This document analyzes the energy usage and CO2 emissions from greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. It finds that total energy input is 163,994 MJ/ha, with 94% from non-renewable sources like diesel fuel (45% of total) and fertilizers. CO2 emissions total 6.8 tons/ha, with diesel fuel responsible for the highest share. The energy efficiency ratio is low at 0.38 and net energy negative, indicating energy is being lost. The study concludes Iranian policy should promote more sustainable energy sources like solar to reduce fossil fuel dependency for greenhouse heating and operations.
Energy, economic and GHG emissions analysis of potato productionInnspub Net
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are among the foremost vital international food crops. In this study crosssectional
data were collected from potato growers by employing a face to face survey in East-Azerbaijan Province of Iran. The data collected was analyzed for the energy, GHG emissions and economics of potato production.
According to the results, total average energy inputs consumption and GHG emissions were 131608.14 MJ ha-1
and 4542 kg CO2eq.ha-1, respectively. Electricity, chemical fertilizers and diesel fuel were the most influential
factors in energy consumption with quantity of 46.3, 34.7 and 24.6 GJ ha-1. Energy use efficiency, net energy and
energy intensiveness were 0.97, -4292 MJ ha-1 and 21.73 MJ $-1, respectively. Among the energy inputs, the
contribution of DE was more than that of IDE energy and also the proportion of NRE was more than RE resources. Electricity with a share of 52% played the most important role on GHG emissions, followed by diesel fuel (31%) and chemical fertilizer (12%). The results of economic analysis showed that the benefit to cost ratio was 1.1 and the economic productivity was 5.84 kg $-1. Economic analysis showed that the potato production could be a profitable business in East-Azerbaijan Province. Encouraging farm energy consumers to use less electricity is indispensable for sustainable use of energy and a key element of GHGs emission reduction.
Agricultural Waste Management in order to sustainable agriculture in KarnatakaAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Renewable energy as an alternative of fossil fuel for minimizing pollution and related issues, has got significant role in recent years. Agricultural residues as a source of biomass can be used to produce biogas. Every year while production of agriculture product generates lots of agro-residues and in many cases either left behind with no use or burn. Whereas can be prevented losing this source of energy by converting to the other types of energy. Nevertheless in present study assessing the potential of producing biogas out of biomass (agricultural residue) during one year in Karnataka state has conducted. For this purpose, production of agricultural crop residues data during one year depends on volatile solid (VS), extracted and according to the related coefficient, potential of biogas (methane) production computed. Results showed Maximum extracted methane respectively belonged to the rice, jowar, ragi, peanut and cotton residues. The total potential of methane production during the one year, 6391403732 cubic meters estimated.
Soil Tillage Systems Impact on Energy Use Pattern and Economic Profitability ...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The role of energy management is important and essential in sustainability of production systems. The aims of this study were evaluated the impact of different soil tillage on energy use in wheat agroecosystems. To purpose this research was carried on 2014 to 2016 years in research farm of Razi University in western Iran. The result of this study showed that total energy used in NT, RT, and CT systems was 31.39, 32.85, and 35.16GJha-1. In the other hands, production energy in NT, RT, and CT systems was 200.14, 207.68, and 195.26GJha-1. Accordingly, energy use efficiency (EUE) in NT, RT, and CT systems was 6.38, 6.32, and 5.55. Therefore, amount of EUE of different tillage systems followed the order of NT>RT>CT systems. In this research profitability of NT, RT, and CT systems were 3.23, 2.96, and 2.59. This result showed that more use of machinery and operation due to more use of energy resource can be reduced EUE, Net energy and profitability of agroecosystems.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000569.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on Agronomy open access journals please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Modeling and analysis of control circuit for biogas electrification technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract For sustainable development, balanced energy portfolio is required that is suited to the economic, social, environment and resource conditions of a specific region or the whole world. Energy resources are fossil fuels, nuclear sources and renewable resources. Conventional energy resources are limited as well as they are subjected to pollution due to combustion and chemical processes. Biogas, one of the renewable resources, is produced from various biomass sources through biochemical process. Electricity and heat can be produced from it with minor clean up. Bangladesh has a plenty biomass resources which can play an important role for country’s development. For electricity generation, control circuit is needed to have desired and controlled output. This paper addresses on biogas, its biochemical processes and electricity generation process from biogas. It also shows the potential and prospects of biogas electrification technology for rural Bangladesh. Paper explore mathematical model and explain actions of control circuits those are connected to the generator though simulation. Key Words: Renewable energy; Biogas; Biochemical process; Electricity generation; Potentials; Mathematical model; Control circuit; DC converter.
Study of Biomass Briquettes, Factors Affecting Its Performance and Technologi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Energy, economic and GHG emissions analysis of potato productionInnspub Net
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are among the foremost vital international food crops. In this study crosssectional
data were collected from potato growers by employing a face to face survey in East-Azerbaijan Province of Iran. The data collected was analyzed for the energy, GHG emissions and economics of potato production.
According to the results, total average energy inputs consumption and GHG emissions were 131608.14 MJ ha-1
and 4542 kg CO2eq.ha-1, respectively. Electricity, chemical fertilizers and diesel fuel were the most influential
factors in energy consumption with quantity of 46.3, 34.7 and 24.6 GJ ha-1. Energy use efficiency, net energy and
energy intensiveness were 0.97, -4292 MJ ha-1 and 21.73 MJ $-1, respectively. Among the energy inputs, the
contribution of DE was more than that of IDE energy and also the proportion of NRE was more than RE resources. Electricity with a share of 52% played the most important role on GHG emissions, followed by diesel fuel (31%) and chemical fertilizer (12%). The results of economic analysis showed that the benefit to cost ratio was 1.1 and the economic productivity was 5.84 kg $-1. Economic analysis showed that the potato production could be a profitable business in East-Azerbaijan Province. Encouraging farm energy consumers to use less electricity is indispensable for sustainable use of energy and a key element of GHGs emission reduction.
Agricultural Waste Management in order to sustainable agriculture in KarnatakaAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Renewable energy as an alternative of fossil fuel for minimizing pollution and related issues, has got significant role in recent years. Agricultural residues as a source of biomass can be used to produce biogas. Every year while production of agriculture product generates lots of agro-residues and in many cases either left behind with no use or burn. Whereas can be prevented losing this source of energy by converting to the other types of energy. Nevertheless in present study assessing the potential of producing biogas out of biomass (agricultural residue) during one year in Karnataka state has conducted. For this purpose, production of agricultural crop residues data during one year depends on volatile solid (VS), extracted and according to the related coefficient, potential of biogas (methane) production computed. Results showed Maximum extracted methane respectively belonged to the rice, jowar, ragi, peanut and cotton residues. The total potential of methane production during the one year, 6391403732 cubic meters estimated.
