18CYM101T ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEpdf

Environmental segments
• An Environment is everything that is around us, which includes
both living and nonliving things such as soil, water, animals and
plants, which adapt themselves to their surroundings.
• Environment can be divided into four segments.
1) Atmosphere
2) Hydrosphere
3) Lithosphere
4) Biosphere

Structure of Atmosphere
• The atmosphere is comprised of layers based on temperature.
These layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere
and thermosphere.

Troposphere
• It is considered as the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.
• The troposphere starts at the surface of the earth and goes up to a height of 8
kms (poles) to 18 kms (equator). The main reason of higher height at the equator
is due to presence of hot convection currents that push the gases upward.
• All kinds of weather changes occurs within this layer.
• This layer has water vapor and mature particles.
• Temperature decreases with increasing height of atmosphere at the rate of 1
degree Celsius for every 165 m of height. This is called Normal lapse rate.
• Tropopause, the transitional zone, separates Troposphere and Stratosphere.

Stratosphere
• It is the second layer of the atmosphere found above the troposphere.
• It extends up to a height of 50 km from the earth’s surface.
• This layer is very dry as it contains little water vapour.
• This layer provides some advantages for flight because it is above stormy
weather and has steady, strong, horizontal winds.
• The ozone layer is found in this layer.
• The ozone layer absorbs UV rays and safeguards earth from harmful
radiation.
• Stratopause separates Stratosphere and Mesosphere.

Mesosphere
• The Mesosphere is found above the stratosphere.
• It is the coldest of the atmospheric layers.
• The mesosphere starts at 50 km above the surface of Earth and
goes up to 80 km.
• The temperature drops with altitude in this layer.
• By 80 km it reaches -100 degrees Celsius.
• Meteors burn up in this layer.
• The upper limit is called Mesopause which separates
Mesosphere and Thermosphere.

Thermosphere
• This layer is found above Mesopause from 80 to 400 km.
• Radio waves that are transmitted from the earth are reflected by this
layer.
• The temperature starts increasing again with increasing height in
this layer.
• Aurora and satellites occur in this layer.
• Exosphere
• It is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.
• The zone where molecules and atoms escape into space is
mentioned as the exosphere.
• It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km.

Composition of the Atmosphere
• The atmosphere of earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%),
argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. A variable amount
of water vapour is also present in the atmosphere (approx.1% at sea level)
and it decreases with altitude.
• Carbon dioxide gas is largely responsible for the greenhouse effect. It is
transparent to the incoming solar radiation but is opaque to the outgoing
terrestrial radiation. It absorbs a part of terrestrial radiation and reflects
back some of it towards the earth’s surface.
• Dust particles are also present in the atmosphere. They originate from
different sources like fine soil, smoke-soot, pollen, dust and disintegrated
particles of meteors. Dust and salt particles act as hygroscopic nuclei
around which water vapour condenses to produce clouds.

Air Pollution
• Air pollution refers to any physical, chemical or biological
change in the air. It is the contamination of air by harmful
gases, dust and smoke which affects plants, animals and
humans drastically.
• There is a certain percentage of gases present in the
atmosphere. An increase or decrease in the composition of
these gases is harmful to survival. This imbalance in the
gaseous composition has resulted in an increase in earth’s
temperature, which is known as global warming.

There are two types of air pollutants:
• Primary Pollutants
• The pollutants that directly cause air pollution are known as
primary pollutants. Sulphur-dioxide emitted from factories is a
primary pollutant.
• Secondary Pollutants
• The pollutants formed by the intermingling and reaction of
primary pollutants are known as secondary pollutants. Smog,
formed by the intermingling of smoke and fog, is a secondary
pollutant.

Causes of Air Pollution
• Burning of Fossil Fuels
• Automobiles
• Agricultural Activities
• Factories and Industries
• Mining Activities
• Domestic Sources

Effects of Air Pollution
• Diseases
• Global Warming
• Acid Rain
• Ozone Layer Depletion
• Effect on Animals

Air Pollution Control
1. By minimising and reducing the use of fire and fire products.
2. Since industrial emissions are one of the major causes of air pollution, the pollutants can be
controlled or treated at the source itself to reduce its effects. For example, if the reactions of a
certain raw material yield a pollutant, then the raw materials can be substituted with other less
polluting materials.
3. Fuel substitution is another way of controlling air pollution. In many parts of India, petrol and diesel
are being replaced by CNG – Compressed Natural Gas fueled vehicles. These are mostly adopted
by vehicles that aren’t fully operating with ideal emission engines.
4. Although there are many practices in India, which focus on repairing the quality of air, most of them
are either forgotten or not being enforced properly. There are still a lot of vehicles on roads which
haven’t been tested for vehicle emissions.
5. Another way of controlling air pollution caused by industries is to modify and maintain existing
pieces of equipment so that the emission of pollutants is minimised.
6. Sometimes controlling pollutants at the source is not possible. In that case, we can have process
control equipment to control the pollution.

Water Pollution
• Water pollution can be defined as the contamination of water
bodies. Water pollution is caused when water bodies such as
rivers, lakes, oceans, groundwater and aquifers get
contaminated with industrial and agricultural effluents.

Sources Of Water Pollution
• Urbanization.
• Deforestation.
• Industrial effluents.
• Social and Religious Practices.
• Use of Detergents and Fertilizers.
• Agricultural run-offs- Use of insecticides and pesticides.

Effects Of Water Pollution
• Water bodies in the vicinity of urban areas are extremely polluted. This is the result of
dumping garbage and toxic chemicals by industrial and commercial establishments.
• Water pollution drastically affects aquatic life. It affects their metabolism, and behaviour,
and causes illness and eventual death. Dioxin is a chemical that causes a lot of problems
from reproduction to uncontrolled cell growth or cancer. This chemical is bioaccumulated
in fish, chicken and meat. Chemicals such as this travel up the food chain before entering
the human body.
• The effect of water pollution can have a huge impact on the food chain. It disrupts the
food chain. Cadmium and lead are some toxic substances, these pollutants upon entering
the food chain through animals (fish when consumed by animals, humans) can continue
to disrupt at higher levels.
• Humans are affected by pollution and can contract diseases such as hepatitis through
faecal matter in water sources. Poor drinking water treatment and unfit water can always
cause an outbreak of infectious diseases such as cholera, etc.
• The ecosystem can be critically affected, modified and destructured because of water
pollution.

Control Measures of Water Pollution
• Water pollution, to a larger extent, can be controlled by a variety of methods. Rather
than releasing sewage waste into water bodies, it is better to treat them before
discharge. Practising this can reduce the initial toxicity and the remaining substances can
be degraded and rendered harmless by the water body itself. If the secondary treatment
of water has been carried out, then this can be reused in sanitary systems and
agricultural fields.
• A very special plant, the Water Hyacinth can absorb dissolved toxic chemicals such as
cadmium and other such elements. Establishing these in regions prone to such kinds of
pollutants will reduce the adverse effects to a large extent.
• Some chemical methods that help in the control of water pollution are precipitation, the
ion exchange process, reverse osmosis, and coagulation. As an individual, reusing,
reducing, and recycling wherever possible will advance a long way in overcoming the
effects of water pollution.

WATER POLLUTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT
UNIT II
18CEO405T
Dr. S. Karuppasamy
Department of Civil Engineering
SRMIST

07/30/2020 18CEO405 3
PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES OF WASTE WATER

PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WASTE
WATER
07/30/2020 18CEO405 4

Impurities in water may be classified as follows
(a) Physical impurities
(b) Chemical impurities
(c) Bacteriological impurities
Physical Impurities:
They are due to the presence of inorganic substances like clay, pebbles,
sand silt, algae, fungi, bacteria etc. in water as finely divided
compounds.
Lighter substances float, heavier substances settle and of equal specific
gravity mix with water.
They impart colour, odour and taste ,Turbidity, Temperature , Specific
Conductivity to water. They are not serious and can be easily detected
and removed.
They may be in suspended, dissolved and colloidal forms.
S1-SLO 2- Physical characteristics

COLOUR:
Colored discharge from some industries impart colour to
water
Color is undesirable in water, it may stain clothes &
injurious to human health also
Dissolved organic matter from decaying vegetation or
some inorganic materials may impart colour to the water.
Excessive growth of Algae.
It can be measured by comparing the colour of water
sample with other standard glass tubes containing
solutions(PLATINUM COBALT) of different standard colour
intensities.(NESLER’S TUBE)
The IS value for treated water is 20 cobalt units,
Preferably <10 cu.

Colour, Hazen Units
WHO
Desirable : 5 Hazen units. , Permissible : 15 Hazen
units.(Pt/Co scale)
Risks or
effects
Harmless; Visible tint - acceptance decreases
Sources
Coloured organic substances (humus), Iron (red) ,
Copper (blue–green), Manganese (black), highly
coloured industrial wastes (pulp and paper and
textile wastes)
Treatment
Centrifugation and Filtration, Distillation, Reverse
osmosis

Physical characteristics – Odor
Odor is produced by gas production due to the decomposition of organic
matter or by substances added to the wastewater.
Detection of odor: Odor is measured by special instruments such as the
Portable H2S meter which is used for measuring the concentration of hydrogen
sulfide.

