This document discusses the subjunctive mood in Latin grammar. It covers the present and imperfect subjunctive forms of verbs, as well as how the subjunctive is used in purpose clauses, indirect commands, and to indicate sequence of tenses. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts, along with exercises for students to practice subjunctive verb forms and translations.

1. Chapter 19 Grammar,
Parts I and II

2. Subjunctive Mood
• A mood is the way a verb is used in the
sentence:
– a fact is indicative
– a command is imperative
– an exhortation, wish, or possibility is subjunctive

3. Present Subjunctive
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th esse
parem moneam regam capiam audiam sim
pares moneas regas capias audias sis
paret moneat regat capiat audiat sit
paremus moneamus regamus capiamus audiamus simus
paretis moneatis regatis capiatis audiatis sitis
parent moneant regant capiant audiant sint

4. Exercise 19.1
1. uoco, uocare
2. dormio, dormire
3. defendo, defendere
4. festino, festinare
5. facio, facere
6. studeo, studere
7. adsum, adesse

5. Present Subjunctive Translations
• Basic translation is ‘may ____’
• In a main clause, it can be translated 3 ways:
amemus
1. let us love (exhortation)
2. may we love! (wish)
3. we may love (possibility)

6. Exercise 19.3 #1-2
1. fortiter pugnemus.
2. ne fugiamus.

7. Imperfect Subjunctive
parare monēre regere capere audire esse
pararem monerem regerem caperem audirem essem
parares moneres regeres caperes audires esses
pararet moneret regeret caperet audiret esset
pararemus moneremus regeremus caperemus audiremus essemus
pararetis moneretis regeretis caperetis audiretis essetis
pararent monerent regerent caperent audirent essent
Translate as ‘might ___’

8. Purpose Clauses
• The subjunctive is typically used in
subordinate clauses
• These are usually introduced with ut (positive)
or ne (negative)
collem ascendimus ut templum uideamus.
festinamus ne sero adueniamus.

9. Exercise 19.4 #1-3
1. festinamus ut te adiuuemus.
2. Horatius Delphos iter facit ut Apollinis fanum
(shrine) uideat.
3. homines ab omnibus partibus Graeciae
Delphos ueniunt ut dei oracular petant.

10. Indirect Commands
• This is the report of a command
• Introduced with ut/ne
pater puero imperat ut domum redeat.
magister pueris imperauit ne luderent.

11. Exercise 19.9 #1-4
1. mater filiae imperauit ne in uia luderet.
2. filia matrem rogauit ut se ad forum duceret.
3. mater filiam iussit in casa manere et se
iuuare.
4. puella patri persuadet ut se ad forum ducat.

12. Exercise 19.10 #1-2
1. Horatius “Delphos mecum ueni, Pompei,”
inquit.
2. Horatius Pompeium excitauit et “surge,
Pompei,” inquit.

13. Sequence of Tenses
• A quick word about the sequence of tenses
(more in Part III):
– Imperfect subjunctives make the subordinate
clause happen before the main clause
– Present subjunctives make the subordinate clause
happen at the same time as the main clause.

14. Exercise Translations
19.3.1: Let us fight bravely.
19.3.2: Let us not flee. or May we not flee.
19.4.1:We are hurrying so that we may help you.
19.4.2:Horatius makes a journey to Delphi so that he may see the
shrine of Apollo.
19.4.3: Men come from all parts of Greece so that they may seek the
oracles of the god.
19.9.1: Mother ordered the daughter not to play in the street.
19.9.2: The daughter asked the mother to take her to the forum.
19.9.3: Mother ordered the daughter to remain in the house and to
help her.
19.9.4: The girl persuades the father to take her to the forum.