Jem Wong.
10-07-05
(Jemwong)
The document provides details about Dewan Tunku Canselor (DTC) at University of Malaya. It discusses the building's history, architect, site context, and surrounding area. DTC was constructed in 1965-1966 in a Brutalist architectural style influenced by Le Corbusier. It serves as the convention center for University of Malaya and is located in the center of the campus surrounded by educational and commercial buildings within 100m to provide convenience. The site context analysis examines accessibility, relation to the natural environment, and comparison to surrounding structures.
Menara Mesiniaga and Critical Regionalism: Adapting Vernacular Malay Architec...Amos Tan
This document discusses the application of critical regionalism in the skyscraper Menara Mesiniaga in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It defines critical regionalism as an approach that incorporates modern architecture with local contextual influences. The document examines how Menara Mesiniaga draws from vernacular Malay architecture in its passive design strategies to achieve thermal comfort, as the building responds to Malaysia's hot and humid climate. It also compares Menara Mesiniaga to generic skyscrapers and the International Style, finding that the building exemplifies critical regionalism through its consideration of local culture, climate, and aspirations in its design.
Menara Mesiniaga Building Science Report Adila Zaas
The document provides a case study analysis of the Menara Mesiniaga building in Malaysia, focusing on identifying its innovative passive design strategies. The building was designed by architect Ken Yeang using bioclimatic principles to maximize natural ventilation and minimize energy usage. It features elements like exterior shading devices, operable windows, and a central core to aid cross ventilation. Thermal analysis shows how the building's form, landscaping features, and natural ventilation methods help provide thermal comfort for occupants in the hot, humid Malaysian climate.
This document provides a case study analysis of Menara Mesiniaga, a skyscraper in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. It discusses how the building exemplifies principles of Critical Regionalism through its adaptation of forms and technologies from vernacular Malay architecture.
The document begins by introducing Critical Regionalism as an architectural approach that aims to give buildings a sense of place through a contextual response, rather than adopting the International Style. It then examines how Critical Regionalism has influenced architecture in Malaysia, citing examples like Menara Mesiniaga, Menara Dayabumi, and the Petronas Twin Towers.
The document analyzes how Menara Mesiniaga draws from vernacular Malay architecture in its
El documento habla sobre el Proyecto de Seguridad Alimentaria y Salud (PROSAN) que tiene como objetivo mejorar la disponibilidad, acceso y uso de alimentos para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de las familias con niños menores de 5 años a través de capacitaciones sobre nutrición, la entrega de semillas y animales para la crianza, y el establecimiento de huertos caseros. Sin embargo, algunos beneficiarios expresan que el programa no ha cumplido completamente con sus objetivos debido a falta de apoyo en los últimos años.
Ringkasan dokumen tentang motivasi diri dalam 3 kalimat:
Dokumen memberikan 16 tips untuk meningkatkan motivasi diri termasuk merancang tujuan, tersenyum, beristirahat dengan baik, membina persahabatan yang erat, menjaga penampilan, menjalani gaya hidup sihat, berdoa kepada Tuhan.
SUEÑO DE AMAPOLAS
Fusiona tu rostro a mi huerto
Ven amor acércate y átate a mis manos
Avancemos apasionados los naranjos y limoneros
mientras perfumo mis cabellos de amapola
Apriétame fuerte, quítame de un golpe el aliento
Sé goloso, comete los botones de mi pecho
Suelta la hebilla de este laberinto
antes que las lágrimas se junten en la piedra del tintero.
Ponme tu nombre en la galería y la muralla
Recorre el bosque extasíalo con pausa
Puebla de placer pétalos y raíces
Recostados amor como en un sueño de amapolas
fusiónate en mí , sé un gusano húmedo
Goza de mi corola orgulloso
Rózala con la suavidad de la rosa
en un solo pálpito fusiónate a su vacío
hasta mojarme las paredes, báñalas de estrellas.
Incendiados en el jardín de la noche
con el pétalo del sexo excitaré su tibieza
pon la pluma exótica flameante y agradecida
que se fusionen corola y pluma en habitaciones de perlas
sin lograr saber del macho o de la hembra.
Calientes formemos incrustados sueños de polen, de ave, de tierra,
del ser que se venera en las formas caprichosas
y al fusionarnos en el sexo nos vengan a la memoria.
Jem Wong.
10-07-05
(Jemwong)
Boletín Informativo Club Juventud Alcalá 6-02-14k_andrieu
El boletín informativo resume los resultados y próximos partidos de los equipos del Club Juventud Alcalá en diferentes categorías. Presenta al jugador del mes, Quique Villalobos, y anuncia los cumpleañeros de la semana en la sección de la escuela de baloncesto.
Optima Consulting - Optimización de costesOptimaCc
Optima Consulting es una consultora líder en España especializada en la optimización de costes indirectos para ayudar a las empresas a reducir hasta un 20% estos costes a través de proyectos de mejora, seguimiento continuo y aprovechando las oportunidades del mercado. La compañía ofrece servicios como auditorías, gestión de compras y revisión continua de facturas para garantizar ahorros sostenibles para sus clientes en diferentes sectores.
El documento describe los impactos ambientales de la megaminería a cielo abierto, incluyendo impactos sociales como el desplazamiento de comunidades, impactos económicos como la transformación de la actividad económica de una región, e impactos ambientales como la deforestación, pérdida de suelos, contaminación del agua y aire, y daños a la biodiversidad. También señala que a pesar de las promesas, la minería a gran escala no trae prosperidad a las comunidades locales.
El documento describe diferentes aparatos médicos computarizados como el tomógrafo computado, marcapasos artificial, bombas de infusión, riñón artificial, campímetro computarizado, resonador magnético, sistema de análisis de electrocardiograma, supercomputadora Watson, ecógrafo 4D y Fitbit. Muchos de estos aparatos utilizan software y procesamiento de datos para mejorar el diagnóstico y tratamiento médico.