Soil Tillage Systems Impact on Energy Use Pattern and Economic Profitability ...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The role of energy management is important and essential in sustainability of production systems. The aims of this study were evaluated the impact of different soil tillage on energy use in wheat agroecosystems. To purpose this research was carried on 2014 to 2016 years in research farm of Razi University in western Iran. The result of this study showed that total energy used in NT, RT, and CT systems was 31.39, 32.85, and 35.16GJha-1. In the other hands, production energy in NT, RT, and CT systems was 200.14, 207.68, and 195.26GJha-1. Accordingly, energy use efficiency (EUE) in NT, RT, and CT systems was 6.38, 6.32, and 5.55. Therefore, amount of EUE of different tillage systems followed the order of NT>RT>CT systems. In this research profitability of NT, RT, and CT systems were 3.23, 2.96, and 2.59. This result showed that more use of machinery and operation due to more use of energy resource can be reduced EUE, Net energy and profitability of agroecosystems.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000569.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on Agronomy open access journals please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Modeling and analysis of control circuit for biogas electrification technologyeSAT Journals
Abstract For sustainable development, balanced energy portfolio is required that is suited to the economic, social, environment and resource conditions of a specific region or the whole world. Energy resources are fossil fuels, nuclear sources and renewable resources. Conventional energy resources are limited as well as they are subjected to pollution due to combustion and chemical processes. Biogas, one of the renewable resources, is produced from various biomass sources through biochemical process. Electricity and heat can be produced from it with minor clean up. Bangladesh has a plenty biomass resources which can play an important role for country’s development. For electricity generation, control circuit is needed to have desired and controlled output. This paper addresses on biogas, its biochemical processes and electricity generation process from biogas. It also shows the potential and prospects of biogas electrification technology for rural Bangladesh. Paper explore mathematical model and explain actions of control circuits those are connected to the generator though simulation. Key Words: Renewable energy; Biogas; Biochemical process; Electricity generation; Potentials; Mathematical model; Control circuit; DC converter.
Study of Biomass Briquettes, Factors Affecting Its Performance and Technologi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
This paper analyzes the availability of water, irrigation and water sharing practices as options of climate change adaptation by rice farmers in rural Nepal. By applying multi-stage sampling techniques, in order to select the sample district to households, 28 wards from 14 VDC of 7 Districts of Nepal have been selected. 773 rice farmers from both rural Terai and rural Hills have been enquired based on the structured questionnaire at the month of December and January 2017. Further, logistic regression has been applied to analyze the data. Our result revealed that, rice farmers have different opinions regarding adaptation options as out of 773 rice farmers only 73.7% farmers are adopting available adaptation options. Such adaptations practiced measured 55% on hilly district and 94% in Terai, which show Hilly farmers still have less adaptation practice than in Terai. Alternative irrigation as an adoption option is sixth in ranking due to its adaptation cost - it is the most costly adaptation option that takes NRs. 7914. Logistic result shows that there are several factors like gender (0.726***), total farmland (0.391***), income (7.380*), credit and (1.756***) increase the probability use of alternative water resources while irrigation facilities (-2.693***) and trainings (-1.064*) decrease such probability. Similarly, water sharing practice is found common in Hilly belt where in Terai it is comparatively less. Such water sharing featured communal in all respect and helps to share water among the farmers as per their need basis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assessment of composting, energy and gas generation potential for msw at alla...eSAT Journals
Abstract Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major concerned for Allahabad city as the city is growing with population and the increase is 20.74 percent for the last 10 years. In this regard, MSW samples were collected from twenty wards and three dumpsites to estimate composting, energy and gas generation potential for MSW Management. It was observed that the MSW is not suitable for composting because C/N ratio was found to be less than 30:1. Existing gas generation model is modified and found a bioreactor landfill with leachate recirculation would be the best method for the MSW management. Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Energy, Composting, Gas generation, Calorific Value, landfill
Estimation of Mass Transfer Parameters and Drying Characteristics of Black Pe...AM Publications
Drying characteristics of black pepper with an initial moisture content of 59.98% (kg moisture/kg wet sample)
was carried out in a domestic microwave oven at five different powers of 900W, 720W, 540W, 360W and 180W. The drying
curves were plotted and from the rate vs moisture content curves it could be concluded that the complete drying process had
took place in the falling rate period. Experimental data were fitted to the thirteen thin layer drying models available in the
literature. Midilli et al model was found to be the best model to describe the microwave thin layer drying of black pepper.
The effective diffusivities were estimated by using Fick’s second law of diffusion for spherical particles. Mass transfer
coefficients and mass Biot numbers were also calculated for the five microwave powers. The effective diffusivities, mass
transfer coefficients and the mass Biot numbers varied between 1.144*10-10to 4.575*10-9 m2/s, 0.863 to 8.47 m/s and 84.5*
105 to 20.7* 105 for the microwave powers studied. Effective diffusivities and mass transfer coefficient increased with the
increasing microwave power where as the mass Biot numbers decreased with the increasing microwave power.
The Influence of Different Management Modes on the Potential of Moso Bamboo C...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Bamboo forest carbon sequestration has strong development potential in coping with global climate change. The management of Moso bamboo forest can exert its own strong carbon sequestration ability and promote farmers' income, which is the fundamental point of bamboo industry development and can integrate ecological, economic, and social benefits. In this study, two Moso bamboo forests with different management modes in Lin'an and Yuhang of Zhejiang Province were used as research points. Using the system dynamic thinking method, a dynamic system model was constructed to simulate the growth process of Moso bamboo and its carbon sink supply. Then comparative analysis was made of its carbon sink supply potential. It is easy for bamboo forest managers to change management measures according to their requirements and create a dynamic balance between ecology and economics when determining the optimum management mode for the bamboo forest under the supply potential of carbon sink. According to the study results, the carbon sink supply under the intensive model is the most ideal, while the carbon sink supply under the extensive peach blossom model is the least ideal.
Abstract— Anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice paddy fields produces methane and is considered one of the most prevalent sources for atmospheric methane. Methane from the rice paddy fields escapes to the atmosphere primarily by diffusive transport through the rice plants during the growing season. This paper aimed at the inventarisation of greenhouse gas emissions from the flooded rice paddy fields using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guidelines - Tier 1 approach for Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-use sector. The methane emission from rice paddy fields for the year 1990-1991 was 1.255 Gg or 31.364GgCO2e, while 2012-2013 accounts for 0.269Gg or 6.725GgCO2e. The overall decrease of 21.44% of methane emissions from rice paddy fields was observed during the last two and half decade. The rice paddy fields are decreased over the years due to rapid expansion of the built-up environment in the outskirts of the urban area.
