This document summarizes research on the open-circuit voltage (Voc) in organic solar cells. Key points include:
- Voc is defined as the voltage when the current is zero under illumination but non-zero under dark conditions.
- Polaron pair dissociation can generate free charge carriers even at zero electric field and Voc, contributing to power conversion efficiency.
- Bulk recombination of free charges follows Langevin dynamics and limits Voc at room temperature. Surface "recombination" is better described as the charge extraction rate at electrodes.
- Voc decreases with increasing temperature as the charge carrier concentration n(T) also decreases with temperature based on thermal generation and recombination processes.
This document discusses trends in the IC packaging industry and technology. It provides an overview of the market growth in IC packaging units and revenues. Key challenges for the industry are declining ASPs and increasing materials costs. Emerging technologies discussed include wafer-level packaging, 2.5D/3D IC with TSV, and integrated passives. The document outlines SPIL's packaging portfolio and roadmaps for 3D IC and TSV development over the next few years. It also summarizes SPIL's testing and certification capabilities.
This document summarizes research on the open-circuit voltage (Voc) in organic solar cells. Key points include:
- Voc is defined as the voltage when the current is zero under illumination but non-zero under dark conditions.
- Polaron pair dissociation can generate free charge carriers even at zero electric field and Voc, contributing to power conversion efficiency.
- Bulk recombination of free charges follows Langevin dynamics and limits Voc at room temperature. Surface "recombination" is better described as the charge extraction rate at electrodes.
- Voc decreases with increasing temperature as the charge carrier concentration n(T) also decreases with temperature based on thermal generation and recombination processes.
This document discusses trends in the IC packaging industry and technology. It provides an overview of the market growth in IC packaging units and revenues. Key challenges for the industry are declining ASPs and increasing materials costs. Emerging technologies discussed include wafer-level packaging, 2.5D/3D IC with TSV, and integrated passives. The document outlines SPIL's packaging portfolio and roadmaps for 3D IC and TSV development over the next few years. It also summarizes SPIL's testing and certification capabilities.
This document discusses ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) circuits and semiconductor manufacturing processes. It introduces ULSI and its applications. It then summarizes the key steps in the IC fabrication process, including crystal growth, thin film deposition, oxidation, etching, lithography and metallization. Finally, it discusses future trends in ULSI, such as following Moore's Law to continue increasing transistor density, performance and functionality through advances in device physics, materials and technology to shrink dimensions below physical limits.
Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the atmosphere and fourth most in the universe. It is a non-metal found in coal, diamonds, and as the base for organic chemistry and hydrocarbons like fossil fuels. Carbon can be found in its pure form as graphite or diamond, and is known for its use in steel production and as a cooking fuel.
This document discusses ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) circuits and semiconductor manufacturing processes. It introduces ULSI and its applications. It then summarizes the key steps in the IC fabrication process, including crystal growth, thin film deposition, oxidation, etching, lithography and metallization. Finally, it discusses future trends in ULSI, such as following Moore's Law to continue increasing transistor density, performance and functionality through advances in device physics, materials and technology to shrink dimensions below physical limits.
Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the atmosphere and fourth most in the universe. It is a non-metal found in coal, diamonds, and as the base for organic chemistry and hydrocarbons like fossil fuels. Carbon can be found in its pure form as graphite or diamond, and is known for its use in steel production and as a cooking fuel.
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