Nutritionists Republic, a MED MEDIA through which Nutrition Practitioners across the globe can connect; a forum, which through its various interactive interfaces, offers a unique knowledge exchange opportunity and an online hub , which offers turnkey solutions to some of the problems related to Nutrition education and clinical practice.
El documento es un boletín informativo del CEP Cervantes que desea felices fiestas y un próspero 2014 a las familias. También invita a la representación del Belén Viviente el 19 de diciembre a las 18:15 horas en el patio de la escuela. Se enumeran diversas actividades navideñas que tendrán lugar como la recogida de libros y juguetes usados para familias desfavorecidas, la plantación de un huerto escolar, visitas a residencias de ancianos y representaciones teatrales.
Este documento presenta el Sistema de Información para Administración de Proyectos de Grado (SIAP) desarrollado por Gilberto Andrés Chaparro López y Luis Alejandro Forero Sarmiento para optar el título de Ingeniero de Sistemas en la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. El SIAP es una aplicación web desarrollada en ASP.NET, Visual Basic.NET y SQL Server 2000 que busca automatizar los procesos de administración de proyectos de grado.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document contrasts the "antes" and "despues" or the "before" and "after" of some situation. It lists "antes" and "despues" repeatedly, seeming to emphasize that there was a change from one state to another, with different conditions existing before compared to after.
La ley 7345 de la provincia de Chaco establece un programa de regulación para la gestión y tratamiento de los residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos (RAEE) con el objetivo de proteger el ambiente, promover el reciclado y reducir la disposición final de RAEE. Designa al Ministerio de Planificación y Ambiente como autoridad de aplicación responsable de elaborar el programa de regulación que incluirá aspectos como prevención, reutilización, reciclado, valorización, tratamiento y eliminación de RAEE.
La ley de los tercios divide una imagen en tres partes iguales vertical y horizontalmente, creando cuatro puntos de intersección llamados puntos fuertes. Las imágenes deben colocarse en estos puntos para tener una composición armónica y equilibrada que ocupe todo el espacio de la imagen sin centrarse. En paisajes, el horizonte debe colocarse cerca de una línea divisoria, y en retratos las personas deben situarse a un lado dejando espacio vacío del otro lado.
Este documento describe un seminario de liderazgo y emprendimiento de 8 días en Nueva York y Boston. El programa incluye capacitación con líderes de instituciones, desarrollo de habilidades de liderazgo, innovación y aceleración de empresas. Los participantes tendrán tours por la ciudad y visitarán escuelas como Harvard, donde aprenderán sobre pensamiento estratégico, planeación de proyectos y negociación. El objetivo es preparar líderes ejemplares para enfrentar los cambios actuales a través del desarrollo de nuevas
Este documento resume una entrevista con Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, biógrafo de José María Aznar. Rodríguez describe a Aznar como valiente y destaca cómo llevó al PP a la victoria en 1996 y 2000. También sugiere que Aznar derrotaría al PSOE actual y que Zapatero temía que Aznar lo derrotara en las urnas. Rodríguez cree que los años trabajando con Aznar fueron apasionantes y que el centro-derecha español cambió para siempre con Aznar.
"Twinergy Sales Portal: soluzioni innovative, integrate con l\'ERP, per la gestione della relazione con i clienti" - Luca Cacciari di Giesse Gruppo Industriale racconta l\'esperienza con la soluzione innovativa Twinergy Sales Portal in occasione del convegno di Unindustria Bologna del 3 marzo 2011, "L\'innovazione nei processi di comunicazione dell\'azienda con clienti, prospect, partner".
Este documento describe las etapas del círculo virtuoso de la creatividad abierta: despertar para abrir la mente a nuevas posibilidades, imaginar para ver oportunidades, creer para tener fe en las ideas, asumir responsabilidad para materializar las visiones, servir con una actitud de ayuda a los demás, y realizar mediante acciones concretas.
Este documento discute como a fisioterapia neurológica, incluindo Terapia de Restrição e Indução do Movimento, Observação de Ação e Prática Mental, podem promover a plasticidade cortical e recuperação funcional após um acidente vascular encefálico. Estudos que utilizaram ressonância magnética funcional mostraram resultados inconsistentes sobre a ativação cerebral após essas técnicas, sugerindo que o cérebro pode encontrar diferentes caminhos para a reorganização.
This document discusses cloud enterprise content management (ECM) and how it provides benefits over traditional on-premise ECM systems. It notes that cloud ECM allows organizations to access robust ECM solutions in a pay-as-you-go manner without upfront costs or need for specialized IT resources. Case studies are presented showing how cloud ECM helped two companies address their specific needs - one capturing emerging markets faster, and one reducing costs for a small business. Overall the document promotes the business value and advantages of cloud ECM.
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & URBANISM [ARC61303] [ARC2224]- Project Part 2 Anal...Angeline KH
This document provides biographical information about Malaysian architect Ar. Lum Chong Lin and analyzes the design of his Perdana Homes housing development in Kuantan, Malaysia. It discusses how Lum was influenced by modernist principles of form following function and simplicity. The design of Perdana Homes utilizes strategies like orientation, fenestration, overhangs and voids to promote natural ventilation and thermal comfort according to the local climate. The open floor plans and layout are designed for functionality and usability. Modernist ideas of standardization and simplicity are evident through the clarity of forms and reduction of ornamentation.
Boletín Informativo Club Juventud Alcalá 6-02-14k_andrieu
El boletín informativo resume los resultados y próximos partidos de los equipos del Club Juventud Alcalá en diferentes categorías. Presenta al jugador del mes, Quique Villalobos, y anuncia los cumpleañeros de la semana en la sección de la escuela de baloncesto.
