This document was created by Talar j. Ali in 2016 for the 2nd class of the Chemistry Department. It discusses various types of environmental pollution including air, water, and soil pollution. For each type of pollution, it describes the causes, sources, and methods for control and prevention. The key methods proposed for controlling pollution involve proper treatment of domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste before disposal; using natural methods like forestation instead of chemicals and fertilizers when possible; and educating people on sanitation practices.

1. Created By: Talar j. Ali
2nd class of Chemistry Department
2016

2. (َ‫ب‬ْ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ُ‫د‬‫ا‬َ‫س‬َ‫ف‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ظ‬ِ‫ب‬ ِ‫ر‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬ ِ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬
ِ‫ل‬ ِ‫اس‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫د‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ت‬َ‫ب‬َ‫س‬َ‫ك‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ق‬‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫ض‬
َ‫ي‬ ْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ل‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ع‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ال‬ََ‫و‬ُ‫ع‬ ِِ ْ‫ر‬)
‫سورة‬َ‫الرحم‬41

3. The term “Environment” literally means “surrounding”.
It comprises of the following four major components:
1- Atmosphere 2- Hydrosphere
3- Lithosphere 4- Biosphere
Environment Chemistry : Is a branch of science which deals with
chemical phenomena ,that deals with the origins ,transport ,reactions,
effects , and fats of chemical species in the water, air, terrestrial and
living environment.

4. Environmental Pollution: Refers to the introduction of harmful
pollutants into the environment.
Pollutants: Can be solid ,liquid , or gaseous substances present in the
greater concentration than in natural abundance and are produced due
to human activities or due to natural happenings.
The major types of environmental pollution are
{air pollution ,water pollution , soil pollution }
Effect: Environmental pollution has negatively effected the life of
both human-being and animals.
Almost of our gains in the fields of industrial progress ,science and
technology had so far been realized at the cost of our health.
Even our flora were found to be threatened with extinction.

5. AIR POLLUTION

6. AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution: Means presence of pollutants in the atmosphere is
such concentration that causes injury to human being and plants.
Air pollutants: Refer to the abnormal substances
[ solid, liquids, gases ] that are present in air intolerable limits.

7. There are five primary pollutants which together contribute more
than %20 of global air pollution , these are:
1. CO (Carbon Dioxide )
2. NOx (Nitrogen Oxides )
3. HC (Hydro Carbon )
4. SOx (Sulfur Oxides )
5. VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds )in the atmosphere.

8. CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
A- Reduction of contaminates from the source:
1. Use appropriate materials or suitably change the raw materials.
2. Select proper site for industrial units, far away from residential area.
3. Prevent or lessen, as far as possible, the smoke emitted during combustion of fuel by,
correct method, admitting correct quantities of air, maintaining high temperature for
complete combustion and feeding the fuel continuously.
4. Use catalytic converters to eliminate pollutants from exhaust gases before discharging in
to the atmosphere.
5. Pass gases or vapors through towers packed with coke to remove chemicals and acid
fumes, while applying a counter current of water from the top.
6. Grow more trees to increase photosynthesis rate and for better deposition of particulates.

9. B- Reduction of contaminates by modification :
1. Modifications of internal combustion engines to reduce the
amount of pollutants, with better design, suitable catalysts in the
fuel, mixing and burning exhaust gases with more air and improving
the quality of gasoline.
2. Developing substitute fuel to lower concentration of pollutants.
3. Using alternative power sources, such as electricity, nuclear power
geothermal power and solar power for domestic and industrial
purposes.

10. Solution: Air pollution can be checked by increasing forest and
avoiding logging , industry should be placed long distance from
residential areas.
We should be careful and alert that our surrounding on our houses
,streets ,drains are cleaned .
Smoke free furnaces should be used ,Electric engines should be used
more rather than steam or diesel engines.
Lastly air pollution can be better controlled by way of combined effort
of government and by private efforts.

11. WATER POLLUTION

12. WATER POLLUTION
Water Pollution: Means contamination of water with
physical, chemical or biological properties of water due
to discharge of industrial effluent or any other liquid ,
gases or solid substance into water which is harmful for
public health of commercial activities or in agriculture.