TASTE AND ODOUR
Dissolved organic materials CH4, H2S,CO2 etc.,
The intensities of taste and odour depend upon the sensitivity of the observer.
Their presence in water may be due to the presence of dead or live micro-
organisms, dissolved gases or mineral substances.
Tastes may be sweet, bitter, salty, brackish, irritating hot and cold. Odour may
be fishy, earthy, grassy, mouldy etc. (Odour intensity)
Odour is identified by inhaling through two tubes of an osmoscope. Threshold
odour.
One tube is kept in a flask containing distilled water and the other is kept in a
flask containing water sample.
It is also measured by dilution with odour free water in different ratios.
Permissible limit 1 never exceed 3.
The dilution ratio giving the first detectable odour threshold number.

Odour
WHO Unobjectionable
Risks or effects
Natural odours – earthy, musty or sour, fishy, grassy
Due to growth of aquatic plants (surface waters) and
animals (Underground waters). Algae – secrete oils during
metabolic activity or when dead cells disintegrate –
increase chlorine demand
Industrially derived – Petroleum or creosote or medicinal
odour
Biological growth – Nonspecific fishy, grassy and musty
Sources
Pollution of the water source - organic substances,
biological or industrial origin, dumping of raw sewage into
the aquatic environment
Iron and sulfur bacteria in distribution system
Treatment Activated carbon, Air stripping, oxidation, Filtration

PHYSICAL CHARACETERISTICS – TEMPERATURE:
Temperature of wastewater is commonly higher than that of water supply.
Depending on the geographic location the mean annual temperature varies in the
range of 10 to 21oC with an average of 16 o C.
Importance of temperature:- Affects chemical reactions during the wastewater
treatment process.
Affects aquatic life (Fish, …………).
Oxygen solubility is less in worm water than cold water.
Optimum temperature for bacterial activity is in the range of 25°C to 35
Aerobic digestion and nitrification stop when the temperature rises to 50o C. When
the temperature drops to about 15°c, methane producing bacteria become in
active. Nitrifying bacteria stop activity at about 5°c.

Temperature
The increase in temperature decreases palatability,
because at elevated temperatures carbon dioxide
and some other volatile gases are expelled.
The ideal temperature of water for drinking purposes is
5 to 12 °C ,10 °C is highly appreciable. above 25 °C,
water is not recommended for drinking.

Specific conductivity or electrical conductivity
Pure water is a poor conductor of Electricity, But it shows significant
conductivity when ions of dissolved salts are present in it.
Approximately No of ions = Approx Total dissolved solids in water.
Main source Calcium(Ca++ ), Magnesium(Mg ++ ) , potassium(K+ ),
Bicarbonates(HCO3- )
The specific conductivity is measured by portable ionic tester called
Conductivity sensor.

Specific conductivity or electrical conductivity
The unit is mhos/cm (mhoms= 1 ampere/1 volt). This unit renamed by
ISO(International standard organisation) as Siemen ( 1 mohs=1 Siemens).Since
mhos is a very large unit,the micromhos i.e. microsiemen (μS/cm) is typically
used.
It increased based on temperature, its measurement is normally standardise @
25 °C.
CONDUCTIVITY FACTOR(μS/cm to ppm) it varies 0.54-0.96.A value of 0.67 is
commonly used as an approximately.
TDS (in ppm or mg/l)= Conuctivity (μS/cm ) * 0.67

Turbidity :
Turbidity depends on finess and concentration of particles present in water. This
is expressed by the amount of suspended matter in parts per million ppm or
mg/L( 1 mg of finely divided silica in 1 L of disstilled water) in water as
ascertained by observations.
Turbidity is determined in terms of the optical property of the sample. The higher
the turbidity, the greater the absorption of light rays from a source of light on the
opposite side of the sample and less that is transmitted in straight lines through
the sample.
Turbidity is determined by an instrument called turbidimeter( earlierly Turbidity
rod) . Common turbidimeters in use are,

BAYLIS TURBIDIMETER
This instrument consists of
a galvanized iron box
enclosing two glass tubes
kept at one end and a
250 watts bulb with
reflection at the other
end.
The glass tubes are
supported by a white
opal glass plate at their
feet.
They are surrounded all
around by the blue
cobalt plates at their feet.
They are fitted firmly in
position by a small
platform with beveled
holes.

BAYLIS TURBIDIMETER
One tube is filled with water sample and the other with a standard
solution of known turbidity.
The bulb is lighted and the blue light cast in the tubes is observed
from the top and is compared.
If it matches, then the turbidity of the standard solution corresponds
to the turbidity of the sample.
Otherwise the standard solution of different turbidity are compared
till the colour matches.
This instrument is preferable for turbidity less than 5 ppm.

HELLIGE TURBIDIMETER
This instrument consists of a box like container with a graduated
knob on the side and an eyepiece at the top.
The tube containing the water sample is placed in the box. A
small circular, central spot, lighter or darker placed below the
sample is observed through the eyepiece.
It is balanced with the surrounding field by turning the calibrated
knob till the spot exactly merges with the surrounding field.
At this instant, the turbidity is read directly from the scale on the
dial.
Turbidity from 0 to 150 ppm can be determined by this
instrument without using any standard solution.

HELLIGE TURBIDIMETER
Working principle of Hellige
and Baylis turbidimeters is
based upon the Tyndall
effect which consists in
comparing direct beam of
light unaffected by turbidity
with transverse beam that
scatters light depending
upon the water turbidity.

Chemical Impurities:
They may be either organic or inorganic.
They may be present in either suspended or dissolved form.
The suspended organic chemical impurities are due to the
presence of vegetables or animals in water.
The vegetables are in the form of algae, fungi, decayed
leaves, etc.
They impart acidity, colour and taste to water.
The dissolved organic chemical impurities are due to the
melting of vegetables and animals in water.
S2-SLO 1- Chemical characteristics

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The health concerns associated with chemical constituents of drinking-water
arise mainly from the ability of chemical constituents to cause adverse health
effects after extended exposure time.
There are few chemical constituents of water that can lead to health problems
resulting from even a single exposure.
pH
Electrical conductivity
Salinity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Heavy metals
Dissolved oxygen

pH:
pH is a measure of how acidic or basic (alkaline) the water is.
It is defined as the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration.
The pH scale is logarithmic and ranges from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very
alkaline).
For each whole number increase (i.e. 1 to 2) the hydrogen ion concentration
decreases tenfold and the water becomes less acidic. T
he range of natural pH in fresh waters extends from around 4.5, for acid,
peaty upland waters, to over 10.0 in waters where there is intense
photosynthetic activity by algae.
Changes in pH may alter the concentrations of other substances in water to
a more toxic form. Ammonia toxicity, chlorine disinfection efficiency, and
metal solubility are all subjective to changes in pH value.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
The conductivity of water is an expression of its ability to conduct an electric current
as a result of breakdown of dissolved solids into positively and negatively charged
ions.
The major positively charged ions are sodium (Na+ ), calcium (Ca+2), potassium (K+
) and magnesium (Mg+2). The major negatively charged ions in water include
chloride (Cl- ), sulfate (SO4 -2 ), carbonate (CO3 -2 ), and bicarbonate (HCO3 - ).
Nitrates (NO3 -2 ) and phosphates (PO4 -3 ) are minor contributors to conductivity,
although they are very important biologically.
Conductivity will vary with water source: ground water, water drained from
agricultural fields, municipal waste water, rainfall.
Therefore, conductivity can indicate groundwater seepage or a sewage leak.

Salinity:
Salinity is a measure of the amount of salts in the water. Because dissolved ions increase salinity as well as
conductivity, the two measures are related.
The salts in sea water are primarily sodium chloride (NaCl).
However, other saline waters owe their high salinity to a combination of dissolved ions including sodium,
chloride, carbonate and sulfate.
Salts and other substances affect the quality of water used for irrigation or drinking.
They also have a critical influence on aquatic biota, and every kind of organism has a typical salinity range
that it can tolerate. T
The presence of a high salt content may make water unsuitable for domestic, agricultural or industrial use.
Moreover, the ionic composition of the water can be critical.
For example, Cladocerans (water fleas) are far more sensitive to potassium chloride than sodium chloride
at the same concentration.

Alkalinity
The alkalinity of natural water is generally due to the presence of bicarbonates formed in
reactions in the soils through which the water percolates.
It is a measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize acids and it reflects its buffer
capacity. It may also be attributed to the presence of carbonates and hydroxides.
Alkalinity is important for fish and aquatic life because it protects or buffers against rapid
pH changes. Living organisms, especially aquatic life, function best in a pH range of 6.0 to
9.0.
Higher alkalinity levels in surface waters can buffer the acid rain and other acid wastes.
Alkalinity in streams is influenced by rocks and soils, salts, certain plant activities, and
certain industrial wastewater discharges.
Low nutrient (oligotrophic) lakes tend to have lower alkalinity while high nutrient
(eutrophic) lakes have a tendency of higher alkalinity.