Optima Consulting - Optimización de costesOptimaCc
Optima Consulting es una consultora líder en España especializada en la optimización de costes indirectos para ayudar a las empresas a reducir hasta un 20% estos costes a través de proyectos de mejora, seguimiento continuo y aprovechando las oportunidades del mercado. La compañía ofrece servicios como auditorías, gestión de compras y revisión continua de facturas para garantizar ahorros sostenibles para sus clientes en diferentes sectores.
El documento describe los impactos ambientales de la megaminería a cielo abierto, incluyendo impactos sociales como el desplazamiento de comunidades, impactos económicos como la transformación de la actividad económica de una región, e impactos ambientales como la deforestación, pérdida de suelos, contaminación del agua y aire, y daños a la biodiversidad. También señala que a pesar de las promesas, la minería a gran escala no trae prosperidad a las comunidades locales.
El documento describe diferentes aparatos médicos computarizados como el tomógrafo computado, marcapasos artificial, bombas de infusión, riñón artificial, campímetro computarizado, resonador magnético, sistema de análisis de electrocardiograma, supercomputadora Watson, ecógrafo 4D y Fitbit. Muchos de estos aparatos utilizan software y procesamiento de datos para mejorar el diagnóstico y tratamiento médico.
Nutritionists Republic, a MED MEDIA through which Nutrition Practitioners across the globe can connect; a forum, which through its various interactive interfaces, offers a unique knowledge exchange opportunity and an online hub , which offers turnkey solutions to some of the problems related to Nutrition education and clinical practice.
El documento es un boletín informativo del CEP Cervantes que desea felices fiestas y un próspero 2014 a las familias. También invita a la representación del Belén Viviente el 19 de diciembre a las 18:15 horas en el patio de la escuela. Se enumeran diversas actividades navideñas que tendrán lugar como la recogida de libros y juguetes usados para familias desfavorecidas, la plantación de un huerto escolar, visitas a residencias de ancianos y representaciones teatrales.
Este documento presenta el Sistema de Información para Administración de Proyectos de Grado (SIAP) desarrollado por Gilberto Andrés Chaparro López y Luis Alejandro Forero Sarmiento para optar el título de Ingeniero de Sistemas en la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. El SIAP es una aplicación web desarrollada en ASP.NET, Visual Basic.NET y SQL Server 2000 que busca automatizar los procesos de administración de proyectos de grado.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document contrasts the "antes" and "despues" or the "before" and "after" of some situation. It lists "antes" and "despues" repeatedly, seeming to emphasize that there was a change from one state to another, with different conditions existing before compared to after.
La ley 7345 de la provincia de Chaco establece un programa de regulación para la gestión y tratamiento de los residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos (RAEE) con el objetivo de proteger el ambiente, promover el reciclado y reducir la disposición final de RAEE. Designa al Ministerio de Planificación y Ambiente como autoridad de aplicación responsable de elaborar el programa de regulación que incluirá aspectos como prevención, reutilización, reciclado, valorización, tratamiento y eliminación de RAEE.
La ley de los tercios divide una imagen en tres partes iguales vertical y horizontalmente, creando cuatro puntos de intersección llamados puntos fuertes. Las imágenes deben colocarse en estos puntos para tener una composición armónica y equilibrada que ocupe todo el espacio de la imagen sin centrarse. En paisajes, el horizonte debe colocarse cerca de una línea divisoria, y en retratos las personas deben situarse a un lado dejando espacio vacío del otro lado.
Este documento describe un seminario de liderazgo y emprendimiento de 8 días en Nueva York y Boston. El programa incluye capacitación con líderes de instituciones, desarrollo de habilidades de liderazgo, innovación y aceleración de empresas. Los participantes tendrán tours por la ciudad y visitarán escuelas como Harvard, donde aprenderán sobre pensamiento estratégico, planeación de proyectos y negociación. El objetivo es preparar líderes ejemplares para enfrentar los cambios actuales a través del desarrollo de nuevas
Este documento resume una entrevista con Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, biógrafo de José María Aznar. Rodríguez describe a Aznar como valiente y destaca cómo llevó al PP a la victoria en 1996 y 2000. También sugiere que Aznar derrotaría al PSOE actual y que Zapatero temía que Aznar lo derrotara en las urnas. Rodríguez cree que los años trabajando con Aznar fueron apasionantes y que el centro-derecha español cambió para siempre con Aznar.
"Twinergy Sales Portal: soluzioni innovative, integrate con l\'ERP, per la gestione della relazione con i clienti" - Luca Cacciari di Giesse Gruppo Industriale racconta l\'esperienza con la soluzione innovativa Twinergy Sales Portal in occasione del convegno di Unindustria Bologna del 3 marzo 2011, "L\'innovazione nei processi di comunicazione dell\'azienda con clienti, prospect, partner".
Este documento describe las etapas del círculo virtuoso de la creatividad abierta: despertar para abrir la mente a nuevas posibilidades, imaginar para ver oportunidades, creer para tener fe en las ideas, asumir responsabilidad para materializar las visiones, servir con una actitud de ayuda a los demás, y realizar mediante acciones concretas.
Este documento discute como a fisioterapia neurológica, incluindo Terapia de Restrição e Indução do Movimento, Observação de Ação e Prática Mental, podem promover a plasticidade cortical e recuperação funcional após um acidente vascular encefálico. Estudos que utilizaram ressonância magnética funcional mostraram resultados inconsistentes sobre a ativação cerebral após essas técnicas, sugerindo que o cérebro pode encontrar diferentes caminhos para a reorganização.
This document discusses cloud enterprise content management (ECM) and how it provides benefits over traditional on-premise ECM systems. It notes that cloud ECM allows organizations to access robust ECM solutions in a pay-as-you-go manner without upfront costs or need for specialized IT resources. Case studies are presented showing how cloud ECM helped two companies address their specific needs - one capturing emerging markets faster, and one reducing costs for a small business. Overall the document promotes the business value and advantages of cloud ECM.