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Management Fertilizer Dosage of Peatland on Plant Conditions and Average Bunc...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Palm oil is a prospective crop in the plantation
sector. Palm oil is currently contributing large foreign
exchange to the country, especially in Indonesia. The problem
that occurs is the increase in the area for oil palm plantation
development has been limited. One alternative way that can
be done is the utilization of neglected marginal land for
example peatlands. This research was carried out on the
dangku crossing landscape in lowland areas or 5 m above sea
level. The results show FFB and ABW have no significant
effect on the regression and correlation values at the level of
0.05. The effect of significant difference was shown by the
results of average bunch weight (ABW) in T1 treatment,
namely the dose of N <1 Kg and P <1.5 Kg which had the
highest average compared to T2 and T3 treatments. In
addition, fertilizer doses affect plant conditions and visual
conditions of plant leaves. The average condition at the
location of the planting year which observed normality of the
plant was more than 75% with green leaf conditions around
80%. Based on this, it can be explained that fertilizer doses
have a good effect on plants in the Sembilang dangku
landscape in terms of ABW and plant conditions.
Zero Waste City Implementation using Waste To Energy Technology in Myanmarijtsrd
Waste management is a complex topic that is handled in different ways around the world based on available local resources, technologies, and intensity of community initiatives. So, Waste to Energy WTE is a renewable energy technology that has seen a major rise in the last decade as Myanmar has been looking for methods for handling its population boom and related rapid increase in waste generation rates. The conventional fuels required for production of electricity is decreasing day by day and it is very important to find out alternative sources which can be used as the fuel for the production of electricity especially for developing countries like Myanmar. In this paper, feasibility study of waste to energy WTE power conversion plant is presented to fulfil the main aim of zero waste city implementation, Mandalay, Myanmar. With the application of WTE plants, the electricity requirement can be fulfilled and also helpful for environmental condition. For case study, Mandalay Industrial Zone is selected since it has low reliability of power supply form national grid and is suitable for construction of a WTE power plant. The simulation for WTE power plant with a peak load of 30 MW is described using HOMER software. Average energy consumption of the industrial zone is estimated approximately 283 MWh day and WTE has consumed almost 118,935 tonne per year of municipal solid waste MSW . The proposed system is designed to provide approximately 100 of energy from the municipal solid waste for the proposed area. Phyu Phyu Win | Thida Win | Zin Mar "Zero-Waste City Implementation using Waste-To-Energy Technology in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28012.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/28012/zero-waste-city-implementation-using-waste-to-energy-technology-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Production of bio gas from flowers and vegetable wastes using anaerobic diges...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper analyzes the availability of water, irrigation and water sharing practices as options of climate change adaptation by rice farmers in rural Nepal. By applying multi-stage sampling techniques, in order to select the sample district to households, 28 wards from 14 VDC of 7 Districts of Nepal have been selected. 773 rice farmers from both rural Terai and rural Hills have been enquired based on the structured questionnaire at the month of December and January 2017. Further, logistic regression has been applied to analyze the data. Our result revealed that, rice farmers have different opinions regarding adaptation options as out of 773 rice farmers only 73.7% farmers are adopting available adaptation options. Such adaptations practiced measured 55% on hilly district and 94% in Terai, which show Hilly farmers still have less adaptation practice than in Terai. Alternative irrigation as an adoption option is sixth in ranking due to its adaptation cost - it is the most costly adaptation option that takes NRs. 7914. Logistic result shows that there are several factors like gender (0.726***), total farmland (0.391***), income (7.380*), credit and (1.756***) increase the probability use of alternative water resources while irrigation facilities (-2.693***) and trainings (-1.064*) decrease such probability. Similarly, water sharing practice is found common in Hilly belt where in Terai it is comparatively less. Such water sharing featured communal in all respect and helps to share water among the farmers as per their need basis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Assessment of composting, energy and gas generation potential for msw at alla...eSAT Journals
Abstract Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major concerned for Allahabad city as the city is growing with population and the increase is 20.74 percent for the last 10 years. In this regard, MSW samples were collected from twenty wards and three dumpsites to estimate composting, energy and gas generation potential for MSW Management. It was observed that the MSW is not suitable for composting because C/N ratio was found to be less than 30:1. Existing gas generation model is modified and found a bioreactor landfill with leachate recirculation would be the best method for the MSW management. Keywords: Municipal solid waste, Energy, Composting, Gas generation, Calorific Value, landfill
Estimation of Mass Transfer Parameters and Drying Characteristics of Black Pe...AM Publications
Drying characteristics of black pepper with an initial moisture content of 59.98% (kg moisture/kg wet sample)
was carried out in a domestic microwave oven at five different powers of 900W, 720W, 540W, 360W and 180W. The drying
curves were plotted and from the rate vs moisture content curves it could be concluded that the complete drying process had
took place in the falling rate period. Experimental data were fitted to the thirteen thin layer drying models available in the
literature. Midilli et al model was found to be the best model to describe the microwave thin layer drying of black pepper.
The effective diffusivities were estimated by using Fick’s second law of diffusion for spherical particles. Mass transfer
coefficients and mass Biot numbers were also calculated for the five microwave powers. The effective diffusivities, mass
transfer coefficients and the mass Biot numbers varied between 1.144*10-10to 4.575*10-9 m2/s, 0.863 to 8.47 m/s and 84.5*
105 to 20.7* 105 for the microwave powers studied. Effective diffusivities and mass transfer coefficient increased with the
increasing microwave power where as the mass Biot numbers decreased with the increasing microwave power.
The Influence of Different Management Modes on the Potential of Moso Bamboo C...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Bamboo forest carbon sequestration has strong development potential in coping with global climate change. The management of Moso bamboo forest can exert its own strong carbon sequestration ability and promote farmers' income, which is the fundamental point of bamboo industry development and can integrate ecological, economic, and social benefits. In this study, two Moso bamboo forests with different management modes in Lin'an and Yuhang of Zhejiang Province were used as research points. Using the system dynamic thinking method, a dynamic system model was constructed to simulate the growth process of Moso bamboo and its carbon sink supply. Then comparative analysis was made of its carbon sink supply potential. It is easy for bamboo forest managers to change management measures according to their requirements and create a dynamic balance between ecology and economics when determining the optimum management mode for the bamboo forest under the supply potential of carbon sink. According to the study results, the carbon sink supply under the intensive model is the most ideal, while the carbon sink supply under the extensive peach blossom model is the least ideal.
Abstract— Anaerobic decomposition of organic material in flooded rice paddy fields produces methane and is considered one of the most prevalent sources for atmospheric methane. Methane from the rice paddy fields escapes to the atmosphere primarily by diffusive transport through the rice plants during the growing season. This paper aimed at the inventarisation of greenhouse gas emissions from the flooded rice paddy fields using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2006 guidelines - Tier 1 approach for Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-use sector. The methane emission from rice paddy fields for the year 1990-1991 was 1.255 Gg or 31.364GgCO2e, while 2012-2013 accounts for 0.269Gg or 6.725GgCO2e. The overall decrease of 21.44% of methane emissions from rice paddy fields was observed during the last two and half decade. The rice paddy fields are decreased over the years due to rapid expansion of the built-up environment in the outskirts of the urban area.
