Structure of Atoms some basic concepts of atomic structure its history of modelling and also the present and accepted model including the quantum model of atomic structure.
Structure of Atoms some basic concepts of atomic structure its history of modelling and also the present and accepted model including the quantum model of atomic structure.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
This chapter discusses the structures and properties of materials at the molecular level. It begins by describing the different forms of carbon - graphite, diamond, and fullerenes - and how their structures give rise to different properties. It then discusses crystal lattice structures and how to calculate packing efficiency. The chapter explores bonding in solids using band theory and how this relates to whether a material is a metal, insulator, or semiconductor. It also addresses intermolecular forces and their relationship to material properties such as boiling point. Finally, polymerization reactions are discussed along with how polymer structure impacts properties.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in equilibrium chemistry including reversible reactions, equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier's principle, and techniques for solving equilibrium problems using ICE charts and calculating reaction quotients. It defines equilibrium as a state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. ICE charts are introduced as a method to organize information about initial concentrations, changes, and equilibrium concentrations in solving equilibrium problems. The document also discusses writing and using equilibrium constant expressions, solubility products, and reaction quotients to determine if a system is at equilibrium or not.
In computational physics and Quantum chemistry, the Hartree–Fock (HF) method also known as self consistent method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system or many electron system in a stationary state
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-III Chapter 2-SuperconductivityAbhi Hirpara
1. Superconductivity occurs when the electrical resistance of a material drops to zero below a certain critical temperature. In certain metals such as lead, the electrical resistance becomes zero at temperatures below 7.2K.
2. There are two types of superconductors - Type I superconductors exhibit an abrupt loss of magnetization above a critical field strength, while Type II superconductors show a more gradual loss of magnetization above two critical field strengths.
3. The BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957 explains superconductivity as arising from electrons forming pairs (Cooper pairs) that condense into the same quantum state. This pairing is mediated by lattice vibrations
- Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons in orbitals.
- The atomic number is the number of protons, which identifies the element. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The relative atomic mass takes into account the natural abundance of isotopes.
This document discusses solid state physics and crystal structures. It begins by defining solid state physics as explaining the properties of solid materials by analyzing the interactions between atomic nuclei and electrons. It then discusses different types of solids including single crystals, polycrystalline materials, and amorphous solids. Single crystals have long-range periodic atomic order, while polycrystalline materials are made of many small crystals joined together and amorphous solids lack long-range order. The document goes on to describe crystal structures including crystal lattices, unit cells, and common crystal systems such as cubic, hexagonal, and orthorhombic. It provides examples of crystal structures including sodium chloride and its cubic lattice structure.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
B.tech sem i engineering physics u iv chapter 2-x-raysRai University
This document provides an overview of X-rays, including their discovery, production, properties, diffraction, absorption, and applications. It discusses how X-rays are generated via the bombardment of a metal target by electrons in an X-ray tube. Key points covered include Bragg's law of diffraction, Moseley's law relating atomic number to X-ray wavelength, the continuous and characteristic spectra produced, and common medical and scientific uses of X-rays.
The document discusses the rules for filling electrons in atomic orbitals:
- Pauli's exclusion principle states that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
- Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons will occupy orbitals to achieve the maximum number of unpaired spins in the ground state.
- The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill from the lowest to highest energy orbitals, following the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, etc.
High energy and capacity cathode material for li ion battriesNatraj Hulsure
Recent development in cathode materials for li-ion batteries drag the industries view towards it due to their high discharge rate compare to older ones.
This chapter discusses the structures and properties of materials at the molecular level. It begins by describing the different forms of carbon - graphite, diamond, and fullerenes - and how their structures give rise to different properties. It then discusses crystal lattice structures and how to calculate packing efficiency. The chapter explores bonding in solids using band theory and how this relates to whether a material is a metal, insulator, or semiconductor. It also addresses intermolecular forces and their relationship to material properties such as boiling point. Finally, polymerization reactions are discussed along with how polymer structure impacts properties.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in equilibrium chemistry including reversible reactions, equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier's principle, and techniques for solving equilibrium problems using ICE charts and calculating reaction quotients. It defines equilibrium as a state where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. ICE charts are introduced as a method to organize information about initial concentrations, changes, and equilibrium concentrations in solving equilibrium problems. The document also discusses writing and using equilibrium constant expressions, solubility products, and reaction quotients to determine if a system is at equilibrium or not.