HARDNESS:
Hardness is a natural characteristic of water which can enhance its
palatability and consumer acceptability for drinking purposes.
The hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium
minerals that are naturally present in the water.
The common signs of a hard water supply are poor lathering of soaps and
scum.
The hardness is made up of two parts: temporary (carbonate) and permanent
(non carbonate) hardness. The temporary hardness of water can easily be
removed by boiling the water.

HEAVY METALS:
Heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively
high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
The some major examples of heavy metals are mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd),
arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co) and lead
(Pb) etc.
These are the natural components of geological environment.
They enter the human body via food, drinking water and air to small extent.
Some heavy metals (e.g. copper, selenium, zinc) are necessary to keep up
the metabolism of the human body as trace elements.
However, they can be poisonous at higher concentrations leading to various
serious diseases.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Dissolved oxygen is the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an
aqueous solution.
It gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration (rapid
movement), and as a waste product of photosynthesis.
The oxygen in dissolved form is needed by most aquatic organisms to survive
and grow.
Organisms such as trout and stoneflies require high amount of DO while some
others like catfish, worms and dragonflies can survive in somewhat lower
amount.
The absence of enough amount of oxygen in water can lead to death of
adults and juveniles, reduction in growth, failure of eggs/larvae to survive,
change of species present in a given water body. The hypoxic condition in
water body (DO< 3mg/L) causes reduced cell functioning and disrupts
circulatory fluid balance in aquatic system, eventually leading to death.

BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand the amount of dissolved oxygen required by aerobic
biological organisms to degrade the organic material present in a water body at
certain temperature over a specific time period.
It widely used as an indication of the organic quality of water and thus representing
the pollution load. It is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed
per litre of sample during 5 days (BOD5) of incubation at 20°C.
When organic matter decomposes, microorganisms (such as bacteria and fungi)
feed upon this decaying material and eventually the matter becomes oxidized. The
harder the microorganisms work, the more oxygen will be used up giving a high
measure of BOD, leaving less oxygen for other life in the water.

COD:
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) determines the quantity of oxygen
required to oxidize the organic matter present in water body under specific
conditions of oxidizing agent, temperature and time.
COD is an important water quality parameter as it provides an index to assess
the effect discharged wastewater will have on the receiving environment.
Higher COD levels represent the presence of greater amount of oxidizable
organic material in the sample, the degradation of which will again lead to
hypoxic conditions in the water body.
The ratio of BOD to COD indicates the percent of organic material in water
that can be degraded by natural microorganism in the environment.

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Microbial Contamination:
Microbial Contamination: Microbial contamination is one of the
major concerns of water quality. Many types of microorganisms
are naturally present in the water such as
Protozoans -Amoeba, cryptosporidium, giardia,
Bacteria – Salmonella, typhus, cholera, shigella,
Viruses –Polio, hepatitis A, meningitis, encephalitis,…
Helminths –Guinea worm, hookworm, roundworm,…

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TOTAL COLIFORM
Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and E. coli are all considered indicators
of water contaminated with fecal matter.
Contaminated water may contain other pathogens (micro-organisms that cause
illness) that are more difficult to test for. Therefore these indicator bacteria are useful in
giving us a measure of contamination levels. E. coli is a bacterial species found in the
fecal matter of warm blooded animals (humans, other mammals, and birds).
Total coliform bacteria are an entire group of bacterial species that are generally
similar to and include the species E. coli.
Most of the fecal coliform cells found in fecal matter are E. coli.
Untreated sewage, poorly maintained septic systems, un-scooped pet waste, and farm
animals with access to water bodies can cause high levels of fecal coliform bacteria to
appear in and make the water unhealthy.

The bacteriological impurities are caused in water by the
presence of bacteria. The bacteria may be harmful or
harmless.
Harmless bacteria are called non-pathogens. They are not
dangerous.
However, their presence in an indication of pathogen which
are otherwise known as disease producing bacteria.
Pathogens are dangerous and are mainly responsible for
water borne diseases.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS
SIGNIFICANCE

Points kept in mind while collecting the sample
Bottles of the samples should be properly labelled with
information's like date, time of collection , type of source
Bottles should be cleaned properly
Bottles may be of polythene or glass with airtight corks
capacity of bottles should be about 2 to 3 liters
Samples should be tested as early as possible
Water is collected from surface sources then it should be
collected from a depth of about 50 cm.
ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION AND THEIR TESTING
PROCEDURES

ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION AND THEIR
TESTING PROCEDURES
The analysis of water is undertaken in order to establish the
quality of water.
This involved tests for determining the physical, chemical
and bacteriological impurities present in a water sample.
Physical Analysis:
involves test for turbidity, colour, taste, temperature and
odour.

ANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION AND
THEIR TESTING PROCEDURES
07/30/2020 18CEO405 36

Physical factors: including suspended materials and dissolved
substances.
Chemical factors: including concentrations of ions, pollutants, etc
Biological factors: including presence of organisms, plankton,
macro invertebrates, fish, nutrients, etc

Turbidity: is a measure of the degree to which
the water looses its transparency due to the
presence of suspended particulates.
A Turbidity measurement could be used to
provide an estimation of the TSS (Total
Suspended Solids)
Turbidity is measured in NTU: Nephelometric
Turbidity Units. Nephelometer, colorimeter or
turbidimeter, which measures the intensity of
light scattered at 90 degrees as a beam of
light passes through a water sample.
In lakes or bays, turbidity is measured with a
secchi disk.
38

pH is a measure of the increase of Hydrogen ions in water
Additional carbon dioxide in freshwater can decreases
the pH,.
It can measure by calibrated meter
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ANALYSIS OF WATER – DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
Dissolved Oxygen
is sometimes
referred to as DO.
The titration
method to measure
DO is called the
winkler titration

ANALYSIS OF WATER – Conductivity
Measuring the conductivity is an
accurate way to determine
salinity .
Conductivity of ions is measured
using the following two units
Fresh water = Micro siemens
Saltwater = milli siemens
07/30/2020 18CEO405 41

It is done primarily to determine its potability ie, fitness for drinking.
As many diseases of the intestinal origin eg. Typhoid fever, dysentery
etc. have transmitted to humans via polluted water, this analysis
indicates the degree of pollution, sewer as a useful measuring stick to
determine the safety of water.
Tests for bacterial contamination:
E-Coli Test or B-Coli Test.
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

E-Coli Test
a) Presumptive Test
Definite positions of diluted samples inoculated with lactose broth as culture
medium are placed in standard fermentation tubes.
Incubated for 24 – 28 hours at 370C
If gas is seen, test is +ve, bacteria's present else –ve.
b) Confirmed Test
carried out to confirm the presence of B-Coli
Portion of lactose broth showing +ve presumptive test is carefully transferred to
another fermentation tube containing brilliant green lactose bile as culture medium.
Inculation for 48 Hrs. @ 370C
1 + gas seen → +ve result and presence of B-Coli

Coliform Index:
It is a measure of the concentration of coliform organisms in a water
sample. It is the reciprocal of the smallest quantity of a sample (ml)
which would give a positive E-Coli Test .
E-Coli < 3 & > 10

Most Probable Number (MPN)
It indicates the bacterial density which is most likely to be present in water. It is
obtained by applying the laws of probabilities of statistics to the test results. Hence it
is more accurate.
Membrane Filter Technique
Sample of water is filtered through a sterilized membrane containing unicroscopic
pores to retain bacterias.
The membrane with the retained bacterias is incubated for 20 Hours at 370C with
nutrients
Membrane is taken out and colories of bacterias are counted by means of
microscope.

BIS – WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
48

49

IS 10500:2012
Download it from this link
http://cgwb.gov.in/Documents/WQ-standards.pdf

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DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT AND THEIR STANDARDS

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Refer: Effluent Standards.pdf
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IS 10500:2012
Download it from this link
http://cgwb.gov.in/Documents/WQ-standards.pdf
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S3-SLO2- Water quality standards and BIS.

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Refer: Effluent Standards.pdf
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Water-Borne Diseases and their Impact
The pathogenic microorganisms, their toxic exudates, and other contaminants together,
cause serious conditions such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, amebiasis, hepatitis,
gastroenteritis, giardiasis, campylobacteriosis, scabies, and worm infections, to name a
few.
Diarrhea
The most common of all water-borne diseases, diarrhea, mainly affects children below
five years of age.
The symptoms include dizziness, dehydration, pale skin, and loss of consciousness in
severe cases. It usually lasts for a couple of weeks and can turn out to be fatal if it goes
untreated.
WATER BORNE DISEASES

Cholera
It is mainly caused by bacteria named Vibrio cholerae via consumption of contaminated
food or drinking water.
The symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps. Cholera occurs
predominantly in children, but can also affect adults.
It possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high among the water-borne diseases.
Typhoid
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria transmitted via contaminated
water. The patients typically suffer from prolonged episodes of fever, loss of appetite,
nausea, headache, constipation, and loss of body weight.
Prompt attention is needed to cure typhoid in the patient, as well as to prevent the spread
of this contagious disease.

