16 constitutional principles
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The document discusses several principles of American government: limited government which limits a government's powers to protect individual rights; separation of powers which divides the government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent abuse; and federalism which shares powers between federal, state, and local governments to give citizens greater control over those that govern them closest. It also defines enumerated, concurrent, and reserved powers which determine which level of government has authority over specific functions.
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4. Power of Taxation
5. Lawful Subject, Lawful Means
6. See number 5
7. Police Power
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This document provides a study guide for an exam on POLS 1101 that defines key political science concepts and outlines important events and documents in U.S. political history. It defines different forms of government (unitary, confederal, federal), principles like sovereignty, rights, and powers. It also summarizes major compromises and plans debated at the Constitutional Convention, the structure and powers granted to the three branches of government, and amendments that expanded civil rights.
Day 2 Notes
The document compares different forms of government and economic systems. It discusses the origins and evolution of governments from ancient city-states to modern systems. Key forms of government mentioned include democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and totalitarianism. The document also outlines different models of power distribution such as unitary, federal, and confederal systems. It concludes by defining market, traditional, and command economies as well as noting that most modern economies are mixed systems.
Political organization of societies
There are several types of political states. States can be classified based on the head of state (such as a monarchy where power is hereditary or a republic with an elected president), their origins and system of governance (democratic states where citizens participate in elections versus non-democratic systems like dictatorships), their role in the economy and social services (a liberal state that does not intervene versus a social state with public healthcare and pensions), and their levels of authority (centralized states where power is concentrated nationally or decentralized/federal systems with regional and local control).
The Nature and Dimensions of Power Inherent Power of the State
Power refers to the ability to exercise control or authority over others. There are various bases and dimensions of power, including those proposed by social psychologists French and Raven involving expert, referent, reward, legitimate, and coercive power. Weber also classified power based on authority into charismatic, traditional, and legal-rational authority. In politics, power relates to sovereignty and the state's ability to govern without outside interference. Legitimacy also plays a role through laws, customs, and the people's acceptance of a government's right to rule. The Philippine constitution establishes the president as both head of state and government who exercises national power through policies and agencies while being subject to limitations to protect individual rights.
SA Legal System
The South African legal system is a mixed system comprised of several sources of law including Roman law, Roman Dutch law, British common law, indigenous law, and human rights law. The Constitution establishes the separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government and contains a Bill of Rights guaranteeing basic human rights for all citizens. Key aspects of each branch include Parliament making laws, the President and Cabinet executing and enforcing laws, and the courts interpreting laws and presiding over legal cases. Checks and balances ensure no single branch can exert too much authority by providing oversight between the different branches.
basic concepts of goverment
This document provides an introduction and overview of a class on Bangladesh Studies and Government. It begins with welcoming students to the class and introducing the lecturer. It then provides definitions and concepts of government and politics. It discusses different forms of government and the main organs of government, including the legislature, executive, and judiciary. It outlines the key functions of these organs. Specifically, it details the seven main functions of the judiciary. The document also discusses concepts of democracy and the merits and demerits of democracy. It concludes by asking students to prepare an answer on the relevancy of studying this course as a civil engineering student.
Underlying Principles of the Constitution
The document outlines 5 fundamental principles of the US Constitution: popular sovereignty, rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. It defines popular sovereignty as government by the consent of the governed, rule of law as the principle that no one is above the law, separation of powers as dividing government among legislative, executive, and judicial branches, and federalism as sharing power between federal and state governments.
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Mass media
This document discusses the role of mass media in politics. It describes how media events are often staged for media coverage. It outlines the development of different media like print, broadcast television and radio, and how they have shaped politics. Reporters rely on sources for stories and trial balloons to gauge reactions. News coverage favors soundbites and tends to be superficial. The media influence public opinion on what issues are important and how leaders are evaluated. The media can also restrict what policies government pursues through criticism and by pressuring officials to address problems.
Ushistoryreview
The document provides an overview of key events and developments in U.S. history from 1800 to 1877, including the Louisiana Purchase, the War of 1812, westward expansion and Manifest Destiny, the Mexican-American War, slavery debates and compromises, the Civil War, and Reconstruction. Key figures discussed include Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and events like the Emancipation Proclamation.
Comparing social movments
The Tea Party movement arose in response to growing dissatisfaction with the federal government, large deficits, and the Obama administration. It is a loosely organized conservative movement that is populist in nature and against big government. While currently popular, especially among independents, analysts disagree on whether it represents the beginning of a new conservative era or is a reactionary movement defined by fear and anger that may not endure. The movement could potentially reshape American politics in the coming decade if it develops strong leadership and a clear vision and agenda.