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & URBANISM [ARC61303] [ARC2224]- Project Part 2 Anal...Angeline KH
This document provides biographical information about Malaysian architect Ar. Lum Chong Lin and analyzes the design of his Perdana Homes housing development in Kuantan, Malaysia. It discusses how Lum was influenced by modernist principles of form following function and simplicity. The design of Perdana Homes utilizes strategies like orientation, fenestration, overhangs and voids to promote natural ventilation and thermal comfort according to the local climate. The open floor plans and layout are designed for functionality and usability. Modernist ideas of standardization and simplicity are evident through the clarity of forms and reduction of ornamentation.
DEWAN TUNKU CANSELOR, UNIVERSITI MALAYAJoe Onn Lim
Dewan Tunku Canselor is an iconic building at University Malaya designed in the Brutalist style by Datuk Kington Loo. The building uses reinforced concrete as its primary material and features exposed concrete surfaces that reveal the wooden forms used in construction. It has a symmetrical layout and uses geometry like rectangles and circles. Natural light penetrates through windows and skylights. The building was inspired by Le Corbusier's works and uses similar concrete louvers to aid ventilation in Malaysia's tropical climate.
Wisma Lee Rubber is a 29-story office building in Kuala Lumpur that was originally completed in 1980 and later refurbished. It is located in the city center on a square lot along Jalan Melaka. The original architect was Arthur Oakley Coltman, and the refurbishment was done by Veritas Architects to maintain the original modern simplicity while updating it. The building uses glass and stainless steel in the new curtain wall and has vertical sun shading fins. It provides office space as well as ground floor retail and cafes.
The document provides an analysis of the Telekom Tower building in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes fast facts about the building, its history and architect. The analysis covers the building's site context, accessibility, climate response and relationships to surroundings. It examines the architectural layout including floor plans, elevations, sections and circulation. It also analyzes the building style, elements, and compares it to another building. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive analysis of the design, construction and context of the iconic Telekom Tower skyscraper in Kuala Lumpur.
The document provides an analysis of the Telekom Tower building in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes fast facts about the building, its history and architect. The analysis covers the building's site context, accessibility, climate response and relationships to surroundings. It examines the architectural layout including floor plans, elevations, sections and circulation. It also analyzes the building style, elements, construction materials and sustainability features. The analysis compares Telekom Tower to another nearby building called The Bow.
Asian architecture topic proposal_8d_houseChengWei Chia
This document outlines a case study proposal for a project on the 8D House in Malaysia. It provides background context on vernacular Malay architecture and how the 8D House incorporates traditional design strategies. The proposal includes a title, list of student names, tutor name, 5 research questions, and a 300-word topic summary. It also presents an annotated bibliography of 6 sources that will be used to analyze how the 8D House applies vernacular design principles to achieve thermal comfort through materials, shading, and site response.
Asian Architecture: 8D House Topic Proposaldouglasloon
Taylor's University Lakeside Campus
School of Architecture, Building & Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Asian Architecture (ARC 60403)
Project Part B: Case Study Paper
The document provides details about Wisma Angkasapuri, the main governmental building for Malaysia's Ministry of Information. It discusses the building's architectural style, layout, construction, and history. Wisma Angkasapuri was built in the 1960s and features an International style of architecture with some Malay influences. The building complex consists of six structures, including an administration building, television house, and entrance hall. It was designed by Canadian architect Nicholas James Pappas and built to house Malaysia's radio and television stations.
This document provides an analysis of the architectural design of a semi-detached house in Surian Tropika Phase 2 by architect Steven Ng. It discusses several key aspects of the design including its response to the tropical climate of Malaysia through passive design strategies like orientation, cross ventilation, thermal massing and greenery. It also examines the architect's theory of minimalism, simplicity in form and emphasis on functionality informed by his education and experience. Diagrams are used to illustrate concepts like sun path, wind direction, spatial organization and passive cooling techniques. The design aims to be sustainable and low maintenance through a clear expression of form and function according to the architect's philosophy of "back to the fundamentals" and minimizing impact on the natural
V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & ...drboon
Research articles published in V8(3) 2017:: International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies ==>
Awareness of Passive Design on Apartment Façade Designs in Putrajaya, Malaysia
127
Comparative Analysis of Low-Cost Housing Policies in Malaysia and Nigeria
139
A Study on Kevin Lynch’s Urban Design Elements: Precinct 9 East Putrajaya
153
Investigating Urban Design Elements of Bandar Baru Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
169
A Study on Sharing Home Ownership Schemes in Malaysia
183
The Impact of Window to Wall Ratio (WWR) and Glazing Type on Energy Consumption in Air-Conditioned Office Buildings
197
Competitiveness Factors of Thai Construction Industry within the AEC Context: A Qualitative Approach
209
Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Government Construction Procurement Problems in Thailand
221
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Shading and Extent of Sunlight Penetration on House Facades of the EarlyTerraced House Type in Petaling Jaya Old Town, Malaysia
1. 2013 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies
http://TuEngr.com
Shading and Extent of Sunlight Penetration on House
Facades of the Early Terraced House Type in Petaling
Jaya Old Town, Malaysia
Ahmad Sanusi Hassan
a
a*
and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah
a
School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA
ARTICLEINFO
A B S T RA C T
Article history:
Received 27 February 2013
Received in revised form
20 March 2013
Accepted 11 April 2013
Available online
18 April 2013
The aim of this study is to evaluate shading performance
and the extent of sunlight penetration on the front house facade of
the earliest terraced houses in Malaysia built in 1950s. Two
house facades are selected for the case study located in Petaling
Jaya Old Town, the first Garden City’s new town in Malaysia. The
survey applies sunlight simulation technique using the SunTool
programme. The simulation calculates at hourly interval from
7.00am to 6.00pm. The study finds that terraced house facades
built in 1950s do not sufficiently design to tackle the house facade
exposed to direct sunlight. The emphasis of façade design built in
1950s is more on the architectural style rather than designing
efficient shading devices to tackle direct sunlight penetrating to
the façade wall and windows. Roof overhang and recessed wall
with balcony are the horizontal shading elements commonly used
in the house façade design. No vertical shading device was
applied to the façade design during 1950s.
