This document discusses different types of mechanical waves and their properties. It defines mechanical waves as oscillations that transfer energy through a medium. Key points include:
- Mechanical waves can be transverse (perpendicular to direction of travel) or longitudinal (parallel to direction of travel).
- They transport energy through the medium and require a medium, like air or water, to propagate.
- Examples of mechanical waves include water waves, sound waves, and waves on a string or rope.
- Harmonic waves have a sinusoidal shape described by a mathematical function involving amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and phase.
This document discusses the wave equation and properties of one-dimensional waves. It begins by defining the wave equation as a hyperbolic partial differential equation. It then derives the one-dimensional wave equation mathematically by taking the double derivatives of a wave function with respect to position and time. The key result is that the second derivative of the wave function with respect to position equals the inverse velocity squared times the second derivative with respect to time. It then discusses the differences between traveling waves, which transport energy and move crests/troughs, and standing waves, which remain in a fixed position with nodes and antinodes.
PHYSICS MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD CHAPTER 6 - SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES EXERCISE S...Pooja M
The document discusses superposition of waves and properties of progressive and stationary waves. It provides explanations and derivations of key concepts related to wave interference and standing waves. Specifically, it defines progressive and stationary waves, derives the equation for a stationary wave on a stretched string, and shows that only odd harmonics are present in an air column vibrating in a pipe closed at one end.
The document discusses wave optics and electromagnetic waves. It defines key concepts like wavefronts, which connect points of equal phase, and rays, which describe the direction of wave propagation perpendicular to wavefronts. It explains Huygens' principle, which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets to determine the new wavefront position. The principle of superposition states that multiple waves add linearly at each point in space to determine the resulting disturbance. Interference occurs when waves are out of phase and their amplitudes diminish or vanish.
Physical Society the sentence but short speech on challenges of educational system in Bangladesh studies and sadie bahamians Horse hijabs husks jms bans bbs bbs bdb dnc dms msn hdhdhdbhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhfhdhdhdhdbdbdhdhdbdhdhdhdh
This document defines and explains standing waves. A standing wave results from two identical waves traveling in opposite directions with the same frequency. When the frequency is resonant, the waves will superimpose to form a stationary pattern with antinodes of maximum displacement and nodes of zero displacement. The position of nodes and antinodes can be determined using the standing wave equation. For a guitar string example, the document calculates the amplitude and wavelength of the traveling wave, finds the positions of the first two nodes, and determines the first harmonic frequency.
This document is a unit on waves and optics from a physics course. It covers several topics:
- Demonstrating wave motion using a rope with one end fixed and the other end moved up and down, forming crests and troughs.
- Standing waves that form on a string fixed at both ends from the interference of progressive waves moving back and forth.
- Transverse and longitudinal waves, with sound waves being longitudinal and requiring compression.
- The particle velocity, wave or phase velocity, and group velocity in wave motion. Only the group velocity transmits energy in a wave group.
- Deriving the wave equation for transverse waves on a string and considering forces from the tension.
Here are the answers to the lab preparation problems:
1. A wave on the water surface is a transverse wave. The oscillation of the water surface is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
2. The wavelength of visible light ranges from 400-800nm. Using the formula c=fλ, where c is the speed of light (3x108 m/s), we can calculate:
f = c/λ
f = (3x108 m/s) / (400x10-9 - 800x10-9) m
f = 7.5x1014 - 3.75x1014 Hz
3. A standing wave is produced with a frequency of 60 Hz. The
This document covers various topics related to waves including different types of waves, wave properties such as amplitude and wavelength, and concepts such as superposition, reflection, and standing waves. It discusses transverse and longitudinal waves, the displacement relation for progressive waves, and formulas for the speed of sound and waves on strings. Reflection at closed and open boundaries is examined, showing how the
This document discusses the wave equation and properties of one-dimensional waves. It begins by defining the wave equation as a hyperbolic partial differential equation. It then derives the one-dimensional wave equation mathematically by taking the double derivatives of a wave function with respect to position and time. The key result is that the second derivative of the wave function with respect to position equals the inverse velocity squared times the second derivative with respect to time. It then discusses the differences between traveling waves, which transport energy and move crests/troughs, and standing waves, which remain in a fixed position with nodes and antinodes.