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Management Fertilizer Dosage of Peatland on Plant Conditions and Average Bunc...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Palm oil is a prospective crop in the plantation
sector. Palm oil is currently contributing large foreign
exchange to the country, especially in Indonesia. The problem
that occurs is the increase in the area for oil palm plantation
development has been limited. One alternative way that can
be done is the utilization of neglected marginal land for
example peatlands. This research was carried out on the
dangku crossing landscape in lowland areas or 5 m above sea
level. The results show FFB and ABW have no significant
effect on the regression and correlation values at the level of
0.05. The effect of significant difference was shown by the
results of average bunch weight (ABW) in T1 treatment,
namely the dose of N <1 Kg and P <1.5 Kg which had the
highest average compared to T2 and T3 treatments. In
addition, fertilizer doses affect plant conditions and visual
conditions of plant leaves. The average condition at the
location of the planting year which observed normality of the
plant was more than 75% with green leaf conditions around
80%. Based on this, it can be explained that fertilizer doses
have a good effect on plants in the Sembilang dangku
landscape in terms of ABW and plant conditions.
Zero Waste City Implementation using Waste To Energy Technology in Myanmarijtsrd
Waste management is a complex topic that is handled in different ways around the world based on available local resources, technologies, and intensity of community initiatives. So, Waste to Energy WTE is a renewable energy technology that has seen a major rise in the last decade as Myanmar has been looking for methods for handling its population boom and related rapid increase in waste generation rates. The conventional fuels required for production of electricity is decreasing day by day and it is very important to find out alternative sources which can be used as the fuel for the production of electricity especially for developing countries like Myanmar. In this paper, feasibility study of waste to energy WTE power conversion plant is presented to fulfil the main aim of zero waste city implementation, Mandalay, Myanmar. With the application of WTE plants, the electricity requirement can be fulfilled and also helpful for environmental condition. For case study, Mandalay Industrial Zone is selected since it has low reliability of power supply form national grid and is suitable for construction of a WTE power plant. The simulation for WTE power plant with a peak load of 30 MW is described using HOMER software. Average energy consumption of the industrial zone is estimated approximately 283 MWh day and WTE has consumed almost 118,935 tonne per year of municipal solid waste MSW . The proposed system is designed to provide approximately 100 of energy from the municipal solid waste for the proposed area. Phyu Phyu Win | Thida Win | Zin Mar "Zero-Waste City Implementation using Waste-To-Energy Technology in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28012.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/28012/zero-waste-city-implementation-using-waste-to-energy-technology-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Production of bio gas from flowers and vegetable wastes using anaerobic diges...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Todas las estrategias que se desarrollen desde el área de Gestión Humana deben dar respuesta a los objetivos organizacionales para que sean efectivas y Recursos Humanos aporte realmente valor al negocio.
ABSTRACT: The efficiency of production units is measured either by parametric or by non-parametric methods. The first approach estimates the parameters of the production or cost functions statistically. The second one, in contrast, builds a linear piece-wise function from empirical observations of inputs and outputs. In this study a mathematical Analysis is used to estimate the energy efficiencies of cucumber producers based on eight energy inputs including human labor, diesel fuel, machinery, fertilizers, chemicals, water for irrigation, electricity and seed energy and single output of cucumber production. Data were collected using face-to-face surveys from 20 greenhouses in Golshan city, Esfahan province of Iran. Energy indices, technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies were calculated by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach for 20 cucumber greenhouses. Total energy input and output were calculated as 163994 MJha-1 and 62496 MJha-1, respectively, whereas diesel fuel consumption with 45.15% was the highestlevel between energy inputs. Energy output-input ratio, energy productivity and net energy gain were 0.38, 0.47 kg MJ-1, -101498MJ ha-1, respectively. Results showed that DEA approach was a very useful tool for benchmarking and improving the energy efficiency in agricultural production. The use of this methodology provides an important knowledge about the wasteful uses of energy.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
ROLE OF AGROFORESTRY IN MITIGATION OF CLIMATE CHANGEGANDLA MANTHESH
Climate change and climatic variability's are real and their impacts have already been felt in agriculture.
The tree components in agroforestry system can be significant sinks of atmospheric carbon and it will reduce the stress and dependence on natural forest.
ENERGY ACCOUNTING OF TOMATO PRODUCTION IN LAPAZ, ZAMBOANGA, PHILIPPINESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study was laid out in La Paz, Zamboanga City, Philippines, to determine the energy hotspot
and evaluate the energy use efficiency in the entire tomato production system. The activities that have nothing to
do with farm operations, such as doing household chores, food, clothing, and personal work, were excluded
from the research. The study found that the DEI, IEI, and EEI values for the entire activity in tomato production
ranged from 39.63% to 46.08%, 42.93% to 99.70%, and 0.29 percent to 10.99%, respectively. According to the
findings, indirect energy inputs accounted for 42.93% to 99.70% of the total energy inputs. It explains that IEI
was a hotspot, particularly in crop care and management activity. However, the EP and NE have calculated to
determine the efficiency in energy input, giving the results of 1.00 Mcal ha-1
and 29.22 Mcal ha-1
, respectively.
From there, it is observed in the existing production system the energy efficient since it obtains low TEI with
high economic output, and the energy inputs did not exceed on energy output. Furthermore, this system can be
more efficient if crop care and management activity properly managed include agrochemicals, particularly
fertilizer.
KEYWORDS: Energy Inputs, Total Energy Inputs, Energy Hotspot, Energy Productivity, Net Energy
The effect of land use planning on agricultural productivity capability (case...Innspub Net
The objective of this study was to analyze the enhancement of agricultural productivity capability with reference to land use planning programs at Azaran watershed in Kashan,Iran.For this purpose, first land use map of 2007 has been generated using Landsat satellite images and Land use map for future(Land use planning) generated using Systemic and Makhdoum (1987) evaluation model. Then, agricultural productivity data of this region in 2007 was collected by related questionnaire and cluster sampling. As result of this study, If land use planning programs will perform, the Gross income in the study region will increase by 36.1% and 36.19% and the Net income will increase 36.19% and 35.1% in a semi-mechanized and a mechanized way respectively. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Fertility Levels of Soils under Selected Tree Vegetations for Efficient Agro-...AI Publications
In many parts of Nigeria, large areas of lands are dominated by tree crop vegetations for timber production and for fruits with land users not knowing the fertility status of soils in these vegetations. Continual evaluation of soil properties of these tree vegetations has become pertinent for agricultural sustainability. This study therefore was carried out to evaluate the fertility levels of soils under selected tree vegetations at National Horticultural Research Institute Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria. Five tree vegetations that were over 20 years of establishment were selected namely: oil bean (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth), African breadfruit (Treculia africana), mango (Mangnifera indica), Ogbonu (Irvingia gabonensis) and orange (citrus spp). In each of these tree vegetations, four soil samples were collected at uniform depths (0 – 20, 20 – 40 and 40 – 60 cm) at different locations using soil auger. The samples were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Data collected were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. Results obtained showed that despite the ages of these vegetations, the soils were acidic, low in macronutrient and basic cation concentrations when compared to FAO standard. The highest exchangeable bases and organic matter (1.78%) was recorded on bread fruit vegetation. Therefore, there is need to increase the fertility status of these soils in these tree crop vegetations by adopting measures that will boost organic matter content of the soil irrespective of the duration of the vegetation and this will help in agro forestry and alley cropping.