Keywords:
Terraced House;
Facade;
Shading Area;
Sunlight Penetration;
Malaysia.
2013 INT TRANS J ENG MANAG SCI TECH
1. Introduction
This study analyses shading areas and sunlight penetration to facades of terraced houses in
Petaling Jaya Old Town. The selected facades for the case study are at Section 6, and Section
3 in Petaling Jaya (Figure 1), Selangor about 15 km from Kuala Lumpur. Both houses were
*Corresponding author (Ahmad Sanusi Hassan). Tel/Fax: +6-04-6532835/+6-04-6576523 E-mail
address: sanusi.usm@gmail.com.
2013. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/191-206.pdf
191
2. built at southern part of Petaling Jaya (PJS). Section 1 to 8 is also known as Petaling Jaya Old
Town because these areas were the earliest settlements built in 1953, 4 years before the country
independence. Petaling Jaya is the first Garden City’s new town in Kuala Lumpur as well as in
Malaysia built under Decentralised Programme to curb city population’s overcrowding
problem in Kuala Lumpur (Hassan, 2005). The selected terraced houses typify an early type of
terraced house design in Malaysia. The house design adopts Garden City character with
reference to a model of simple cottage design from England introduced by architect Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker (Hassan, 2005; Hall, 1988). The new town is located in the Klang
Valley at southwest of Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory borders.
Figure 1: The Case Study 1 at Section 6 (left) and The Case Study 2 at Section 3 (right)
in Petaling Jaya South (PJS), Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
The new town was built following the chronic population congestion in Kuala Lumpur due
to uncontrolled population migration from rural area to the Kuala Lumpur City which happened
dramatically since the early 19th century due to job opportunity as well as the country
development towards modernisation. Petaling Jaya is the only new town built before
independence under the British administration in Malaya. It was developed in the early
decades of the 1950s under the Town and Country Planning Department. The concept of
urban planning was adopted from the Garden City concept highlighted by a sociologist idea
who was Sir Ebeneser Horward (Hassan, 2005; Hassan, 2009a). Petaling Jaya Old Town had
been developed with a city centre located inside the North, East and West Ring Road as well as
a small part of Sultan Street. Before independence, the Petaling Jaya City was administered
under British by N.A.J. Kennedy's until he was replaced by Abdul Aziz Haji Mohd. Ali, the
local Malayan slightly after Malaya’s independence in 1959. According to a data from the
192
Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah
3. Department of Statistics Malaysia (2003), terraced houses are the most popular house types
built in this country, which accounts more than 43% of the house types built in the urban areas
in 2000 compared to detached houses, semi-detached houses, mid-rise apartments, highrise
apartments and others.
2. The Case Studies
There are two terraced houses in Petaling Jaya Old Town selected in the case studies which
are located about 500 metres to each other. The Case Study 1 (Figure 2) is a terraced house, the
address number at No.2, Jalan 6/30, 46000 PJS6, Petaling Jaya whereas Case Study 2 (Figure 3)
is located at No.9, Lorong 3/57D, 46000 PJS3, Petaling Jaya. In terms of architectural design,
these terraced houses represent atypical terraced house design in Petaling Jaya Old Section
which features simple cottage style design (Hassan, 2009b). The design has an influence from
the architectural style of residential terraced house type in the United Kingdom popularly built
in Garden City’s new towns in early 1900s. The architectural style was introduced by Barry
Parker with his interest to the concept of 'English Picturesque Tradition' from modern cottage
architecture, featuring heritage from atypical Northern European countryside’s house type
(Hall, 1988). He was the architect who had designed terraced houses in Letchworth near
London, England the first Garden City in the world. Terraced house design in Petaling Jaya Old
Section was a showcase which imitated Garden City’s terraced house types built in the United
Kingdom. In terms of architecture, the design was a prototype for Garden City’s housing
development as argued by Hassan (2001) when it was first introduced by the British
Administration during colonial era in Malaysia (Hassan and Che Yahaya, 2012). It epitomised a
style featuring a simplified cottage design which had economic construction cost and less time
consumed in construction with simple plan and facade design. The house had simple structural,
wall, window and door construction without cosy decorative elements. Barnett (1987) argues;
“Unwin and Parker brought to their design of the Garden City the already well-established
concepts of garden suburb and the model village, which in turn were a synthesis of two
important design and planning concepts: the picturesque English gardening tradition with its
artfully artificial landscape that was developed during the eighteenth century, and the
conveniently planned cottage or villa with irregular and picturesque massing, also a late
eighteenth-century invention.”
*Corresponding author (Ahmad Sanusi Hassan). Tel/Fax: +6-04-6532835/+6-04-6576523 E-mail
address: sanusi.usm@gmail.com.
2013. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
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4. Figure 2: Section and house facade of the Case Study 1 at No.2,
Jalan 6/30, 46000 PJS6, Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
Figure 3: Section and house facade of the Case Study 2 at No.9,
Lorong 3/57D, 46000 PJS3, Petaling Jaya, Selangor.