PHYSICS MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD CHAPTER 6 - SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES EXERCISE S...Pooja M
The document discusses superposition of waves and properties of progressive and stationary waves. It provides explanations and derivations of key concepts related to wave interference and standing waves. Specifically, it defines progressive and stationary waves, derives the equation for a stationary wave on a stretched string, and shows that only odd harmonics are present in an air column vibrating in a pipe closed at one end.
The document discusses wave optics and electromagnetic waves. It defines key concepts like wavefronts, which connect points of equal phase, and rays, which describe the direction of wave propagation perpendicular to wavefronts. It explains Huygens' principle, which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a secondary source of spherical wavelets to determine the new wavefront position. The principle of superposition states that multiple waves add linearly at each point in space to determine the resulting disturbance. Interference occurs when waves are out of phase and their amplitudes diminish or vanish.
Physical Society the sentence but short speech on challenges of educational system in Bangladesh studies and sadie bahamians Horse hijabs husks jms bans bbs bbs bdb dnc dms msn hdhdhdbhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhdhfhdhdhdhdbdbdhdhdbdhdhdhdh
This document defines and explains standing waves. A standing wave results from two identical waves traveling in opposite directions with the same frequency. When the frequency is resonant, the waves will superimpose to form a stationary pattern with antinodes of maximum displacement and nodes of zero displacement. The position of nodes and antinodes can be determined using the standing wave equation. For a guitar string example, the document calculates the amplitude and wavelength of the traveling wave, finds the positions of the first two nodes, and determines the first harmonic frequency.
This document is a unit on waves and optics from a physics course. It covers several topics:
- Demonstrating wave motion using a rope with one end fixed and the other end moved up and down, forming crests and troughs.
- Standing waves that form on a string fixed at both ends from the interference of progressive waves moving back and forth.
- Transverse and longitudinal waves, with sound waves being longitudinal and requiring compression.
- The particle velocity, wave or phase velocity, and group velocity in wave motion. Only the group velocity transmits energy in a wave group.
- Deriving the wave equation for transverse waves on a string and considering forces from the tension.
Here are the answers to the lab preparation problems:
1. A wave on the water surface is a transverse wave. The oscillation of the water surface is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
2. The wavelength of visible light ranges from 400-800nm. Using the formula c=fλ, where c is the speed of light (3x108 m/s), we can calculate:
f = c/λ
f = (3x108 m/s) / (400x10-9 - 800x10-9) m
f = 7.5x1014 - 3.75x1014 Hz
3. A standing wave is produced with a frequency of 60 Hz. The
This document covers various topics related to waves including different types of waves, wave properties such as amplitude and wavelength, and concepts such as superposition, reflection, and standing waves. It discusses transverse and longitudinal waves, the displacement relation for progressive waves, and formulas for the speed of sound and waves on strings. Reflection at closed and open boundaries is examined, showing how the
1) The document discusses transverse waves on stretched strings, which are used to produce musical notes on string instruments.
2) It provides an equation for the velocity of transverse waves on a string, which depends on the string's tension and mass per unit length.
3) It describes two types of waves that can occur on stretched strings - traveling waves and standing waves. Traveling waves transfer energy and displacement down the string, while standing waves result from the interference of traveling waves reflecting off the fixed endpoints of the string.
Standing waves occur when two waves of equal amplitude, frequency, and wavelength travel in opposite directions and combine. When this happens, the result is a wave that oscillates in simple harmonic motion where the string moves only up and down. Nodes occur where the amplitude is zero and anti-nodes where it is maximum. Standing waves can form on a string with fixed ends, with wavelengths that are integer divisions of the string length and resonant frequencies dependent on tension and mass density. This principle applies to stringed musical instruments where the string forms standing waves at harmonic frequencies.
1. The document discusses various topics in waves, optics, oscillation, and gravitation including traveling waves, standing waves, wave propagation, simple harmonic motion, Newton's laws of gravity, and key terms.
2. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for spring oscillation, wave speed in a string, pendulum motion, and gravitational acceleration based on pendulum period.
3. Formulas are listed for spring constant, frequency, wave velocity, and other important relationships.
1. The document discusses various topics related to waves, optics, oscillation, and gravitation. It defines key terms like traveling waves, standing waves, and wave propagation.
2. Important concepts are covered, including the principle of superposition, simple harmonic motion, Newton's laws of gravitation, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate applications of these concepts, such as calculating spring oscillation properties and determining values related to a vibrating string and pendulum motion.