Gilded age politics
The Gilded Age saw the rise of political machines that controlled major cities. Machines offered services to voters in exchange for support and used graft and sometimes election fraud to maintain power. A political boss would oversee ward and precinct captains who worked to deliver votes, while the boss controlled government jobs, licenses, courts and funneled contracts to supporters. Reforms eventually aimed to reduce patronage and base civil service on merit rather than political loyalty.
Immigration
Large numbers of immigrants entered the United States in the 1850s due to civil unrest, massive unemployment, and famine and disease in Europe. Germans and Irish immigrants came to America to escape these conditions, while later immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe were fleeing religious and ethnic persecution as well as unemployment, famine, and disease.
Whyhistory
The document outlines different methods of historical inquiry including recall, interpretation, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. It explains that historians recall facts, interpret events, apply lessons from the past to understand the present, analyze situations by breaking them into parts, synthesize information to find patterns and make generalizations, and evaluate people and events by making judgments. The study of history is important because it allows us to understand our shared experiences and apply lessons from the past to address current issues.
Class intro (uncoverage)
This presentation discusses how to study history through the eyes of those who lived in the past. The class grading policy focuses on summative and formative assessments, scholarly skills, and practice assignments. The schedule includes background readings followed by workshops examining primary and secondary sources to develop historical context. Students will use technology like Evernote, Mixed Ink and Wikispaces to store research, collaborate on projects, and display final works.
Unit 8 cold war and civil unrest 1945 to 1980
This document provides an overview of American history from 1945-1980, covering the Cold War era and civil unrest. It discusses the social anxieties of the 1950s, the civil rights movement and key events like Brown v. Board of Education, the Vietnam War and anti-war protests, the Watergate scandal, and Jimmy Carter's presidency. The document uses essential questions to frame different sections and provide context on major political and social issues during this time period.
Unit 7 pleasure and pain 1920 to 1945
This document discusses four sections on pleasure and pain between 1920-1945: 1) the Roaring 20s and unequal benefits of economic boom, 2) the Great Depression and its causes/impacts, 3) the New Deal reforms to address the Depression through relief, recovery and reform programs, and 4) the US joining WWII and becoming a superpower after the war. It also analyzes tensions emerging between the US and USSR as allies with differing political systems.
Unit 5 rebirth of a nation part one 1877 to 1900
The document summarizes Unit 5 of a course on the rebirth of the nation from 1877 to 1900. Section 1 discusses the growth of big business in America led by industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Section 2 covers the conflict between labor and capital, influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx. Section 3 examines the origins of American empire, including the Spanish-American War and the nation's expansion into places like Hawaii, Cuba, and the Philippines through military action and diplomacy. Key foreign policies that supported imperialism included Roosevelt's Big Stick policy and Taft's Dollar Diplomacy.
Unit 4 separation and reconstruction
The document compares statistics between the Union and Confederate States during the American Civil War. It shows that the Union had a significantly larger total and free population, more soldiers, more railroad miles, dominated manufactured goods and firearm production, and exported more cotton before the war. However, by 1864, cotton exports from the Confederacy plummeted as the Union blockade took effect. The document also summarizes Lincoln and Johnson's Reconstruction plans, and opposition from Radical Republicans to Johnson's more lenient approach.
Unit 3 transformation and expansion
This document covers key events and developments during the period of 1800-1848 in the United States, including advances in transportation and communication that enabled westward expansion. It discusses the development of racial ideologies surrounding slavery in the South. The document also examines the reasons and impacts of westward expansion under the ideology of Manifest Destiny, as well as the struggles faced by Native Americans to maintain their lands and cultures in the face of white settlement and government policies.
Unit 1 the encounter
The Americas before Columbus had complex cultures and civilizations with no metal technology or large domesticated animals, though they had complex trade networks. The Aztec Empire conquered surrounding peoples and captured warriors to sacrifice. In 1519, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico with a small force but allied with native groups like the Nahuas, conquering the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan by 1521, aided by smallpox epidemics. This period saw the Columbian Exchange where crops, animals and diseases were transferred between the Old and New Worlds, changing societies on both sides.
Unit 9 a nation among nations 1980 to today
Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980 on a platform of smaller government, lower taxes, and stronger national defense. His policies realigned the Republican party and American politics, emphasizing supply-side economics and social conservatism. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower. However, the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001 led to prolonged wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Technological innovations and financial deregulation fueled economic growth in the 1990s-2000s, but risky lending practices contributed to the global financial crisis of 2008.