Presented by: Norman Uphoff, Cornell University
Presented at: Workshop on Carbon Markets: Expanding Opportunities & Valuing Co-Benefits, organized by the Soil & Water Conservation Society and the National Wildlife Federation
Presented on: July 21, 2010
2 k jeyaprakash diversity of medicinal plants used by adi community in and ar...Dheeraj Vasu
The present survey was carried out from March 2014 to June 2016 to document the diversity of medicinal plants among the Adi community in four settlements which are located nearby area of Daying Ering Memorial Wild Life Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, North East India. The information was obtained through open and face-to-face interviews with the local knowledgeable people. A total of 73 plant species belonging to 66 genera and 44 families were documented in the study. The dominant family in the survey was Asteraceae (eight species) followed by Euphorbiaceae (seven species). Of the collected ethno medicinal plants, 46% herbs followed by 36% shrubs, 11% trees and 7% climbers. Among the different plant parts used for the preparation of medicine, leaves were mostly used and predominantly used herbal preparations were taking raw materials directly followed by decoction. The herbal medicines to treat variety of ailments such as to heal cuts and wounds (eight species), jaundice (six species), bone fracture and gastritis (six species each), blood pressure, and ring worm (four species each), diarrhoea, headache, snake bite and toothache (three species each), anaemia, antidote, asthma, diabetes, expel worms, gynaecological problems, loose motion, malaria, sinusitis, skin disease and stomach problems (two species each) and other diseases containing one species each were recorded. The plants like Alstonia scholaris, Diplazium esculentum, and Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides should be given priority in conservation point of view, since these plants eroding rapidly in study area due to over-exploitation. The usage of plants by the Adi community reflects their interest in herbal medicine and further investigation on these species may lead to the discovery of novel bioactive molecules.
10 nazir ahmad malla and mudasir bashir 215 plant protein kinases in signal ...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: A protein kinase is a enzyme that modifies other proteins by adding phosphate groups to them. This results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. Cells can interact to environmental fluctuations by transduction of extracellular signals, to produce intracellular responses. Membrane-impermeable signal molecules are recognized by receptors, which are localized on the plasma membrane of the cell. Binding of a ligand can result in the stimulation of an intrinsic enzymatic activity of its receptor or the modulation of a transducing protein. This review discusses the various protein kinases and their role in plants.
Sirogonium sticticum (J.E. Sm.) Kütz. and Zygnemopsis scorbiculata P. Sarma &...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: In the present paper, two algal species viz. Sirogonium sticticum (J.E. Sm.) Kütz. and Zygnemopsis scorbiculata P. Sarma & Kargupta belonging to the family Zygnemataceae of the class Chlorophyceae have been reported for the first time from Hooghly district in West Bengal, India. These species are clearly different from each other on the basis of vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Both the species are filamentous and grown in ponds. One of the marked differences between the two species is that the former possesses straight and parallel chloroplasts while the later contains stellate chloroplasts in the cells of filaments. A study of the limnological profile and the relationship between water properties and distribution of these algal species has been assessed. Results of water analysis proved that temperature range between 24°C and 25°C, alkaline pH, DO with range of 6.6-7.0 mg l-1, slight higher COD values, lower total alkalinity, TSS, TDS, SO42- and nutrients values have a great impact on their seasonal occurrences.
Key Words: Taxonomy, limnology, Sirogonium, Zygnemopsis, West Bengal, India
Antifungal Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Xanthium strumariumDheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Antifungal activities and phytochemical screening of Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae) was carried out in laboratory. Distilled water and methanol extracts of the leaves of plant was prepared. Five phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria brassicae, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici and Sclerotium rolfsii were tested at different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml) of selected plant extracts. The phytochemical screening depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. The antifungal activity of extracts was determined by poisoned food technique; and linear mycelium growth reduction (LMGR) percentage was calculated. The distilled water extracts inhibited the growth of fungal mycelium while methanolic extracts completely inhibited (100%) the growth of some selected fungi at higher concentrations. Fusarium oxysporum was the most susceptible fungus while A. brassicae and B. cinerea were the most resistant fungi.
Key words: Antifungal activities, phytochemical screening, Xanthium strumarium, Linear Mycelium Growth Reduction (LMGR)
Promising Sudanese Medicinal Plants with Antibacterial Activity - a Review Ar...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: This study is considered as the most comprehensive review of Sudanese medicinal plants with promising antibacterial activities, since it covered more than 60 published studies on that topic. A total of 142 plant species belonging to 64 families, which showed antibacterial activities when extracted using different solvents (polar and non-polar) and tested against some gram negative or gram positive bacteria in vitro (cup-plate method and disc diffusion method) have been presented. In conclusion, the list of medicinal plants presented in this review clearly indicates that most of them could be promising sources of new antibacterial drugs and encourages researchers for further microbiological and pharmacological studies.
Controlling the Root-knot Nematodes (RKNs) Hamid Abbasi Moghaddam*and Mohamma...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are ubiquitous parasites with an amazing capacity to interact with a very large variety of plant species. They are sedentary endoparasitic nematodes that depend on the induction of a permanent feeding site in living roots to complete their life cycle. RKNs interfere with the genetic programmes of their hosts to transform root vascular cells into giant cells (GCs) through the injection of nematode effectors from their oesophageal glands. Dramatic rearrangements in GCs cytoskeleton, alteration of cell cycle mechanisms, such as mitosis and endoreduplication, readjustment of enzymes involved in carbohydrate synthesis and degradation are among those processes modified in GCs. GCs act as sinks to provide nutrients for life cycle completion from J2 larvae to adult females. The female produces an egg offspring protected by a gelatinous matrix and the free-living stage, J2, hatch from these eggs, completing the nematode life cycle. The understanding of the processes subjacent to GC differentiation and maintenance, as well as a deeper knowledge of RKN mode of parasitism, will provide tools for new control methods of these devastating agricultural pests.