The document discusses wave energy and interference. It defines standing waves as occurring when a traveling wave is reflected by a fixed boundary, resulting in the superposition of the original wave and reflected wave. Standing waves have nodes where the displacement is always zero, and antinodes where the displacement is at a maximum. The normal modes of a system are its allowed standing wave patterns, which are determined by the boundary conditions. For a string fixed at both ends, the normal modes are half-wavelengths that are integer multiples of the string length.
On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck near Kobe, Japan, killing over 6,400 people. The earthquake originated 15-20 km below Awaji Island, about 20 km southwest of Kobe, but seismic energy from the quake still caused widespread damage in Kobe. Over 200,000 homes and buildings were damaged in Kobe and the surrounding area. Seismic waves transported this energy through the Earth from the earthquake's origin point to Kobe.
The speed of transverse waves on a string depends only on the ratio of tension to linear mass density. Doubling the tension and halving the linear mass density results in the same ratio, so the wave speed is unchanged. The speed in the second string is 2v.
This document discusses different types of waves including electromagnetic waves, mechanical waves, and matter waves. Mechanical waves can be transverse waves where the medium moves perpendicular to the wave propagation or longitudinal waves where the medium moves parallel to propagation. Transverse waves include water waves and S-waves while longitudinal waves include sound waves. Progressive waves continuously travel in one direction while stationary waves are formed by the interference of two progressive waves traveling in opposite directions, resulting in some points that do not move at all. The document also provides an example mathematical problem to calculate wave parameters from a given wave equation.
CBSE Physics/ Lakshmikanta Satapathy/ Wave Motion Theory/ Reflection of waves/ Traveling and stationary waves/ Nodes and anti-nodes/ Stationary waves in strings/ Laws of transverse vibration of stretched strings
This document provides an overview of wave motion concepts including wave propagation, types of waves, wave terminology, speed of transverse waves, standing waves, and resonance. Key points covered include:
- Transverse waves have vibration perpendicular to propagation direction, while longitudinal waves have parallel vibration.
- Period, frequency, wavelength, speed, and phase are defined for waves.
- The speed of a transverse wave depends on the tension and linear mass density of the string.
- Standing waves occur at resonant frequencies when the string length is an integer multiple of half wavelengths.
Fourier series are used to represent periodic functions as the sum of simple oscillating functions like sines and cosines. This allows periodic functions, including discontinuous ones, to be broken down into their constituent frequencies or harmonics. Applications include representing sound waves, light waves, radio signals, and other physical phenomena involving wave motion or vibration. The Fourier coefficients determine the relative importance of each harmonic in the overall signal.
The document discusses oscillatory motion and waves. It begins by introducing waves created by dropping a pebble in water, with the waves moving outward in expanding circles. It then discusses the main types of waves - mechanical and electromagnetic. Mechanical waves require a medium and examples include sound and water waves, while electromagnetic waves do not require a medium and include light, radio waves, and x-rays. The document goes on to define key variables of wave motion including wavelength, period, frequency, and amplitude. It also discusses the direction of particle displacement in transverse and longitudinal waves. Finally, it covers simple harmonic motion and how the acceleration, velocity, and force are related for objects undergoing SHM.
1. The document discusses various topics related to wave motion including the characteristics of waves, types of waves, and the formation of stationary waves.
2. It provides definitions for key wave concepts like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, longitudinal and transverse waves. Equations are given for plane progressive waves traveling in different directions.
3. Reflection of waves at fixed and free ends is explained. The principle of superposition is described and used to show how two identical waves traveling in opposite directions can form a stationary standing wave with nodes and antinodes.
The document discusses various characteristics and properties of waves, including:
1. Waves transfer energy through a medium without transferring the medium itself. Particles in the medium oscillate or vibrate as a wave passes through.
2. Waves can be transverse, with oscillations perpendicular to the direction of travel, or longitudinal, with oscillations parallel to travel.
3. Key wave characteristics include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and speed. The speed of a wave is calculated as its frequency multiplied by wavelength.
4. Electromagnetic waves include visible light as well as other types of radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. All electromagnetic
This document defines and classifies different types of waves. It discusses mechanical waves, which require a medium and include waves on a string, in water, and sound waves. It also discusses electromagnetic waves, which do not require a medium and include visible light, radio waves, and others. The key characteristics of waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, velocity, and displacement are defined. Waves are classified as transverse waves, which involve vibration perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal waves, with parallel vibration like sound waves. Formulas relating variables like velocity, wavelength, and frequency are provided.