This study found that simple cottage architecture becomes a basis of modern terraced
housing development in the United Kingdom and this country. The difference between terraced
house style in the United Kingdom and in Malaysia is that some forms of the house elements are
slightly modified with reference to the traditional Malay architecture to adjust with the local
climate which has a warm and humid climate (Hassan and Ramli, 2010; Zain-Ahmed, Sopian,
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Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah
5. Abidin and Othman, 2002) compared to cool and wet climate in the United Kingdom. These
elements can be seen on a roof of the house which is designed projected a few feet from the
house wall’s perimeter as argued by Bakhlah and Hassan (2012) creating a roof overhang and
large window openings for cross air ventilation, and white and light paint colours on the
plastered wall surfaces preventing the heat gains from direct sunlight (Zain-Ahmed, 2000).
Table 1: Observed time and date, and azimuth of the sun when the shade of facade was
calculated for the Case Study 1 and 2 at Petaling Jaya, Selangor at latitude (N 3.1°) and
longitude (E 101.4°)
Orientation
Time
Date
Azimuth
East 90°
West 270°
7 am
8 am
9 am
10 am
11 am
12 pm
1 pm
2 pm
3 pm
4 pm
5 pm
6 pm
23 March 2012
25 March 2012
27 March 2012
28 March 2012
29 March 2012
29 March 2012
16 September 2012
29 March 2012
18 September 2012
26 March 2012
24 March 2012
22 March 2012
90°
90°
89.8°
90.1°
90°
92.2°
90.5°
89.8°
89.8°
89.9°
89.9°
89.9°
3. Methodology
Method of the survey applies computer simulation technique using the SunTool software.
The simulation will be set at a position of Petaling Jaya at latitude N3.1° and longitude E101.4°
closed to the Equator. Limitation of this study is that the simulation will be conducted when the
sun position has a sun path perpendicular to the house facade of the selected case studies either
during morning (east) or evening (west) hours. The reason is that terraced houses are mass
produced house type built with its house facade at various orientations to the sun path; as a
result, its house facade simulation will be conducted only at the time at which the house facade
is perpendicular to the sun path (Arab and Hassan, 2012). The objective is to measure the
simulation results when the house facade has its exposure perpendicular to the sun path (Landry
and Breton, 2009). Limitation of this survey exists because the position of the sun path changes
from time to time (Mazloomi, Hassan, Bagherpour and Ismail, 2010). In order to get
perpendicular angle of the sun path all the day hours to the east (90°) and west (270°) on the
house facade, the study has calculated the required sun path using the SunTool Software. Time
and date when the sun paths are perpendicular to the house facade are illustrated in Table 1. The
*Corresponding author (Ahmad Sanusi Hassan). Tel/Fax: +6-04-6532835/+6-04-6576523 E-mail
address: sanusi.usm@gmail.com.
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195
6. other limitation is that there are at certain times and dates that the sun path’s azimuth is not
possible to have perfectly at 90° perpendicular to the house facade (Shahriar and Mohit, 2006).
In these cases, the closest azimuths nearest to 90° will be used when the simulation is made in
2012 during daytime in Petaling Jaya from 7.00am to 6.00pm, which are listed in Table 1.
Figure 4: Simulation in SunTool programme
Table 2: Calculation of shading and exposed area.
The amount of shading and exposed area with reference to Figure 5 was calculated based
on the following formula:
SGA = SGH x GW
Where: SGA = Shaded glazing area, SGH = Shading Glazing Height, GW = Glazing Width
SOA = SH x L - SGA
Where: SOA = Shaded opaque area, SH = Shading Height, L = Length of facade
EOA = TOA - SOA
Where: EOA = Exposed opaque area, TOA = Total Opaque Area
TOA = FH x L - TGA
Where: FH = Floor Height, TGA = Total Glazing Area
TGA = GH x GW
Where: GH = Glazing Height
EGA = TGA - SGA
Where: EGA = Exposed glazing area, TGA = Total Glazing Area
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
All data such as the location of Petaling Jaya, facade orientation at east or west, time and
date are keyed to the solar position calculator in the SunTool software (Figure 4) to get the
correct position before the simulation will be made. Later, the dimensions of the house facade
which are the depth of exterior shading devices, floor height, wall width and sill height are
drawn in the SunTool programme. With these solar positions and dimensions of the house
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Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah
7. facade, the software will able to generate the amount of sun beam and shade on the house
facade which provide the results of shading area and extent of the sunlight penetration inside
the house.
3.1 Calculating Shading Area
The amount shading area are calculated at hourly interval from 7am to 6 pm when house
facades are at a position oriented to east 90° and west 270° perpendicular to the sun path
positions. The calculation formulas and the diagrams are shown in Table 2 and Figure 5
respectively.
SOA
SOA
SGA
SGA
FH
EGA
EOA
EGA
EOA
Figure 5: Abbreviations on facade and section for Table 2.
The existing wall facade is constructed with two different materials which are opaque
element built with brick wall plastered with cements painted in bright colour and window
glaze from glass material. The amount of shaded area of these opaque and glazing elements in
addition to the extent of sunlight penetration to the indoor area of the house will be simulated
in the SunTool programme. The unit of measurement used in this data is the Imperial Units
because it was the standard dimension in the terraced house construction widely used in
dimensioning the house plans in Malaysia before Metric Units was introduced in 1990. The
SunTool programme however provides the measurements in millimetre (Metric units) in the
simulations. All the results afterthat will be converted to the Imperial Units. The data will be
then keyed to Microsoft Excel programme to produce graphic line and bar charts for
comparative analyses, primarily discussed the results.
*Corresponding author (Ahmad Sanusi Hassan). Tel/Fax: +6-04-6532835/+6-04-6576523 E-mail
address: sanusi.usm@gmail.com.