Amoebiasis
It is caused by a parasite named Entamoeba histolytica. The protozoan
organism is transmitted by unknowingly consuming cysts (an inactive form of
the parasite) in food, and it affects the intestine. The parasite thrives on
contaminated soil and fecal matter. The common symptoms of amoebiasis
include abdominal cramps and watery stools.
Hepatitis A
This condition mainly affects the liver and is caused by Hepatitis A virus. The
route of contamination is usually oral, while it also spreads through physical
contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A patients manifest common
symptoms such as fever, nausea, and vomiting, but can suffer severe
complications if they’re not treated in time.

IMPACT OF WATER RELATED ISSUES ON ANIMALS

Proliferation of toxic algae species also impacts the health of both wildlife and humans.
When these algae flourish because of nutrient pollution in the water, they produce toxins
that poison aquatic organisms, such as seabirds, fish, sea turtles and aquatic mammals, like
dolphins, manatees and sea lions.
Plastics and other marine debris that can float may persist in the oceans for years, traveling
the currents. Some of this material accumulates in the centers of ocean gyres, creating
great garbage patches.
The term “garbage patch” brings to mind floating islands of trash, but little of the debris can
be seen on the surface. Garbage patches, instead, are areas where concentrations of
flotsam and jetsam, mostly small pieces of plastic, are particularly high. This litter can
distribute toxic chemicals throughout the oceans, snag and tear corals, and harm animals if
they ingest pieces of plastic or become entangled in the debris.
IMPACT OF WATER RELATED ISSUES ON ANIMALS

S5-SLO2- Ground water pollution

9/1/2020 18CEO405 Unit 2 69
S5-SLO2- Ground water pollution
Image Source: Environment Protection Authority South Australia

Groundwater contamination occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, road
salts and chemicals get into the groundwater and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for
human use.
Materials from the land's surface can move through the soil and end up in the groundwater.
For example, pesticides and fertilizers can find their way into groundwater supplies over
time. Road salt, toxic substances from mining sites, and used motor oil also may seep into
groundwater. In addition, it is possible for untreated waste from septic tanks and toxic
chemicals from underground storage tanks and leaky landfills to contaminate groundwater.
Ground water and surface water are interconnected and can be fully understood and
intelligently managed only when that fact is acknowledged. If there is a water supply well
near a source of contamination, that well runs the risk of becoming contaminated. If there is
a nearby river or stream, that water body may also become polluted by the ground water.
GROUND WATER POLLUTION

Storage Tanks
May contain gasoline, oil, chemicals, or other types of liquids and they can either be above
or below ground.
Over time the tanks can corrode, crack and develop leaks. If the contaminants leak out
and get into the groundwater, serious contamination can occur.
Septic Systems
Onsite wastewater disposal systems used by homes, offices or other buildings that are not
connected to a city sewer system.
Septic systems are designed to slowly drain away human waste at underground.
An improperly designed, located, constructed, or maintained septic system can leak
bacteria, viruses, household chemicals, and other contaminants into the groundwater
causing serious problems.
IMPACT ON EFFLUENT IN GROUND WATER
QUALITY

Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste sites can lead to groundwater contamination if there are barrels
or other containers laying around that are full of hazardous materials.
If there is a leak, these contaminants can eventually make their way down
through the soil and into the groundwater.
Chemicals and Road Salts
The widespread use of chemicals and road salts is another source of potential
groundwater contamination. Chemicals include products used on lawns and
farm fields to kill weeds and insects and to fertilize plants, and other products
used in homes and businesses.
When it rains, these chemicals can seep into the ground and eventually into the
water.
Road salts are used in the wintertime to put melt ice on roads to keep cars from
sliding around. When the ice melts, the salt gets washed off the roads and
eventually ends up in the water.
IMPACT ON EFFLUENT IN GROUND WATER
QUALITY

EFFECTS OF GROUND WATER
POLLUTION
Landfills
Landfills are the places that our garbage is taken to be buried.
Landfills are supposed to have a protective bottom layer to
prevent contaminants from getting into the water.
However, if there is no layer or it is cracked, contaminants from the
landfill (car battery acid, paint, household cleaners, etc.) can
make their way down into the groundwater.
Atmospheric Contaminants
Since groundwater is part of the hydrologic cycle, contaminants in
other parts of the cycle, such as the atmosphere or bodies of
surface water, can eventually be transferred into our groundwater
supplies.

SAMPLING METHODS OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION

The collection of water samples from groundwater wells occurs in five steps:
Sampling preparations
Accessing the well before sampling and securing the well after sampling
Measuring the water level
Purging the well
Collecting and delivering the water sample
Sampling Preparations Before you take a water sample, the field sampling equipment
should be cleaned and calibrated. Field sampling equipment includes
Pumping or bailing equipment
Water level meter
Water quality measuring equipment (These may include probes and instruments for
measuring temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen, reduction-oxidation
potential, etc. Inexpensive meters or test kits are available from hardware and pet supply
stores.)
SAMPLING METHODS OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION

LEGAL REGULATORY ASPECTS OF GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATION

1986 -The Environment (Protection) Act authorizes the central government to
protect and improve environmental quality, control and reduce pollution from
all sources, and prohibit or restrict the setting and /or operation of any
industrial facility on environmental grounds.
1986 -The Environment (Protection) Rules lay down procedures for setting
standards of emission or discharge of environmental pollutants.
1989 -The objective of Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules is
to control the generation, collection, treatment, import, storage, and handling
of hazardous waste.
CONTAMINATION

1989 -The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of hazardous
Micro-organisms/ Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells Rules
were introduced with a view to protect the environment, nature, and
health, in connection with the application of gene technology and
microorganisms.
1991 -The Public Liability Insurance Act and Rules and Amendment,
1992 was drawn up to provide for public liability insurance for the
purpose of providing immediate relief to the persons affected by
accident while handling any hazardous substance.
1995 -The National Environmental Tribunal Act has been created to
award compensation for damages to persons, property, and the
environment arising from any activity involving hazardous substances.
CONTAMINATION

INDUSTRIAL PARTICIPATION WITH
REGULATORY BOARDS.
Industrial projects with investments above Rs 500 million must obtain
MoEF clearance and are further required to obtain a LOI (Letter Of
Intent) from the Ministry of Industry, and an NOC (No Objection
Certificate) from the SPCB and the State Forest Department if the
location involves forestland.
Once the NOC is obtained, the LOI is converted into an industrial
licence by the state authority.
The Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Projects
Notification, (1994 and as amended in 1997).

INDUSTRIAL PARTICIPATION WITH
REGULATORY BOARDS.
A policy framework has also been developed to complement the
legislative provisions. The Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution
and the National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on
Environment and Development were brought out by the MoEF in 1992,
to develop and promote initiatives for the protection and improvement
of the environment.
The EAP (Environmental Action Programme) was formulated in 1993 with
the objective of improving environmental services and integrating
environmental considerations in to development programmes.

UNIT III
18CEO405T
Dr. S. Karuppasamy
SRMIST

MITIGATION MEASURES FOR WATER POLLUTION
CONTAMINATION DUE TO INDUSTRIES
Mitigation aims at preventing adverse impacts from happening
and keeping those that do occur within acceptable levels.
Aims of Mitigation:
Developing measures to avoid, reduce, remedy or
compensate significant adverse impacts of development
proposals on environment and society;
Enhancing beneficial effects and lower costs for environmental
protection and conservation of natural resources as an
outcome of development where possible;
Fostering better opportunities for business through positive
outcomes for environmental conservation, sustainable
livelihoods and human well being

Conjunctive use of ground/surface water, to prevent flooding/water
logging/depletion of water resources. Included are land use pattern, land
filling, lagoon/reservoir/garland canal construction, and rainwater
harvesting and pumping rate.
Stormwater drainage system to collect surface runoff
Minimise flow variation from the mean flow
Storing of oil wastes in lagoons should be minimised in order to avoid
possible contamination of the ground water system.
All effluents containing acid/alkali/organic/toxic wastes should be
properly treated.
Monitoring of ground waters
Use of biodegradable or otherwise readily treatable additives

Neutralization and sedimentation of wastewaters, where applicable
Dewatering of sludges and appropriate disposal of solids
In case of oil waste, oil separation before treatment and discharge into the environment
By controlling discharge of sanitary sewage and industrial waste into the environment
By avoiding the activities that increases erosion or that contributes nutrients to water
(thus stimulating alga growth)
For wastes containing high TDS, treatment methods include removal of liquid and
disposal of residue by controlled landfilling to avoid any possible leaching of the fills
All surface runoffs around mines or quarries should be collected treated and disposed.
Treated wastewater (such as sewage, industrial wastes, or stored surface runoffs) can be
used as cooling water makeup.

