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The document discusses the costs of air pollution from transport in the European Union. It finds that: 1) Transport accounts for a major share (around 30-69%) of key air pollutants in most EU countries. Road transport is the largest contributor to transport emissions. 2) While regulations have reduced per-vehicle emissions by 90% since 1970, total emissions of some pollutants continue to rise due to increased traffic. 3) The external costs of air pollution from transport are estimated at around 0.4% of GDP across EU countries, though this figure may underestimate health costs. Local air pollution imposes health and economic damages.