2013. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/191-206.pdf
197
8. Figure 6: Extent of sun penetration given by the SunTool software.
Figure 7: Method of calculation to get the exact extent of
sunlight penetration inside the terraced house
3.2 Calculating the Extent of Sunlight Penetration
The simulation survey (SunTool) measures an extent of the sunlight penetration into the
indoor area of the selected terraced houses in the case studies which is unblocked by the
shading devices of the house facade. In a tropical climate, it is normally to have a house
constructed with overhang roofs functioned as shading device (Hassan and Ramli, 2010)
illustrated in the house section in Figure 6. However, there are in many cases that the extent of
sunlight penetration is not only shaded by the roof overhang but also blocked by an upper
window wall. To count the exact extent of sunlight penetration, another line must be drawn
parallel to the sun beam at a lower part of the upper window wall as illustrated in Figure 7. A
difference of the horizontal distance (x axis) between sun beam and its lower parallel line must
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Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah
9. be deducted to get the exact extent of sunlight penetration. These occasions occur in the early
morning (7am to 8am) and late evening (5pm to 6pm) due to low sun angle in the sky. The
calculation is as follow:
Penetration = Penetration given by the software (mm) – Distance between two lines (mm)
4. Analysis and Discussion
For the house facade selected in Case Study 1, it has the total area 414ft2 which consists of
glazed window (180ft2) and opaque wall area (234ft2) at the ground (storey 1) and first (storey
2) floor level. The facade at the ground floor has window area 120ft2 and opaque wall area 87 ft2
while its first floor level has window area 60ft2 and opaque wall area 147ft2. For the Case Study
2, its total facade area is 418ft2 with window 54ft2 and opaque wall area 364ft2 at the ground and
first floor level. The result shows that the Case Study 1 had larger shading area on its house
facade than the Case Study 2. The Case Study 1 had 60% shading area on its house facade
starting from 10.00am compared to 35% in the Case Study 2 before both facades were fully
under shade at 12.00pm. Similar condition occurred during evening hours starting from
3.00pm, 4.00pm and 5.00pm that the amount of shading area casted on house facade in the Case
Study 1 was 43%, 27% and 13% respectively in contrast to that of the Case Study 2 with only
27%, 17% and 9% respectively.
400
Surface area ft2
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
Time
Exposed area
shaded area
Figure 8: Shaded and exposed area on the house façade.
*Corresponding author (Ahmad Sanusi Hassan). Tel/Fax: +6-04-6532835/+6-04-6576523 E-mail
address: sanusi.usm@gmail.com.
2013. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
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10. The results of shading area on house facade (Figure 8) in both case studies show that due to
low angle of the sun in the sky at early morning and late evening (Chel, Tiwari and Singh, 2009;
Hassan and Arab, 2013), the amount of shading areas accumulated on both house facades in the
Case Study 1 and 2 were low (less than 30%) before 8.30am and after 4.00pm. The amount of
shading area was smaller than the exposed areas from 7.00am to 9.30am and from 2.45pm to
6.00pm. The shaded areas had however increased gradually due to the increasing vertical sun
angle. The results show that from 9.45am to 2.45pm, the amount of shading areas were larger
than exposed area. The amount of exposed and shading area was equal at 9.45am and 2.45pm.
shading area ft2
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
7:00
AM
8:00
AM
9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00
AM
AM
AM
PM
Time PM
2.5ft sunshade
2:00
PM
3:00
PM
4:00
PM
5:00
PM
6:00
PM
1.5ft sunshade
Figure 9: Shading area between 2.5ft and 1.5ft projection on the house facades.
40
shading area ft2
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
Time
Figure 10: Difference of shading area between 2.5ft and 1.5ft projection.
The house facades were completely under shade at 12.00pm. Comparison of shading
performance was also carried out between two types of sunshade projection which were built
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Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah
11. above the ground floor level of the Case Study 1 with 2.5ft and Case Study 2 with 1.5ft
projection (Figure 9 and 10). It can be noted that there were a significant effect to the shaded
areas where 2.5ft overhang projection provided larger shaded area than 1.5ft projection. The
average difference was 12ft2. The maximum difference was 34.64ft2 recorded at 1.00pm
while the minimum difference was 1.02ft2 recorded at 6.00pm. The study found that the house
facades built in 1950s only had roof overhangs working as horizontal projection’s shading
device, and no vertical projection’s louver for sunshade purpose is used in the terraced façade
design. Without the vertical louvers, the façade were exposed to low angle sunlight during
evening hours.
Area (ft2)
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00
AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM
Deep window
Time
Shallow window
Figure 11: Shading performances on recessed (deep) and non-recessed (shallow) window
Area (ft2)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00
AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM
Time
Deep opaque
Shallow opaque
Figure 12: Shading performances between recessed (deep) and
non-recessed (shallow) opaque wall.
*Corresponding author (Ahmad Sanusi Hassan). Tel/Fax: +6-04-6532835/+6-04-6576523 E-mail
address: sanusi.usm@gmail.com.
2013. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
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Volume 4 No.3
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201
12. In addition, comparison of shading performance was carried out between 3ft recessed
(deep window) and non-recessed window (shallow window) of the house facades. The result
(Figure 11) indicates that the amount of shading area on recessed window was larger than
non-recessed one. The recessed window was fully shaded starting from 10.00am to 2.00pm
while non-recessed window was fully shaded from 12.00pm to 1.00pm. The average shading
difference between them was about 20.3ft2.