Wastewater carrying radioactive elements should be
treated separately by means of dewatering procedures,
and solids or brine should be disposed of with special care.
Develop spill prevention plans in case of chemical
discharges and spills
Develop traps and containment system and chemically
treat discharges on site

TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
WATER
Conventional mechanical wastewater treatment is a combination of
physical and biological processes designed to remove organic matter and
solids from solution.
In the current trend, Primary sedimentation and sludge processing are
performed in separate treatment tanks.
Primary sedimentation of municipal wastewater has limited effectiveness,
since less than half of the wastewater organic content is typically settleable.
Advanced primary treatment involved chemical coagulation at the primary
clarifier to improve settleability of the wastes. Although this is provided
considerable improvement, the heavy chemical dosages resulted in high
cost, and dissolved organics were still not removed.
The first major breakthrough in secondary treatment occurred when it was
observed that the slow movement of wastewater through a gravel bed
resulted in rapid reduction of organic matter and BOD.

WATER

WATER
Diagram summarize the processes applied in conventional municipal
wastewater treatment.
Preliminary steps include influent flow measurement, screening to
protect the pumps from large solids, pumping as needed to lift the
wastewater above ground level, and grit removal to protect
mechanical equipment from abrasive wear.
Primary treatment removes heavier solids from the wastewater by
sedimentation and scum that floats to the surface.
Primary clarifiers are also used to store and thicken sludge, but their
main function is to reduce the organic load on secondary treatment
processes.

WATER
Secondary treatment is the biological conversion of organic material
into solid biomass for removal in the secondary clarifiers.
Following secondary settling, disinfection of the effluent reduces the risk
of disease and biological activity for use in-plant , irrigation, or as
required for discharge to a receiving stream.
Excess microbial growth settled out in the secondary clarifier is wasted
and may be thickened prior to digestion.
The overall process of conventional treatment can be viewed as the
conversion of soluble matter to an organic solid thickening; pollutant
removed from solution are concentrated in a small volume convenient
foe ultimate disposal.

WATER
Preliminary treatment: Flow measurement, screening, pumping, and grit
removal are normally the first steps in processing a municipal wastewater.
Chlorine solution or ferric chloride may be added to raw wastewater for
odor control and to improve settling characteristics of the solids.
The arrangement of preliminary units varies but the following general rules
apply. A Parshall flume is typically located first and ahead of screen and
prior to the introduction of in-plant recycle flows.
Bubbler or ultrasonic meters measure the water level, which is converted
into flow using flume equations.
Screens protect pumps and prevent large solids from fouling subsequent
units. With variable speed pumps, a magnetic flow meter in the discharge
pipe or a flume may be placed on the discharge side the pumps.

WATER
Grit removal reduces abrasive wear on mechanical equipment and
prevents the accumulation of sand in tanks and piping.
Although ideally grit should be taken out ahead of the lift pumps, grit
chambers located aboveground are far more economical and offset
the cost of pump maintenance

WATER
Secondary treatment: Biological filtration: Fixed-growth biological
systems are those that contact wastewater with microbial growths
attached to the surfaces of supporting media. Where the wastewater is
distributed over a bed of crushed rock, the unit is commonly referred to
as trickling filter.
With the development of synthetic media used in place of stone, the
term biological tower was introduced, since these installations are often
14 to 20 feet in depth rather than the traditional 6 feet stone media filter.
Another type of fixed-growth system is rotating biological contractor,
where a series of circular plates on a common shaft are slowly rotated
while partly submerged in wastewater.
Although the physical structures differ, the biological process in
essentially the same in all of these fixed-growth systems.

WATER
Domestic wastewater sprinkled over fixed media produces biological slimes
that coat the surface. The films consist primarily of bacteria, protozoa, and
fungi that feed on waste organics.
Sludge worms, fly larvae, rotifers, and other biota are also found, and during
warm weather sunlight promotes algae growth on the surface of a filter bed.
As the waste water flows over the slime layer, organic matter and dissolved
oxygen are extracted, and metabolic end products, such as carbon
dioxide, are released. Dissolved oxygen in the liquid is replenished by
absorption from the air in the voids surrounding the filter media.
Although very thin, the biological layer is anaerobic at the bottom.
Therefore, although biological filtration is commonly referred to as aerobic
treatment, it is in fact a facultative system incorporating both aerobic and
anaerobic activity.

WATER
Organisms attached to the media in the upper layer of a bed grow
rapidly, feeding on the abundant food supply. As the wastewater
trickles downward, the organic content decreases to the point where
microorganisms in the lower zone are in a state of starvation.
Thus the majority of BOD is extracted in the upper 2 or 3 feet of a 6 feet
filter.
Excess microbial growth sloughing off the media is removed from the
filter effluent by a secondary clarifier.
Organic overload of a stone-media filter, in combination with

GUIDELINES FOR CONTROLLING
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER
The existing policies for regulating wastewater management are based
on certain environmental laws and certain policies and legal provisions
viz.
1. Constitutional Provisions on sanitation and water pollution;
2. National Environment Policy, 2006;
3. National Sanitation Policy, 2008;
4. Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989;
Municipalities Act;
5. District Municipalities Act etc..

Creation of sewerage infrastructure for sewage disposal is responsibility of
State governments/urban local bodies, though their efforts are
supplemented through central schemes, such as National River
Conservation Plan, National Lake Conservation Plan, Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission, and Urban Infrastructure Scheme for Small
and Medium Towns (MoEF, 2012).
However, operation and maintenance of sewerage infrastructure including
treatment plants are responsibilities of State governments/urban local
bodies and their agencies.
As per Water Act 1974, State Pollution Control Boards possesses statutory
power to take action against any defaulting agency. Water Act 1974 also
emphasizes utilization of treated sewage in irrigation, but this issue has
been ignored by the State Governments.

In addition to setting up treatment plants, Central Government, State
Government and the Board have given fiscal incentives to
industries/investors to encourage them to invest in pollution control.
Incentives/ concessions available to them are:
Depreciation allowance at a higher rate is allowed on devices and systems
installed for minimising pollution or for conservation of natural resources.
Investment allowance at a higher rate is allowed for systems and devices
listed under depreciation allowance.
To reduce pollution and to decongest cities, industries are encouraged to
shift from urban areas.
Capital gains arising from transfer of buildings or lands used for the business
are exempted from tax if these are used for acquiring lands or constructing
building for the purpose of shifting business to a new place.

Reduction in central excise duty for procuring the pollution control equipment's.
Subsidies to industries subject for installation pollution control devices. Rebate on
cess due on water consumed by industries, if the industry successfully
commissions an effluent treatment plant and so long as it functions effectively.
Distribution of awards to industries based on their pollution control activities.
Amount paid by a tax payer, to any association or institution implementing
programmes for conservation of natural resources, is allowed to be deducted
while computing income tax.
Customs duty exemption is granted by the Central Government for items
imported to improve safety and pollution control in chemical industries.

Legislative and institutional developments:
Industry’s responsibility to pretreat their wastewater should be included in national
legislation.
The role of industrial wastewater contracts should be defined in national legislation.
Environmental permits should be granted on a sufficiently high level independent from
local interests.
Water utilities and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) need to be provided
with real influence in industrial permit conditions by requesting their comments during
the course of the permitting process.
Authorities and water utilities should be able to carry out inspections on an industrial
property and repeated misconducts should lead to fines and eventually to closure of
the polluting facility.
Independent regional water utility companies or centralized wastewater treatment is
seen as a solution for preventing local economic and industrial policy from affecting
the management of industrial wastewaters.

POLLUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF
CERTAIN TYPICAL INDUSTRIES
PHYSICO – CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY EFFLUENT
PHYSICO – CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DYE INDUSTRY EFFLUENT

THERMAL POLLUTION
Any form of the pollution that causes an increase in the
temperature of the water.
The term thermal pollution is used to describe discharges that
cause undesirable shifts in water temperature.
The disposal of cooling water from power plants, thermal wastes
from industries, and wastewater treatment plant effluents into
rivers, and canals, may cause thermal pollution.

THERMAL POLLUTION AND ITS ADVERSE
EFFECTS
INCREASING TEMPERATURE KILLS FISH AND AQUATIC SPECIES

EFFECTS
Thermal pollution is defined as accumulation of unusable heat from
human activities that disrupts the eco systems in the natural environment .
Thermal pollution is generally described in context to local problems, as
on global basis, the change in heat is significant.
The most important anthropogenic sources of thermal pollution are
industries that reject heat in the environment.
Nuclear power plants release much more heat which is estimated to be
about 67%
The cooling of water which is normally 10-30 degree F warmer than
nearby source, is the major cause of thermal water pollution
Aquatic ecosystems are more delicately balanced ecosystems which do
not fluctuate much in temperature as do the land masses.