In computational physics and Quantum chemistry, the Hartree–Fock (HF) method also known as self consistent method is a method of approximation for the determination of the wave function and the energy of a quantum many-body system or many electron system in a stationary state
B.Tech sem I Engineering Physics U-III Chapter 2-SuperconductivityAbhi Hirpara
1. Superconductivity occurs when the electrical resistance of a material drops to zero below a certain critical temperature. In certain metals such as lead, the electrical resistance becomes zero at temperatures below 7.2K.
2. There are two types of superconductors - Type I superconductors exhibit an abrupt loss of magnetization above a critical field strength, while Type II superconductors show a more gradual loss of magnetization above two critical field strengths.
3. The BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957 explains superconductivity as arising from electrons forming pairs (Cooper pairs) that condense into the same quantum state. This pairing is mediated by lattice vibrations
- Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons in orbitals.
- The atomic number is the number of protons, which identifies the element. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The relative atomic mass takes into account the natural abundance of isotopes.
This document discusses solid state physics and crystal structures. It begins by defining solid state physics as explaining the properties of solid materials by analyzing the interactions between atomic nuclei and electrons. It then discusses different types of solids including single crystals, polycrystalline materials, and amorphous solids. Single crystals have long-range periodic atomic order, while polycrystalline materials are made of many small crystals joined together and amorphous solids lack long-range order. The document goes on to describe crystal structures including crystal lattices, unit cells, and common crystal systems such as cubic, hexagonal, and orthorhombic. It provides examples of crystal structures including sodium chloride and its cubic lattice structure.
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
B.tech sem i engineering physics u iv chapter 2-x-raysRai University
This document provides an overview of X-rays, including their discovery, production, properties, diffraction, absorption, and applications. It discusses how X-rays are generated via the bombardment of a metal target by electrons in an X-ray tube. Key points covered include Bragg's law of diffraction, Moseley's law relating atomic number to X-ray wavelength, the continuous and characteristic spectra produced, and common medical and scientific uses of X-rays.
The document discusses the rules for filling electrons in atomic orbitals:
- Pauli's exclusion principle states that an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons with opposite spins.
- Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity states that electrons will occupy orbitals to achieve the maximum number of unpaired spins in the ground state.
- The Aufbau principle states that electrons fill from the lowest to highest energy orbitals, following the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, etc.
This document provides an agenda for an e-learning workshop on Web 2.0 technologies for students. The agenda includes discussing what Web 2.0 is, how to take advantage of opportunities from Web 2.0, and the impacts of Web 2.0 on education, as well as doing hands-on sharing of Web 2.0 technologies.
13. 1.2 認識週期表首 20 個元素 氫 氦 鋰 鈹 硼 碳 氮 氧 氟 氖 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne 元素 Element 符號 1 H ydrogen 2 He lium 3 Li thium 4 Be ryllium 5 B oron 6 C arbon 7 N itrogen 8 O xygen 9 F luorine 10 Ne on
14. 1.2 認識週期表首 20 個元素 鈉 鎂 鋁 矽 磷 硫 氯 氬 鉀 鈣 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca 元素 Element 符號 11 Sodium 12 Magnesium 13 Aluminium 14 Silicon 15 Phorphorus 16 Sulphur 17 Chlorine 18 Argon 19 Potassium 20 Calcium
15. 1.2 首 20 個元素的原子結構 6 7 8 9 10 元素 符號 質子數目 中子數目 電子數目 氫 H 1 0 1 氦 He 2 2 2 鋰 Li 3 4 3 鈹 Be 4 5 4 硼 B 5 6 5 碳 C 6 6 氮 N 7 7 氧 O 8 8 氟 F 9 10 氖 Ne 10 10
16. 1.2 首 20 個元素的原子結構 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 元素 符號 質子數目 中子數目 電子數目 鈉 Na 12 11 鎂 Mg 12 12 鋁 Al 14 13 矽 Si 14 14 磷 P 16 15 硫 S 16 氯 Cl 18 氬 Ar 22 鉀 K 20 鈣 Ca 20
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19. 下星期一背默前 10 個元素 + 挑戰題 ( 額外 5 個符號 )- 不計平時分 7 成或以上 元素 元素符號 1 氫 H 2 氦 He 3 鋰 Li 4 鈹 Be 5 硼 B 6 碳 C 7 氮 N 8 氧 O 9 氟 F 10 氖 Ne
20. 下星期二背默 11-20 元素 + 挑戰題 ( 額外 5 個符號 )- 不計平時分 7 成或以上 元素 元素符號 11 鈉 Na 12 鎂 Mg 13 鋁 Al 14 矽 Si 15 磷 P 16 硫 S 17 氯 Cl 18 氬 Ar 19 鉀 K 20 鈣 Ca
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