13. Causes of Water Pollution:
1)Pathogens
2)organic wastes
3)chemical pollutants
pollutants Source
Lead • Lead paints
• Lead based solder in water pipes and fitting.
• Car exhausts (leaded petrol)
• Car batteries.
Mercury • Mercury cell e.g. used in the electrolysis of brine – greatest
discharges
• Batteries
• Mercury salts used as fungicides to reduce formation of
• molds on seeds ( seed dressing )
Cadmium • By product of the extraction of zinc and lead, cadmium is always
found near zinc.
• Used in pigments in ceramics
• Zinc – plating always contain some cadmium.
• Rechargeable batteries.

14. Sources: Domestic waste water and dirty municipal waste or sewage
are the chief source of water pollution.
Source of water pollution:
1. Drain water containing faces, urine and other pollutants.
2. Water containing chemicals insecticides and manures washed out
the field can pollute the water of river, lakes, ponds, wells etc..
3. Physical pollution such as heat and ionic radiation.
4. Effluents from the factories.
5. Minerals above a certain level in the soil, or present in the parent
rocks, can mix with water and pollution occurs, such as arsenic.

15. CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Control over unhygienic practices.
Educate peoples, Dispose waste water properly, control usage of
insecticides.
2. Industrial Waste
Dispose waste safely.
3. Heavy metal removal
Dialysis, ion exchange, reverse osmosis,
chemical precipitation, adsorption.
4. Sewage treatment
Purify properly.

16. Solution: Water pollution can largely be controlled by
proper treatment of domestic and municipal effluents.
Domestic water and sewage can rightly be mixed with
soil which will increase fertility.

17. SOIL POLLUTION

18. SOIL POLLUTION
Soil Pollution: Mainly occurs through agricultural
chemicals.
These are pesticides and fertilizers. These pesticides directly
or indirectly injure other animals and human being.
Reasons: Land-ship, volcanic eruption, very strong wind
current, torrential downpour, etc.
are the natural phenomena which may partly contribute to
creating soil pollution.
The chief reason of soil pollution lies in the multifarious
activities of man.

19. Causes: The causes of Soil pollution are discussed below
1. If the industrial garbage and the agricultural garbage are kept
lying in heaps on bare soil, the soil is polluted.
2. The efflux of the nuclear thermal stations or of the atomic
research centers, if allowed to come into contact with the
ground, pollutes the soil.
3. If the plastic pieces used in domestic works are thrown on the
ground, these, instead of perishing, pollute the soil.
4. The excrement of the animals mixes with the soil and
pollutes it.

20. Source of soil pollution
1. Excreta of human beings and animals in the field.
2. Harmful chemical insecticides and manures.
3. Non-degradable plastic materials and cups, plates etc.
prepared from foams.

21. CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION
Control: The very harmful garbage and the unwholesome
sweepings can be used to produce Bio-gas and manure. Use of
pro-environment fertilizers and insecticides in agriculture are to
be restored to. Proper precautionary measures are to be adopted
while using the radio-active ingredients or implements.
Propagation of consciousness regarding soil pollution and other
such means may materially help top control land or soil pollution.

22. CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION
1. Unwanted waste to be dumped using sanitary land filling
2. Industrial and sewage waste to be properly treated before disposal
on land.
3. Natural soil micro-organisms to be used to increase crop fertility
rather than using fertilizers and insecticides.
4. Forestation.
5. People should be trained regarding the sanitation habit.
6. Avoid negligent disposal of solid waste.

23. Solution: Soil pollution has many sources, from agriculture to
industry to human activity.
Polluted soils affect harm life and, in turn, wildlife. Depending
upon the polluting agent, pollutants can persist in the
environment.
Solutions, therefore, involve not just removing a source of
pollution but also cleaning up and restoring the polluted area.
Adding to the complexity of soil pollution is nonpoint source
pollution (NSP), which enters the environment through runoff.
Take any action at your disposal to reduce soil pollution, as you
may not always find a clearly defined source.