Determining the Interrelationship between Macaque Population and Land Cover/ ...Dheeraj Vasu
ABSTRACT: Movement ecology has now become a significant topic for discussion. With the changing environment and climatic conditions, there are several factors that work for the movement of all type and size of organisms. These changes in animals are sometimes observed positive and sometimes it is negative in terms of their behavior and intra-specific interaction. The following study investigates the impact of changing land use pattern in relation between green cover and migratory ecology of monkeys, to understand the factors that affect their ecological movement and behavioral aspects. The research work also comprise of the analytical study of the approaches that were used for the sampling and study of monkeys. The project has a progressive look and is based on both comparative and a collection of secondary as well as primary data. It identifies the concepts that could be applied to the migration of the monkeys into the urbanized areas. The study also establishes the facts that determine parameters that might play a leading role in their movement, based on conduction of surveys of certain sites. The deduction of conclusion is based on identifying the reasons causing movement, discovering any change in the behavior which is causative of the movement and finally linking them to develop a conceptual framework that explains the entire process of movement.
Structure Properties of Yrast Superdeformed Bands
in the Mass Region Around Gd-144
A. M. Khalaf, M. Kotb, Asmaa AbdElSalam* and G.S.M. Ahmed
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
*Physics Department, Faculty of Science (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
“International Journal on Emerging Technologies” (ISSN NO. Online: 2249-3255) a peer-reviewed and free open access journal, aims to provide the complete and reliable source of information on current developments in the fields of all sciences. The emphasis will be on publishing quality articles rapidly and openly available to researchers worldwide. Manuscripts submitted to “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” must be original work that has not been published or under consideration for publication elsewhere. All submissions must be written in English. Manuscripts should be typed double space on A4 size paper using font size 12 and preferably not more than 30 pages in length inclusive of tables, figures and illustrations. All submissions will be peer reviewed. The scope of “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” covers all aspects of Electrical, Electronics, Computer IT, Instrumentation, Mechanical, Civil engineering, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Environmental Sciences and Agriculture Sciences, “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” is biannual journal. Papers solicited for “International Journal on Emerging Technologies” can be in the form of survey/tutorial, regular papers, brief papers, case studied and technical correspondence. This journal provides a national and international forum for rapid publication of work describing theoretical as well as practical aspects.
Review on Natural Aphrodisiac Plants and its Potential to Treat Sexual Dysfunction in Male Albino Rats
Dinesh K. Dabhadkar*, Varsha Zade**, Ajay Charjan*** and Vaibhao G. Thakare*
ABSTRACT: Iran is a land which was historically attacked by alien natives during its life. The Mogul and Turk natives were always making significant developments including: their attacks and conquers which caused many Iranian people being killed. Among these natives, the Tatar led by commanders like Alagh Beig and Holaku who, unlike Genkhis Khan, were mostly regarding the cultural and scientific issues of Iran. The current research is intended to study comparatively the astronomical works of the Ilkhanian dynasty and those of the Safavid dynasty. Therefore, the astronomical works of different historical eras have been reviewed. The history of astronomy is considered as one of the most interesting scientific subjects of the Ancient Persian and Islamic eras in Iran. With entering Islam into Iran, the astrologists studied the Islamic astrology inspired by the ancient Iranian astrology. Either the astronomical works were observed by the astronomical instruments or they were discovered by them.
Reproductive Health, Population Control and Women’s Sexuality: the Indian Experience
www.researchtrend.net
ABSTRACT: Women’s sexuality has always been viewed in a narrow sense, reducing it into mere reproductive health of future mothers who are expected to give birth to healthy children for the nation’s growth and development. This paper traces the relationship of women’s sexuality and their health and tries to see how it shapes their lives and perspective of well-being. Women’s reproductive health has never been an independent concern except in relation to their reproductive capacities. It focuses on the linkages between women’s choice, autonomy, voices, rights and state health policies imposed on them. This paper also explores the shaping of the ‘motherhood’ imagery used by leaders of so called nation building. It is argued here that women are viewed as mother goddesses and expected to fulfill their motherly roles for nation building rather than acknowledge their existence as an individual having independent choice and rights. The article locates the discourse of sexuality, fertility and population control in pre- and post-independence India and its impact over women’s control of their body, fertility and access to basic health services through larger political debates and policy frameworks.
ABSTRACT: Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell American species so far reported in North America, Central America, South America, Taiwan, China, Serbia, Bulgaria, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, Coata Rica, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil. First time reported in India from the Western Ghats of Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. A detailed description and photograph are provided to facilitate its easy identification.
1. ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130
ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239
Condition Monitoring of Energy usage and CO2 emission for
Greenhouse Cucumber in Iran
Ahmad Reza Alizadeh*, Mehdi Ghorbani** and Mohammad Ghareghani***
*Department of Physic, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Isfahan, IRAN
**MSc. Student of Agricultural Economics, Tarbiat modares University, Tehran, Iran
***BSc. Graduate of Food Sci. and Techn., Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, Shahreza, Isfahan, IRAN
(Corresponding author: Ahmad Reza Alizadeh)
(Received 14 December, 2014, Accepted 15 January, 2015)
(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net)
ABSTRACT: The aims of this study were to determine the energy consumption and survey on environmental
pollution of greenhouse cucumber in Golshan region, Isfahan province of Iran. For this purpose data were
collected from 30 farms using a face to face questionnaire. The results revealed that total energy input for
greenhouse cucumber production was found to be 163994 MJha-1
that the share of non-renewable energy
form (94%) was more than renewable energy form (6%). Fossil fuel has the highest share by 45% followed
by total fertilizers and electricity. Energy ration, energy productivity, and net energy were 0.38, 0.45 kgMJ-1
and -101498MJha-1
, respectively. The results also showed the share of indirect and renewable energy is very
low. The results of CO2 emission analyzes showed that the diesel fuel had the highest share of total CO2
emission for greenhouse cucumber production. The total amounts of CO2 emission were 6.8 tonha-1
. This
result is very clearly shows that the use of fossil fuel is very high and government should change the political
action about intensive cultivation. May be we should go to modern technology to build solar greenhouse to
catch most of energy requirement of solar and other renewable resources.
Keywords: Energy Use; Energy Efficiency; CO2 emission; wheat, Cucumber
INTRODUCTION
In order to maximize the efficiency of modern
agricultural technology to farms in a target region, the
farming system of the region should be first
characterized, especially to identify possible resource
constraints and to capture the diversity of farming
systems (Zangeneh et al., 2010). Currently, agricultural
operations have to adapt to a more competitive
environment and consequently, use new intelligent
technologies (Mahmoud, 2004). Hydroponics and
greenhouse production are the way of obtaining
profitable crops (Nelson, 2002). A sustainable crop
production system requires keeping a high-quality
harvest, while keeping energy and raw material
consumption low.
The agricultural sector is an important energy
consumer. Farmers have an option for reducing energy
use by investing in intelligent systems (Kornerand
Straten, 2008). The high rate of population growth and
reducing the extent of fertile land due to the increasing
development of urban and industrial areas induce more
efficient use of existing facilities. The effective and
efficient use of limited resources like water, soil and
human power that are of particular importance to
provide food requirements for people in developing
countries, Including Iran. Successful efforts to achieve
self-sufficiency and growth of gross national income
like any other activity requiring deep knowledge of the
practical and economic processes and applying the
latest knowledge and technology around the world.