EFFECTS
Physical effects:
The temperature influences the viscosity , density, vapor pressure, surface tension,
gas solubility and gas diffusion rates
Heated water has low density and spreads on the surface of water bodies causing
them to stratify thermally. The stratification is a barrier to the oxygen penetration
into the deeper layers. This is also disrupts the normal circulation patterns, the
ecological consequences of which would be drastic, unpredictable and almost
certainly deleterious.
At elevated temperatures, the sedimentation of suspended materials increases
due to reduction in density and viscosity of water
Evaporation rate of water increases at high temperature
Warm water reduces its palatability
Once the receiving water becomes warm, it is not suitable further as cooling
water because of the decrease in efficiency of heat transfer

EFFECTS
Chemical effects:
Chemistry of waters greatly depends upon the temperature.
Rate of chemical reactions normally increases with rise in temperature which
is about two-fold with rise of every 10 degree Celsius.
BOD is also increased with temperature

EFFECTS
Chemical effects:
A variety of chemicals are added in the cooling of waters to prevent formation of
biological growths, wood decay, corrosion,& scaling of the equipment.
Chlorination & addition of biocides are common practices to prevent the
biological growths in the cooling towers & condensers.
The scales in the equipment are prevented by addition of polyphosphates or
some other organics.
To check the corrosion, a number of chemicals such as sodium & potassium
chromates, silicates, nitrites, Ferro cyanides, moly bates, salts of zinc, nickel,
manganese & chromium, etc. are added to the cooling tower.

EFFECTS
Chemical effects:
In the normal operation, the dissolved solids level of cooling waters go on
increasing because of continuous evaporation, which can not be tolerated after a
certain range.
At this time, the whole circulating water is replaced by new water; the process is
called ‘blow-down’.
The blow-down water often has a high solid content, besides additional chemicals
which have been added to prevent biological growths, scales & corrosion. This
blow-down water poses a serious threat of water pollution in receiving waters.

EFFECTS
Biological effects
As different species favours different temperatures, thermal
pollution may lead to population decline of one specie and
growth of the another. This results in shift of flora & fauna of
water
Since, almost all proteins and enzymes are heat liable,
temperature changes often play an important& highly
regulatory role in the growth of aquatic organisms.
Behaviour, reproduction cycles, respiratory rates, digestive
rates and many other physiological processes are normally
temperature dependent.

EFFECTS
Biological effects
At high temperature, the dissolved oxygen decreases, while the metabolic rates
of the organisms, requiring oxygen, increases, thus accentuating the stress.
At the same time the bacterial activity increases, further reducing oxygen supply.
The water may rapidly become unfit for all but few anaerobic species.
High temperature works as barrier for oxygen penetration into cooler deep waters.
The aerobic degradation gives way for the aerobic degradation, making the
water more polluted. Further, in organically polluted waters, multiplication rate of
bacteria increases with increase in temperature, especially where the food supply
is in plenty.

EFFECTS
Biological effects
Fishes may starve at high temperature by becoming moribund & unable to
capture food. The effect is further accentuated as the food requirement increases
at the same time at higher temperature
The disease resistance in fishes lowers & pollutants become more toxic at
elevated temperature. The species become more vulnerable to parasites.
Natural mitigation of fish is also affected due to formation of thermally polluted
zones which act as barrier to the migration.

ROLE OF REGULATORY BODIES IN PROTECTION OF
WATER BODIES-CONTROL MEASURES
In India, the monitoring of water quality on a national level is being
carried out by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) under the following
programmes.
1. Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS)
2. Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MINARS)
3. National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)
Currently there are about 500 sampling stations of which more than 80%
are for rivers and rest for groundwater, lakes and creeks.
A few stations, especially on rivers Ganga and Yamuna have been set up
as “ Automatic Water Quality Monitoring Stations (AWQMS) which
continuously monitor temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, Conductivity
and turbidity of water.

Central Pollution Control Board, jointly with Department of Ocean
Development and Department of Environment, has also established a
network of 173 stations over the entire coastline of the country at varying
distances from the coast to assess the quality of coastal and estuarine
water.
A monitoring programme called “ Coastal Ocean Monitoring and
Prediction System (COMAPS) was also carried out during 1991-1992 by
the Department of Ocean Development in cooperation with CPCB.
It involved monitoring of coastal sea up to a distance of 25 km from the
shoreline in a stretch of about 400 km between Bangladesh and
Paradeep Port in Orissa.

Conservation of river corridors, water bodies and
infrastructure needs to be undertaken.
Encroachments and diversion of water bodies and
drainage channels must not be allowed.
Pollution of sources of water and water bodies
should not be allowed.
Legally empowered dam safety services need to
be ensured.

River Action Plan:
CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) identified polluted
water bodies, which leads to formulation of action plan for
restoration of the water body.
Based on CPCB’s recommendations, Ganga action was
launched in 1986 to restore the Ganga by interception,
diversion and treatment of waste water from 27
cities/towns located along the river.
Based on the experience gained during implementation of
the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of India extends river
cleaning program to other rivers and lakes.

THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974
An Act to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the
maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water.
Regulatory bodies:
Constitution of Central board
Constitution of state board
Functions of Central board:
Subject to the provisions of this Act, the main function of the Central Board shall
be to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the States.
Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and
control of water pollution;
Co-ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them;

Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor
investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution and prevention,
control or abatement of water pollution;
Plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes
for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution on such terms and
conditions as the Central Board may specify;
Organise through mass media a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention
and control of water pollution.
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution
and the measures devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare
manuals, codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade
effluents and disseminate information connected therewith;

Lay down, modify in consultation with the State Government concerned, the standards
for a stream or well:
Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control
or abatement of water pollution;
The Board may establish or recognise a laboratory or laboratories to enable the Board
to perform its functions under this section efficiently, including the analysis of samples of
water from any stream or well or of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.

Functions of State board:
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the functions of a State Board shall be –
(a) to plan a comprehensive programme for the prevention, control or abatement of
pollution of streams and wells in the State and to secure the execution thereof;
(b) to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control
or abatement of water pollution;
(c) to collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the
prevention, control or abatement thereof;

(d) to encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to
problems of water pollution and prevention, control or abatement of water pollution;
(e) to collaborate with the Central Board in organising the training of persons engaged
or to be engaged in programmes relating to prevention, control or abatement of water
pollution and to organise mass education programmes relating thereto;

(f) to inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of
sewage and trade effluents and to review plans, specifications or other data
relating to plants set up for the treatment of water, works for the purification thereof
and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in connection with
the grant of any consent as required by this Act;
(g) lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade
effluents and for the quality of receiving waters (not being water in an inter-State
stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the State;

DISCHARGE STANDARDS FOR RIVER AND
STREAM

SELF PURIFICATION OF STREAM
When waste water is discharged into the river or stream, the BOD of mix increases
initially and DO levels starts falling.
As river water travels further, BOD gradually reduces and DO increases and
reaches its saturation level.
Thus river, purified on its own.
This is known as self purification of stream.
Actions involved in self purification of streams:
Dilution
Dispersion due to current
Sedimentation
Oxidation
Reduction
Temperature
Sunlight

Dilution and Dispersion:
When the perishable organic matter is discharged into river-stream, it gets
rapidly dispersed and diluted.
This results in lowering of waste concentration and thus reduces the potential
nuisance of sewage.
Sedimentation:
The settleable solids present in effluents will settle down into the river bed, thus
helping in the self purification process.
Oxidation:
The oxidation of the organic matter present in the sewage effluent, will start as
soon as the sewage outfalls into the river water containing dissolved oxygen.
The deficiency of oxygen would be filled up by the atmospheric oxygen

Reduction:
Reduction occurs due to hydrolysis of organic matter settled at the bottom
either chemically or biologically
Anaerobic bacteria will help in splitting the complex organic constituents of
sewage in liquids and gases, thus paving the for their ultimate stabilization by
oxidation.
Sunlight:
The Sun light has a bleaching and stabilizing effect of bacteria.
Algae produces oxygen in the presence of sunlight due to photosynthesis
Therefore sunlight helps in purification of stream by adding oxygen through
photosynthesis.

ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN PROTECTION
OF WATER BODIES
Primary stakeholders:
People, groups and institutions
affected positively
(beneficiaries) or negatively
(involuntarily resettled) by the
proposed program.
Secondary stakeholders:
People, groups and institutions
that are important
intermediaries in the program
delivery process (e.g
government line agencies,
NGOs)

WATER QUALITY MONITORING
The reliable assessment of water quality through water quality monitoring
programs (WQMPs) is crucial in order for decision-makers to understand,
interpret and use this information in support of their management activities
aiming at protecting the resource.

WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ITS
PURPOSE
pH Sensors, DO Sensors,
Temperature Sensors, Turbidity Sensors

PURPOSE

Water is an important natural resource which needs constant quality monitoring
for ensuring its safe use. Traditionally, the water quality detection has been
carried out manually wherein the water samples are collected and taken to the
laboratories for analysis. Since these methods fail to deliver real time data,
Hence, propose a river water quality monitoring system based on wireless sensor
network which helps in continuous and remote monitoring of the water quality
data in India.
The system architecture is based on hierarchical topology in which the
monitoring scenario is divided into four general areas; each forming a cluster
comprising of several wireless sensor nodes responsible for sensing, data
collection & processing and communication.
PURPOSE

The wireless sensor node in the system is designed for monitoring three of the
main parameters that affect the quality of water, i.e. pH, conductivity and
temperature of water.
The proposed sensor node design mainly comprises of a signal conditioning
module, processing module which is implemented using PIC microcontroller and
wireless communication module consisting of Zigbee radio.
So the sensed parameter values will be wirelessly transmitted in real time to the
base station using Zigbee communication after the required signal conditioning
and processing techniques.
This system provides an energy efficient and low cost sensor unit for monitoring
water quality through the use of inexpensive, low power devices for the
hardware design.
PURPOSE

To identify whether waters are meeting designated uses:
All states have established specific criteria (limits on pollutants) identifying
what concentrations of chemical pollutants are allowable in their waters.
When chemical pollutants exceed maximum or minimum allowable
concentrations, waters might no longer be able to support the beneficial uses
such as fishing, swimming, and drinking for which they have been designated.
Designated uses and the specific criteria that protect them (along with
antidegradation statements say waters should not be allowed to deteriorate
below existing or anticipated uses) together form water quality standards.
PURPOSE

To identify whether waters are meeting designated uses:
State water quality professionals assess water quality by comparing the
concentrations of chemical pollutants found in streams to the criteria in the
state's standards, and so judge whether streams are meeting their designated
uses.
Water quality monitoring, however, might be inadequate for determining
whether aquatic life uses are being met in a stream. While some constituents
(such as dissolved oxygen and temperature) are important to maintaining
healthy fish and aquatic insect populations, other factors, such as the physical
structure of the stream and the condition of the habitat, play an equal or
greater role. Biological monitoring methods are generally better suited to
determining whether aquatic life is supported.
PURPOSE

To identify specific pollutants and sources of pollution:
Water quality monitoring helps link sources of pollution to a stream quality
problem because it identifies specific problem pollutants. Since certain
activities tend to generate certain pollutants (e.g., bacteria and nutrients are
more likely to come from an animal feedlot than an automotive repair shop),
a tentative link might be made that would warrant further investigation or
monitoring.
To determine trends:
Chemical constituents that are properly monitored (i.e., consistent time of day
and on a regular basis, using consistent methods) can be analysed for trends
over time.
To screen for impairment:
Finding excessive levels of one or more chemical constituents can serve as an
early warning "screen" of potential pollution problems.
PURPOSE

WATER QUALITY MONITROING STRATEGY

STEPS INVOLVED IN WATER QUALITY
MONITORING
Setting water quality monitoring
objectives
Assessment of resources availability
Reconnaissance survey
Network design
Sampling
Laboratory work
Data management
Quality assurance
Facilities, Manpower
Map of the area, Potential pollution sources,
Hydrological information
Selection of sampling location, Optimum number
of locations, frequency of sampling, parameters to
be measured
Representative sampling, Field testing, Sample
preservation and transport
Laboratory procedures, Physical chemical analysis
Microbiological and biological analysis
Statistical analysis, Presentation, Interpretation and
Reporting
Production of reliable data, Quality control

PARAMETERS AND FREQUENCY OF
MONITORING
On routine basis, a combination of general parameters, nutrients, oxygen
consuming substances and major ions should be analysed at all stations.
Depending upon the industrial activities and anticipated at the upstream of the
sampling station other parameters like micro-pollutants, pesticides or other site
specific variables may be included at lower frequency. Such stations need to be
identified.
A list of parameters to be considered for analysis and frequency of sampling is
provided in the “Protocol for Water Quality Monitoring” notified by Govt of India.
It was also emphasized that biological monitoring should form an important part of
our water quality monitoring programme due to its inherent advantages. The
SPCBs/PCCs agreed to initiate such exercise initially at limited stations.
Sediment needs to be analysed for micro pollutant in some stretches as most of
micro pollutants are associated with sediment. This should form part of monitoring
programme.

MONITORING
The sampling frequency is governed by the level of variation in water quality of
a water body. If variations are large in a short duration of time, a larger
frequency is required to cover such variations. On the other hand, if there is no
significant variation in water quality, frequent collection of sample is not
required.
The water quality variations could be of two types i.e. random and cyclic or
seasonal. In case of random variations e.g. due to sudden rainfall in the
catchment or sudden release of water from the dam etc., increased frequency
may not help much as such variations are highly unpredictable.
Thus, within the available resources it is not cost effective to cover such
variations. In case of the water bodies having cyclic variations more
frequently, sampling on monthly basis is justified. But for all those water bodies
having stable water quality round the year, monthly sampling is not justified.

MONITORING

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF WATER
QUALITY

SOFTWARES USED IN WATER QUALITY
MODELLING
WATER EVALUATION AND PLANNING MARINA MODEL
DELFT 3D

UNIT IV
18CEO405T
Dr. S. Karuppasamy
SRMIST

ROLE OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
Classifying water of the central/state
Laying down, modifying or annulling effluent standards for (a) sewage/trade effluents
(b) the quality of receiving water resulting from discharge of effluents
Laying down standards of treatment of sewage/trade effluents to be discharges into a
stream.
Evolving economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage/trade effluents,
methods of utilization in agriculture, and efficient methods of disposal on land in
certain cases;
Reviewing the disposal system of sewage effluents, works and plants for sewage
treatment or in connection with the grant of any consent;
Making, varying or revoking any order (i) for prevention, control or abatement of
discharge of waste into streams or wells (ii) requiring any person concerned to
construct new systems for the disposal of sewage/trade effluents or to modify, alter or
control water pollution.
Advising the government(Central/State) with respect to the location of an industry
whose operation is likely to result in water pollution.

ROLE OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
The Water Act prohibits any person from knowingly causing or permitting the
entry of
(i) any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter, directly or indirectly, into any
stream or well or water or on land
any other matter into any stream which may tend, either directly or in
combination with similar matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the
stream in a manner leading or likely to a substantial aggravation of pollution
due to other causes or of its consequences.
CPCB/SPCB is responsible for determining whether the matter is poisonous,
noxious or polluting or any other matter.

HIERARCHY - POLLUTION CONTROL
BOARD

POWER OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
The central pollution control board is vested with the following powers:
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is empowered by section 18 of the
Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 to give directions to the
state pollution Control boards.
The CPCB has powers to perform any on the functions of the state pollution
SPCB (State Pollution Control Board) in case of non-compliance of any
directions given by the CPCB.
The CPCB is empowered to issue directions under section 33A of Water Act,
1974 to direct the closure, prohibition or regulation of any industry, operation
or process or the stoppage or regulation of supply of electricity, water or any
other service.

POWER OF STATE POLLUTION CONTROL
BOARD
The SPCB has the following powers conferred on it by the Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974:
Power to obtain information (section 20)
Power to take samples of effluents for analysis (section 21)
Power of any entry and inspection
Power to impose restrictions on new outlets and new discharges
Power to refuse or withdraw consent for the establishment of any industry, etc
( section 27)
Power to carry out emergency operations in case of pollution of stream or
well (section 32)
Power to make applications to the courts for restraining apprehend pollution
of water in streams or wells.
Power to give directions

THE WATER CESS ACT, 1977
The act came in existence on December 7, 1977. It provides for the levy and
collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying certain industries and
by local authorities, with the view to augment the resources of the Central and
State Boards for prevention and control of water pollution.
The Act extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir. It is
consisted of 17 sections. The salient features of the Act are as follows.
1. There shall be levied and collected a cess calculated on the basis of the water
consumed. The cess shall be payable by
(a) Every person carrying on any specified industry
(b) Every local authority
Schedules I and II of this Act give the list of specified industries and rates at which
the cess is to levied respectively.
Affixing meters for measuring water quantity used and the furnishing of returns for
water use by the industry and local authority.

THE WATER CESS ACT, 1977
3. The proceeds of the cess levied shall first be credited to the consolidated
fund of India and Central Government to pay Central and State Boards from
time to time, from this proceed.
Provision of penalty not exceeding the amount of cess in arrears, for non-
payment of cess within the specified time. False return filing shall attract the
penalty of imprisonment up to six months.
The Central Government may make rules for carrying out the purposes of this
Act.

IRRIGATIONAL APPROACH IN
WASTEWATER CONSERVATION

LEGAL ACTION AGAINST
DEFAULTER/POLLUTER
The command and control approach towards water pollution is evident from
the permit system under the Water Act.
Consent of the CPCB/SPCB is required to establish any industry, operation or
process, or any treatment and disposal system etc., which is likely to
discharge sewage/trade effluent into a stream or well or on land, to use any
new altered outlet or new sewage discharge.
Contravention of these two provisions is punishable with imprisonment for a
term between 18 months and six years as well as fine.

LEGAL ACTION AGAINST
DEFAULTER/POLLUTER
CPCB/SPCB has been granted certain powers to prevent and control water
pollution
It can undertake certain emergency measures to remove and dispose the
polluting matter, or to remedy or mitigate pollution caused by the polluting matter
or issue orders immediately restraining or prohibiting the polluting activity.
It can apply to the courts to restrain apprehended water pollution in streams and
wells. The court may direct a potential polluter to desist from causing pollution or
direct a potential polluter to desist from causing pollution or direct an actual
polluter to remove the polluting matter.
In case of non-compliance with the latter direction, the CPCB/SPCB may be
authorized by the court to undertake the removal, disposal and recover the
expenses from the polluter.
It can direct closure, prohibit or regulation of any industry, operation or process, or
to stop or regulate supply of water, electricity or any other service.

