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This document discusses infrastructure costs and congestion in transportation. It makes three key points: 1) Infrastructure and congestion costs are increasing significantly in the EU. Current transportation charges often do not reflect the true costs of infrastructure provision or congestion. 2) Ideal transportation cost charges would link fees to marginal costs, recover total infrastructure costs, and be transparent. Marginal cost pricing incentives reduce costs, while full cost recovery prevents subsidies. 3) Congestion arises when infrastructure exceeds capacity, wasting time for all users. Individuals only consider their own time losses, not those imposed on others, leading to overuse of infrastructure. Congestion charges can correct this market failure.