The same condition occurred on recessed and non-recessed wall surface. Figure 12 shows
that the recessed opaque wall surface recorded with larger amount of shading area than
non-recessed wall surface. The recessed wall was fully shaded from 11.00am to 2.00pm in
contrast to non-recessed wall having full shade at 12.00pm. The average difference was about
14.45ft2. The maximum difference was 37.68ft2 recorded at 2.00pm while minimum difference
was 7.38ft2 recorded at 7.00am. Both the Case Study 1 and 2 had larger shading area at the first
floor than the ground floor level. The reason is the Case Study 1 had recessed wall at its first
floor level and the Case Study 2 had shorter overhang projection with only 1.5ft for its ground
floor level. In summary, the result shows that the amount of shading area was relatively small
with an average of 35% at 3.00pm, 22% at 4.00pm and 11% at 5.00pm in the Case Study 1 and
2. Having sufficient sunshades from 3.00 to 6.00pm is necessary because the evening duration
has the warmest air temperature and direct sunlight penetration. In addition, the analysis found
that the sky position of the sun plays an important role in creating the amount of shading area as
noted by Djamila, Ming and Kumaresan (2011) on the house facade that the larger is the sun
angle, the larger is the amount of shading area.
Small amount of the shading area on the house facade at early morning and late afternoon
was due to low vertical angle of the sun. The shading area had however a gradual increase due
to an increase of vertical angle of the sun (hourly movement of the sun) until it reach to 100%
shaded at the afternoon. Due to this reason, the average difference of shading area was small
from 7.00am to 10.00am and from 1.00pm to 3.00pm, while it had large average difference
from 10.00 am to 11.00am and from 1.00pm to 3.00pm. In case with two types of sunshade
projection, the maximum difference of shading area was recorded at 1.00pm when the house
facade with 2.5ft overhang projection was at full shade whereas the house facade with 1.5ft
projection was partly shaded. On the other hand, the minimum difference was recorded at
6.00pm due to very low sun angle, which caused the overhang projection become ineffective.
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Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah
13. Distance (ft)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00
AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM
Time
2.5ft
1.5ft
Figure 13: Extent of sunlight penetration between 2.5ft and 1.5ft projection.
The other analysis is the extent of sunlight penetration as illustrated in Figure 13. The
extent of sun penetration is measured in feet, recording the distance of the sun penetration from
the house facade to the indoor area. There were similar results on the extent of the sun
penetration found in the analysis between Case Study 1 and 2 except the ground level which
had longer sun penetration in its indoor area due to its short overhang with 1.5ft projection. The
study also finds that the extent of sunlight penetration to indoor area through the house facades
was another aspect which was influenced by the vertical angle of the sun position in the sky
(Hassan and Arab, 2012). The sunlight started with deep penetration to indoor area from the
house facade at early morning due to low angle of the morning sunlight. However, it retreated
gradually until no penetration inside the house starting from 11.00am to 1.30pm. From 2.00pm
to 5.00pm, it started penetration again with gradual increase and lastly at 6.00pm, it penetrated
at the deepest extent to the indoor area. The average difference of the extent of sunlight
penetration from 8.00am to 11.00am is about 8ft, ranging from maximum 1.6ft to minimum
18.4ft. While the average difference from 2.00pm to 5.00pm is about 10.55ft, ranging from
minimum 1.69ft to maximum 23.8ft. The maximum extent was at 7.00am and 6.00pm which
was about 52.8ft and 99.1ft respectively whereas the minimum extent was 1.6ft at 11.00am and
2.00pm. The result also shows that there was no sunlight penetration at afternoon when the
vertical sun angle was at 90°. The sunlight penetration was influenced by sunshade projection.
From the comparison between ground floor’s (1.5ft) and first floor’s (2.5ft) sunshade
projection, it can be noted that the difference recorded in the extent of sunlight penetration was
equal to the difference in the depth of shading projection.
*Corresponding author (Ahmad Sanusi Hassan). Tel/Fax: +6-04-6532835/+6-04-6576523 E-mail
address: sanusi.usm@gmail.com.
2013. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies.
Volume 4 No.3
ISSN 2228-9860
eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/191-206.pdf
203
14. 5. Conclusion
The study concludes that terraced house facades built in 1950s do not efficiently design to
tackle the facade exposure to direct sunlight. The study finds that the emphasis of facade
design built in 1950s is more on the architectural style influenced by simple cottage design from
Garden City movement in England rather than working on efficient shading devices to tackle
direct sunlight penetrating to the facade wall and windows. Roof overhang and recessed wall
with balcony are the horizontal shading elements commonly used in the house façade design.
However these shading design elements were only able to provide less than 50% shading area
especially to tackle evening sunlight from 3.00pm to 5.00pm on the house façade. No vertical
shading device was commonly applied to the façade design during 1950s. Therefore, having
excellent designs of recessed walls, vertical louvers and overhang projections working as sun
shading devices are important in the house facade design to tackle the problem.
6. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express appreciation for the financial support under the Research
University Grant by Universiti Sains Malaysia.
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2013. International Transaction Journal of Engineering,
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eISSN 1906-9642. Online Available at http://TuEngr.com/V04/191-206.pdf
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Dr. Ahmad Sanusi Hassan is an Associate Professor in Architecture Programme at the School of
Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia. He obtained a
Bachelor and Master of Architecture degrees from University of Houston, Texas, USA, and Doctor of
Philosophy (Ph.D) degree on sustainable architecture and urban design from University of Nottingham,
United Kingdom. At the university, he is currently lecturing in courses related to urban design, studio
architecture and history and theory of architecture. He is also teaching architecture courses in Computer
Aided Design (CAD), animation and building simulation emphasised in heritage and contemporary
architecture study.
Mohammed Salem Bakhlah received his Bachelor in Engineering (Architecture Engineering) from
Hadhramout University of Science & Technology in 2002. Mohammed received his master degree in
building technology from Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2008. Now he is a PhD student at the School of
Housing, Building and Planning Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pinang, Malaysia. His research is related to
building envelope design for passive heating and cooling strategy for mud brick houses in hot and dry climate.
He was awarded a number of merit certificates from Hadhramout University of Science & Technology and
from Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Peer Review: This article has been internationally peer-reviewed and accepted for publication
according to the guidelines given at the journal’s website.
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Ahmad Sanusi Hassan, and Mohammed Salem Obaid Bakhlah