Unit 2 forming a nation
This document provides an overview of the key events and factors that led to the formation of America as an independent nation. It discusses the religious Great Awakening movement in the colonies and how it helped stir independence among colonists. It also examines the economic and social conflicts between Britain and the colonies that moved the colonies toward revolution. Finally, it discusses the establishment of the American republic after independence and early challenges like Shays' Rebellion that highlighted the fragility of the new nation.
Doing history
This document introduces the historical discipline by outlining the types of questions historians ask, the primary and secondary sources they use, and how to analyze sources. It discusses that historians want to understand what happened, why, how, when, and who was involved. Primary sources include written documents, visual artifacts, and oral histories created during the time under study, while secondary sources are later analyses and interpretations of primary sources. When evaluating sources, historians consider the creator's identity and biases, as well as how close they were to the event. This helps provide context to better understand what a source means and its quality as a source of information about the past.
The transatlantic slave trade
The document discusses the history of slavery and the slave trade in the Americas. It begins by describing the harsh conditions slaves faced aboard crowded slave ships during the Middle Passage, with little food or water. It then addresses how slavery developed as an economic system, with plantations in the Caribbean and Americas relying on African slave labor to address a shortage of workers for the sugar industry. Racism towards those of African descent emerged during this period. European powers established companies to regulate trade and the slave trade grew into a large business, with slaves often obtained through warfare or kidnapping in Western Africa and exchanged for European guns and goods.
What is-history-ppt2347
This document outlines key concepts for understanding history, including who makes history, what is included or excluded, when and where it takes place, and why we study it. It also discusses major themes in U.S. history like immigration, liberty, federalism vs anti-federalism, religion, economics, imperialism, civil rights, and poses important questions about nation-building, violence, interpreting the constitution, and the role of government. The purpose is to provide an overview of essential elements and debates within the study of history.
The encounter
The document discusses the Americas before Columbus, including that there were over 50 million indigenous people with complex cultures and trade networks but no metal technology or large domesticated animals. It then focuses on the Aztec Empire, describing them as skilled warriors who conquered surrounding peoples and captured enemies for sacrifice. It notes that Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs by 1521 with the help of native allies and the smallpox epidemic. The document also briefly discusses Moctezuma II, the Aztec ruler held prisoner by the conquistadores, and the Columbian Exchange that resulted from contact between the Old and New Worlds.
52 flow of economic activity
The document discusses why individuals participate in the economic system. It explains that the economic system is circular, with individuals providing labor to businesses and government in exchange for wages, and then using those wages to purchase goods and services from businesses. This continuous cycle of exchanging labor for wages to buy goods repeats throughout one's lifetime as participation in the economic system is what enables individuals to meet their basic needs to live.
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16 constitutional principles
- 1. Limited Government -belief that a gov’ts powers should be limited -the rule of law -protects against abusive government -majority rule is not always acceptable -prevents abuse by factions -Constitution listed powers not given to the government and rights that are to be guaranteed.
- 2. Checks and Balances -system designed to have the separate parts of government watch over each other -Executive -Legislative -Judicial
- 3. Separation of Powers -philosophy that the best government is one where the functions of governing are divided. -keep the individual parts from becoming abusive -executive -legislative -judicial
- 4. Popular Sovereignty -the right of the people to rule themselves -direct democracy -history of town meetings to practice self gov’t -representative democracy -carried out through elections -elected representative rule on our behalf
- 5. Federalism -Federalism -system of two or more governments that operate together and share powers over citizens (federal, state, local) -gives greater control to the governments closest to the citizen -local -state -national
- 6. Enumerated Powers -Enumerated, delegated, expressed, exclusive -these are the names given to powers that are given to the Federal government by the Constitution -declare war, make peace, make treaties, naturalization and citizenship, immigration, printing currency, regulate interstate commerce, postal system…
- 7. Enumerated Powers -Enumerated, delegated, expressed, exclusive -these are the names given to powers that are given to the Federal government by the Constitution -declare war, make peace, make treaties, naturalization and citizenship, immigration, printing currency, regulate interstate commerce, postal system…
- 8. Concurrent Powers -Concurrent powers -powers that are shared by the different levels of government -making laws, enforcing laws, borrowing money, taxing, provide for welfare and safety of citizens
- 9. Reserved Powers -Reserved Powers -these are powers that are given to the state governments under the Federalism system -state commerce, education, local government, control voting, welfare and safety of citizens