Post-structuralism emerged as a critical response to structuralism in 20th century French philosophy. It rejects the idea that meaning is fixed or that a text has a single, definable purpose. Post-structuralism emphasizes that meaning is dependent on the reader's own context and experiences. It views identity as complex and shifting rather than singular, and seeks to deconstruct assumptions and power structures through analyzing how meaning changes based on perspectives. The goal is a multifaceted interpretation of texts through considering many variables like culture, identity and knowledge systems.

1. Post-structuralism
Literature in English ~ ASL

2. Introduction
 A broad historical description of
intellectual developments in continental
philosophy and critical theory
 An outcome of Twentieth-century French
philosophy
 The prefix "post“: critical of structuralism
 Structuralism: culturally independent
meaning
 Post-structuralists: culture as integral to
meaning

3. Introduction
 A ‘rebellion against’ structuralism
 A critical and comprehensive
response to the basic assumptions of
structuralism
 Studies the underlying structures
inherent in cultural products (such as
texts)
 Utilizes analytical concepts from
linguistics, psychology, anthropology
and other fields

4. Introduction
 To understand an object (e.g. one of
the many meanings of a text), we
need to study…
– the object itself
– the systems of knowledge which were
coordinated to produce the object

5. Introduction
 Post-structuralism: a study of how
knowledge is produced
 Reader's culture = reader’s society
(in the interpretation of a piece)

6. Basic Assumptions
 Concept of "self" as a singular and
coherent entity: a fictional construct
 An individual = Conflicting tensions +
Knowledge claims (e.g. gender, class,
profession, etc.)
 To properly study a text, the reader must
understand how the work is related to his
own personal concept of self
 Self-perception:critical in one's
interpretation of meaning

7. Basic Assumptions
 The meaning the author intended –
secondary to the meaning that the reader
perceives
 Rejects the idea of a literary text having
one purpose, one meaning or one singular
existence
 To utilize a variety of perspectives to
create a multifaceted (or conflicting)
interpretation of a text
 To analyze how the meanings of a text
shift in relation to certain variables
(usually the identity of the reader)

8. Concepts (1): Destabilized
Meaning
 Reader as the primary subject of inquiry
(instead of author / writer)
 Such displacement: the "destabilizing" or
"decentering" of the author
 Disregarding an essentialist reading of the
content
 Other sources are examined for meaning
(e.g. readers, cultural norms, other
literature, etc.)
 Such alternative sources promise no
consistency

9. Concepts (1): Destabilized
Meaning
 “...language refers to the position of the listener
and the speaker, that is, to the contingency of
their story. To seize by inventory all the contexts
of language and all possible positions of
interlocutors is a senseless task. Every verbal
signification lies at the confluence of countless
semantic rivers. Experience, like language, no
longer seems to be made of isolated
elements lodged somehow in a Euclidean
space... [Words] signify from the "world"
and from the position of one who is looking.”
Lévinas, Signification and Sense,
Humanism of the Other, tr. Nidra Poller

10. Concepts (2): Deconstruction
 Rejects that there is a consistent structure
to texts, specifically the theory of binary
opposition
 Post-structuralists advocate
deconstruction
 Meanings of texts and concepts constantly
shift in relation to myriad variables
 The only way to properly understand
these meanings: deconstruct the
assumptions and knowledge systems
which produce the illusion of singular
meaning

11. Post-structuralist Writers
 Jean Baudrillard
 Judith Butler
 Félix Guattari
 Fredric Jameson
 Sarah Kofman
 Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe
 Jean-François Lyotard
 Jean-Luc Nancy
 Bernard Stiegler

12. Have fun!