Greenhouse production technology led to increase the
efficiency of limited water and soil resources. And its
importance is undeniable with respect to the dry climate
and low rainfall in most parts of Iran. The major
disadvantage of this method is high energy
consumption because in most cases greenhouse
production is off-season. Increase in energy efficiency
in greenhouse cultures is of the most important energy
studies in agriculture, and any success in increasing
energy efficiency in greenhouse cultures can cause
efficient use of valuable energy resources (Taki et al,
2012b).
In a research conducted in Spain, energy use and
economic evaluation were considered for winter wheat,
winter barley, spring barley and vetch production. The
spring barley showed highest energy consumption since
a larger number of tillage operations were required and
a larger amount of herbicides for weed control
(Hernanz et al, 1995). Khan et al., (2009) studied the
energy inputs in wheat, rice and barley production for
reducing the environmental footprint of food production
in Australia. The results showed that barley crop seems
more efficient in terms of energy and water use jointly.
Biological Forum – An International Journal 7(1): 94-99(2015)
2. Alizadeh, Ghorbani and Ghareghani 95
Heidari and Omid (2011) studied energy use patterns
of major greenhouse vegetable productions in Iran and
found that impact of human labor for cucumber and
chemicals for tomato was significant at 1% levels.
Pishgar-Komleh et al. (2012) determined energy
consumption and CO2 emissions of potato production
in three different sizes of farms in Esfahan province,
Iran.
The result of this paper revealed total energy
consumption and GHG emission in potato production
are 47 GJ ha-1
and 993 kg CO2eq ha-1
, respectively. Soni
et al. (2013) considered the energy use index and CO2
emissions in rain fed agricultural production systems of
Northeast Thailand. In this study, system efficiency,
total energy input and corresponding CO2 eq.
emissions were estimated and compared for different
crops. Soltani et al. (2013) analyze energy use and
greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in various wheat
production scenarios in north eastern Iran. The results
indicate that the seedbed preparation, sowing and
applications of nitrogen fertilizer are the key factors
which are related to energy use and GHG emissions.
The present study investigated the energy consumption
in greenhouse cucumber production in Golshan region.
Also we survey some environmental prolusions and the
last part of study the relationship between energy form
and yield was studied.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research was done in Golshan region which is
located in Isfahan province of Iran. The data were
collected from 30greenhouses using a face to face
questionnaire.
The simple random sampling method was used to
determine the survey volume as (Kizilaslan, 2009):
=
( × )
( ) ( × )
…(1)
where n is the required sample size; s, the standard
deviation; t, the t value at 95% confidence limit (1.96);
N, the number of holding in target population and d,
the acceptable error (permissible error 5%).
consequently calculated sample size in this study was
30.
The inputs used in the production of wheat were
specified in order to calculate the energy equivalences
in the study. The input energy was also divided into
direct and indirect and renewable and non-renewable
forms (Esengun et al., 2007). Direct energy constituted
of human labour, diesel fuel and electricity, whereas,
indirect energy include chemical fertilizers, biocides,
seed and machinery. Renewable energy consists of
human labour and seed and non-renewable energy
includes machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers
and biocides. Inputs in wheat production were: human
labour, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers,
biocides, seed and electricity and output was
cucumber. The units in Table 1 were used to calculate
the energy equivalent of input. The input and output
were calculated per hectare and then, these input and
output data were multiplied by the coefficient of
energy equivalent. Following the calculation of energy
input and output values, the energy indexes of wheat
were calculated (Mandal et al., 2002). These indexes
are showed in Table 2. The output-input energy ratio
(energy use efficiency) is one of the indices that show
the energy efficiency of agriculture. In particular, this
ratio, which is calculated by the ratio of input fossil
fuel energy and output food energy, has been used to
express the ineffectiveness of crop production in
developed countries.
Table 1: Energy equivalent of energy output and input in agricultural production.
ReferenceEnergy equivalent
(MJ per unit)
UnitInputs
Mandal et al., 20021.96Hour1. Human power
2. Fertilizers
Esengun et al., 200711.15KgPotassium (K O)
Taki et al., 2012a47.1KgNitrogen (N)
Taki et al., 2012a15.8KgPhosphate (P O )
3. Chemicals
Taki et al., 2012a101.2KgPesticide
Taki et al., 2012a238KgHerbicide
Mandal et al., 200262.7Kg4. Machinery
Mohammadi and Omid, 20101Kg5. Cucumber Seed
Omid et al., 201156.31Lit6. Diesel Fuel
Omid et al., 201111.93kWh7. Electricity
Zangeneh et al., 20101.028. Water for irrigation
Omid et al., 20110.8KgOutput (cucumber)
3. Alizadeh, Ghorbani and Ghareghani 96
Table 2. Indices of energy in Agriculture production (Taki et al, 2012b).
Indicator Definition Unit
Energy ratio -1
-1
Energy Output (MJ ha )
Energy Input (MJ ha )
ratio (2)
Energy productivity -1
-1
Yield (kg ha )
Energy Input (MJ ha )
Kg MJ-1
(3)
Specific energy -1
-1
Energy input (MJ ha )
Yield (kg ha )
MJ kg-1
(4)
Net energy gain -1 -1
Energy Output (MJ ha ) - Energy Input (MJ ha ) MJ ha-1
(5)
An increase in the ratio indicates improvement in
energy efficiency, and vice versa. Changes in
efficiency can be both short and long term, and will
often reflect changes in technology, government
policies, weather patterns, or farm management
practices. By carefully evaluating the ratios, it is
possible to determine trends in the energy efficiency of
agricultural production, and to explain these trends by
attributing each change to various occurrences within
the industry (Bahrami et al, 2011).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Analysis of energy input and output in greenhouse
cucumber production
Amount of inputs, output and their energy equivalents
for greenhouse cucumber production is presented in
Table 3. The total energy consumption for greenhouse
cucumber production was calculated as 163994
MJ ha−1
; also, the percentage distribution of the energy
associated with the inputs is seen in Table 3.
It is evident that, the greatest part of total energy input
(45.15%) was consumed by diesel Fuel consumption.
Also, fertilizers and seed was the second main energy
consuming input.
Similar studies had also reported that diesel fuel and
fertilizers were the most intensive energy inputs
(Zangeneh et al., 2010; Esengun et al., 2007). In the
Khuzestan province is used –however short term- of
heating systems in greenhouses due to the large
temperature difference between day and night and the
low temperature at night. Therefore diesel fuel
consumption is allocated to the share largest from other
inputs. In order to improve the greenhouse
environment as well as reduction of diesel fuel
consumption, it is strongly suggested that the heating
system efficiency is raised or replaced with alternative
sources of energy such as natural gas and solar energy
(Omid et al., 2011).