MANAGEMENT STRATEGY USED FOR
WATER CONSERVATION
Comprehensive approach to water resource management
1. Reduce overall use
2. Reducing water waste
3. Recycling used water for other purposes
Water consumption:
Modify agricultural water practices to minimize evaporation and seepage
Industrial recycling and reuse of water on-site
Making water conservation part of daily life.

WATER CONSERVATION
Water conservation refers to
reducing usage of water and
recycling of waste water for
different purposes such as
cleaning, manufacturing and
agricultural irrigation.
Water conservation includes the
policies, strategies and activities
to manage fresh water as a
sustainable resource to protect
the water environment and to
meet current and future human
demand.

WATER CONSERVATION

WATER CONSERVATION
Identify conservation goals
Develop a water-use profile and forecast
Evaluate planned facilities
Identify and evaluate conservation measures
Identify and assess conservation incentives
Analyse benefits and costs
Select conservation measures and incentives
Prepare and implement the conservation plan
Integrate conservation and supply plans, modify forecasts
Monitor, evaluate, and revise program as needed.

WATER CONSERVATION
Management strategy used for water conservation
Reduce water demand
Improve operational
efficiency
Increase water supply
Improve water supply Promote resource stewardship

WATER CONSERVATION
1. Reduce water demand:
Agricultural water use efficiency: Agricultural water use efficiency involves
improvements in technologies and management of agricultural water that
result in water supply, water quality, and environmental benefits. Efficiency
improvements can include on-farm irrigation equipment, crop and farm
water management, and water supplier distribution systems.
Urban water use efficiency:
Urban water use efficiency involves technological or behavioural
improvements in indoor and outdoor residential, commercial, industrial, and
institutional water use that lower demand, lower per capita water use, and
result in benefits to water supply, water quality, and the environment.

WATER CONSERVATION
2. Improve operational efficiency:
Conveyance: Conveyance provides for the movement of water. Specific objectives of
natural and managed water conveyance activities include flood management,
consumptive and non-consumptive environmental uses, water quality improvement,
recreation, operational flexibility, and urban and agricultural water deliveries. Infrastructure
includes natural watercourses as well as constructed facilities like canals, pipelines and
related structures including pumping plants, diversion structures, distribution systems, and
fish screens. Groundwater aquifers are also used to convey water.
System re-operation:
System re-operation means changing existing operation and management procedures for
such water facilities as dams and canals to meet multiple beneficial uses. System re-
operation may improve the efficiency of existing uses, or it may increase the emphasis of
one use over another. In some cases, physical modifications to the facilities may be
needed to expand the re-operation capability.

WATER CONSERVATION
2. Improve operational efficiency:
Water transfer:
A water transfer is defined in the California Water Code as a temporary or long-term
change in the point of diversion, place of use, or purpose of use due to a transfer or
exchange of water or water rights. A more general definition is that water transfers are
a voluntary change in the way water is usually distributed among water users in
response to water scarcity. Transfers can be from one party with extra water in one
year to another who is water-short that year.

WATER CONSERVATION
2. Increase water supply
Conjunctive Management and Groundwater storage
Conjunctive management is the coordinated operation of surface water storage and use,
groundwater storage and use, and the necessary conveyance facilities. Conjunctive
management allows surface water and groundwater to be managed in an efficient manner by
taking advantage of the ability of surface to capture and temporarily store storm water and the
ability of aquifers to serve as long term-storage.
Desalination – Brackish/ Seawater
Desalination is a water treatment process for the removal of salt from water for beneficial use.
Desalination is used on brackish (low-salinity) water as well as seawater. In California, the principal
method for desalination is reverse osmosis. This process can be used to remove salt as well as
specific contaminants in water such as trihalomethane precursors, volatile organic carbons,
nitrates, and pathogens.

WATER CONSERVATION
2. Increase water supply
Precipitation enhancement
Precipitation enhancement, commonly called “cloud seeding,” artificially stimulates clouds to produce
more rainfall or snowfall than they would naturally. Cloud seeding injects special substances into the
clouds that enable snowflakes and raindrops to form more easily.
Re-cyled municipal water
Water recycling, also known as reclamation or reuse, is an umbrella term encompassing the process of
treating wastewater, storing, distributing, and using the recycled water.
Surface storage Regional/Local
Surface storage is the use of reservoirs to collect water for later release and use. Surface reservoirs can be
formed by building dams across active streams or by building off-stream reservoirs where the majority of
the water is diverted into storage from a nearby water source.

WATER CONSERVATION
2. Improve water quality
Drinking water Treatment and distribution
Drinking water treatment includes physical, biological, and chemical processes to make water suitable for potable
use. Distribution includes the storage, pumping, and pipe systems to protect and deliver the water to customers.
Groundwater/Aquifer remediation
Groundwater remediation involves extracting contaminated groundwater from the aquifer, treating it, and
discharging it to a water course or using it for some purpose. It is also possible to inject the treated water back into
the aquifer.
Contaminated groundwater can result from a multitude of sources, both naturally occurring and anthropogenic.
Examples of naturally occurring contaminants include heavy metals, high TDS, and high salinity from specific
geologic formations or conditions.
Groundwater can also be contaminated from anthropogenic sources with organic constituents, inorganic
constituents, and radioactive constituents from many point and non-point sources. These anthropogenic sources
include industrial sites, mining operations, leaking tanks and pipelines, landfills, impoundments, dairies, agricultural
and storm runoff, and septic systems.

WATER CONSERVATION
Matching quality to use
Matching water quality to water use is a management strategy that recognizes that not all water uses require the
same quality water. One common measure of water quality is its suitability for an intended use, and a water quality
constituent is often only considered a contaminant when that constituent adversely affects the intended use of the
water.
High quality water sources can be used for drinking and industrial purposes that benefit from higher quality water,
and lesser quality water can be adequate for some uses, such as irrigation. Further, some new water supplies, such
as recycled water, can be treated to a wide range of purities that can be matched to different uses.
Pollution prevention
Pollution prevention can improve water quality for all beneficial uses by protecting water at its source, reducing the
need and cost for other water management and treatment options.
By preventing pollution throughout a watershed, water supplies can be used, and re-used, for a broader number
and types of downstream water uses. Improving water quality by protecting source water is consistent with a
watershed management approach to water resources problems.

WATER CONSERVATION
Urban Run-off management
Urban runoff management is a broad series of activities to manage both storm water and dry weather
runoff. Dry weather runoff occurs when, for example, excess landscape irrigation water flows to the storm
drain. Urban runoff management is linked to several other resource strategies including pollution
prevention, land use management, watershed management, water use efficiency, recycled water,
protecting recharge areas, and conjunctive management (combined use of surface and ground water
systems to optimize resource use and minimize adverse effects of using a single source).

WATER CONSERVATION
2. Promote resource stewardship
Agricultural land stewardship
Agricultural lands stewardship broadly means conserving natural resources and protecting the
environment by land managers whose stewardship practices conserve and improve land for
food, fiber, watershed functions, soil, air, energy, plant and animal and other conservation
purposes.
It also protects open space and the traditional characteristics of rural communities. Further, it
helps landowners maintain their farms and ranches rather than being forced to sell their land
because of pressure from urban development.

WATER CONSERVATION
Economic incentives:
Economic incentives are financial assistance and pricing policies intended to influence water
management. For example, economic incentives can influence the amount of use, time of use,
wastewater volume, and source of supply.
Economic incentives include low-interest loans, grants, and water pricing rates. Free services,
rebates, and the use of tax revenues to partially fund water services also have a direct effect on
the prices paid by the water users.
Governmental financial assistance can provide incentives for resource plans by regional and
local agencies. Also, government financial assistance can help water agencies make subsidies
available to their water users for a specific purpose.

WATER CONSERVATION
Ecosystem restoration:
Ecosystem restoration can include changing the flows in streams and rivers, restoring fish and wildlife
habitat, controlling waste discharge into streams, rivers, lakes or reservoirs, or removing barriers in
streams and rivers so salmon and steelhead can spawn.
Ecosystem restoration improves the condition of our modified natural landscapes and biotic communities
to provide for the sustainability and for the use and enjoyment of these ecosystems by current and future
generations.

WATER CONSERVATION
Flood plain management:
Floodplain management reduces risks to life and property and benefits natural resources. Floodplain
management accepts periodic flooding and generally is a preferred alternative to keeping rivers in their
channels and off floodplains.
Seasonal inundation of floodplains provides essential habitat for hundreds of species of plants and
animals, many of them dependent on periodic floods. There are also benefits to the economy,
agriculture, and society to keeping rivers and their floodplains connected, including water quality
improvements and groundwater recharge.
Floodplain management also entails limiting the amount and type of development in a floodplain.

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