Table 3: Energy used status for cucumber production in the Golshan region.
PercentUnitEquivalent
energy
MJ/ha
Quantity per unit
area (ha)
Input
a- Input
45.15Lit7404713151. Fuel consumption
4.97Hour81634165.22. Human power
1.97Kg323551.63. Machinery
24.33Kg399071050.24. Fertilizer (sum: potassium,
nitrogen, phosphate) and seed
5.91Kg9696120.25. Chemicals (sum: pesticide,
herbicide)
0.8Lit127512506. Water for irrigation
16.87kwh276712319.57. Electricity
100MJha-1
163994-Total energy input
b- Output
-Kg6249678120Cucumber
-MJha-1
62496-Total energy output
4. Alizadeh, Ghorbani and Ghareghani 97
The results also revealed that electricity was the third
main energy consuming input because of rising
temperatures on some days; the ventilation system is
used to regulate the greenhouse temperature. The water
for irrigation was the least energy demanding inputs for
greenhouse cucumber production. On the other hand,
the average cucumber yield obtained was found to
be 78120 kg ha−1
; accordingly, the total energy output
was calculated as 62496 MJ ha−1
, in the enterprises that
were analyzed. In the previous study on greenhouse
cucumber production in the Tehran province of Iran the
yield value of greenhouse cucumber and total output
energy were reported higher than that of this study
(Omid et al., 2011). The lower yield value and energy
output of greenhouse cucumber production in the
Khuzestan province were mainly due to the
mismanagement of input usage.
The energy output-input ratio, energy productivity
and net energy gain of greenhouse cucumber
production are presented in Table 4. Energy ratio was
calculated as 0.38, showing the inefficiency use of
energy in greenhouse cucumber production in the
Khuzestan province. It is concluded that the energy
ratio can be increased by raising the crop yield and/or
by decreasing energy input consumption. Similar
results obtain 0.64 for the energy ratio of greenhouse
cucumber production (Omid et al., 2011; Mohammadi
and Omid, 2010). The average energy productivity of
greenhouse cucumber production was 0.47 kg MJ−1
.
This means that 0.47 units output was obtained per unit
energy. Similar results have been reported 0.39 and 0.8
kg MJ−1
for the energy productivity of greenhouse
cucumber production (Mohammadi and Omid, 2010).
The net energy gain of greenhouse cucumber
production was -101498 MJ ha−1
. Net energy gain is
negative (less than zero). Therefore, it can be
concluded that in greenhouse cucumber production,
energy is being lost. Similar results obtain -53027
MJ ha−1
.16 and -55552.83 MJ ha−1
for the net energy of
greenhouse cucumber production (Mohammadi and
Omid, 2010; Omid et al., 2011).
Table 4: Energy output-input ratio and forms in greenhouse cucumber production.
Percent of
total
cucumberUnitItems
78120kg ha−1
Crop yield
0.38-Energy ratio
0.47kg MJ−1
Energy productivity
101498MJ ha−1
Net energy gain
Energy forms
67.52109881MJ ha−1
Direct energy
32.4752838MJ ha−1
Indirect energy
5.018163.13MJ ha−1
Renewable energy
94.98154555.87MJ ha−1
Non Renewable energy
− renewable energy 100163994MJ ha−1
Total energy input
1. Energy equivalent of water for irrigation is not included. 2. Includes human power, diesel and electricity. 3. Includes seeds,
fertilizers, chemicals and machinery. 4. Includes human power and seeds. 5. Includes diesel, fertilizers, chemicals, electricity
and machinery
The distribution of inputs used for greenhouse
cucumber production in groups of direct, indirect,
renewable, and non-renewable sources is shown in
Table 4. The ratio of direct and indirect energy sources
are 67.52% and 32.47%, respectively. Also, there is a
significant difference between renewable and non-
renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources
are clean sources of energy that have a much lower
impact on the environment than do conventional
energy technologies. In the studied greenhouses,
94.98% of the input energy comes from non-renewable
energy sources, which are finite and will someday be
depleted. Also, many of these energy sources are
harmful to the environment (Unakitan et al., 2010).
Several researchers showed that the ratio of direct
energy is higher than that of indirect energy, and the
rate of non-renewable was much greater than that of
renewable consumption in cropping systems
(Mohammadi et al., 2008; Hatirli et al., 2006).
B. Greenhouse gas emission for cucumber production
In this research GHG emissions were the scope of this
analysis and the corresponding amount was calculated.
The diesel fuel combustion can be expressed as fossil
CO2 emissions with equivalent of 2764.2 g L-1
(Abdi et
al., 2013). Also, the machinery and fertilizer supply
terms can be expressed in terms of the fossil energy
required to manufacture and transport them to the farm
with CO2 equivalents of 0.071 TgPJ-1
and 0.058 TgPJ-1
for machinery and chemical fertilizers, respectively
(Abdi et al., 2013).
5. Alizadeh, Ghorbani and Ghareghani 98
Table 5 shows the CO2 emission for cucumber
production in actual energy use. Results of this table
indicated that vegetable productions are mostly
depending on diesel fuel sources. Diesel fuel had the
highest share (63%) followed by chemical fertilizer
and machinery. As it can be seen in Table 4, the total
amount of CO2 emission was 6.8 tonha-1
for cucumber
production. Using ethanol and biodiesel as biofuel is
essential in the 21st century to reduce the high GHG
emissions. Field operations with minimum machinery
use (especially tillage operation) and machinery
production are needed to be considered to reduce the
amount of CO2. Eady et al., 2011, applied the Life
cycle assessment modeling of complex agricultural
systems with multiple food and fibre co-products. They
reported that amongst the crops, estimates of emissions
for the cereal grains averaged 202 kg CO2-e/tonne
grain, canola 222 kg CO2-e/tonne and lupins 510 kg
CO2-e/tonne, when modeled to include the benefits of
the mixed farming system. Gunady et al., 2011 used
the Life Cycle Assessment for evaluating the global
warming potential of the fresh produce supply chain
for strawberries, romaine/cos lettuces and button
mushrooms in Western Australia. Results showed that
the life cycle GHG emissions of strawberries and
lettuces were higher than mushrooms due to intensive
agricultural machinery operations during the on-farm
stage. Mushrooms, however have significantly higher
GHG emissions during pre-farm stage due to transport
of peat, spawn, and compost.
Table 5: Amount of greenhouse gas emission for cucumber production.
Quantity of CO2 emission
(kg/ha)
Amount of energy usage
(MJ/ha)
Equivalent
(Tg (CO2) PJ-1
)
Input
4279 (63%)740470.0578Diesel fuel
230 (3.3%)32350.071Machinery
2300 (33.7%)398000.058Chemical fertilizer
6809117082-Total
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