This document provides an overview of wave motion and different types of waves. It discusses mechanical waves, which require a medium and include sound and water waves, and electromagnetic waves, which can propagate through a vacuum at the speed of light. The key properties and differences between transverse waves, where particle motion is perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal waves, where particle motion is parallel, are summarized. The document also covers topics such as stationary and progressive waves, reflection of waves, mechanical oscillation, and the characteristics of sound waves.
1) Periodic motion is a repeated pattern of motion defined by its cycle, period, frequency, and amplitude. Simple harmonic motion obeys Hooke's law where the restoring force is proportional to displacement.
2) Objects that undergo simple harmonic motion include spring-mass systems, where the period is defined by the mass and spring constant, and simple pendulums, where the period depends on the length and acceleration due to gravity.
3) There are two types of waves: transverse waves where the particle motion is perpendicular to the wave motion, and longitudinal/compressional waves where particle and wave motion are parallel. The speed of transverse waves depends on frequency and wavelength or the tension and mass/length of the string
The document discusses phase and group velocity of waves. It defines phase velocity as the velocity at which the phase of any single frequency component travels, represented by the crests of a wave. Group velocity is defined as the velocity at which the envelope or outline of a wave packet travels through space. The document demonstrates through equations and diagrams that for wave packets formed from superimposed waves, the phase velocity can be greater than the group velocity.
1. A standing wave is formed by two waves of equal amplitude, wavelength, and frequency travelling in opposite directions in the same medium.
2. Nodes occur at positions where the amplitude is zero, while antinodes occur at positions of maximum amplitude. The distance between nodes is half the wavelength, and between a node and adjacent antinode is a quarter wavelength.
3. For a string fixed at both ends, standing waves can form with wavelengths of 2L/m, where L is the string length and m is a positive integer. The lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency. Higher integer multiples of this frequency are the harmonics.
Wave velocity or phase velocity is the velocity with which a monochromatic wave propagates through a medium. It is represented by Vp and is equal to the ratio of the angular frequency (ω) to the wave number (k). The phase velocity describes the velocity at which the phase of the wave propagates in space, not the velocity of energy transport.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
1) The document discusses transverse waves on stretched strings, which are used to produce musical notes on string instruments.
2) It provides an equation for the velocity of transverse waves on a string, which depends on the string's tension and mass per unit length.
3) It describes two types of waves that can occur on stretched strings - traveling waves and standing waves. Traveling waves transfer energy and displacement down the string, while standing waves result from the interference of traveling waves reflecting off the fixed endpoints of the string.
Standing waves occur when two waves of equal amplitude, frequency, and wavelength travel in opposite directions and combine. When this happens, the result is a wave that oscillates in simple harmonic motion where the string moves only up and down. Nodes occur where the amplitude is zero and anti-nodes where it is maximum. Standing waves can form on a string with fixed ends, with wavelengths that are integer divisions of the string length and resonant frequencies dependent on tension and mass density. This principle applies to stringed musical instruments where the string forms standing waves at harmonic frequencies.
1. The document discusses various topics in waves, optics, oscillation, and gravitation including traveling waves, standing waves, wave propagation, simple harmonic motion, Newton's laws of gravity, and key terms.
2. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations for spring oscillation, wave speed in a string, pendulum motion, and gravitational acceleration based on pendulum period.
3. Formulas are listed for spring constant, frequency, wave velocity, and other important relationships.
1. The document discusses various topics related to waves, optics, oscillation, and gravitation. It defines key terms like traveling waves, standing waves, and wave propagation.
2. Important concepts are covered, including the principle of superposition, simple harmonic motion, Newton's laws of gravitation, and Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate applications of these concepts, such as calculating spring oscillation properties and determining values related to a vibrating string and pendulum motion.
The document discusses wave energy and interference. It defines standing waves as occurring when a traveling wave is reflected by a fixed boundary, resulting in the superposition of the original wave and reflected wave. Standing waves have nodes where the displacement is always zero, and antinodes where the displacement is at a maximum. The normal modes of a system are its allowed standing wave patterns, which are determined by the boundary conditions. For a string fixed at both ends, the normal modes are half-wavelengths that are integer multiples of the string length.
On January 17, 1995, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck near Kobe, Japan, killing over 6,400 people. The earthquake originated 15-20 km below Awaji Island, about 20 km southwest of Kobe, but seismic energy from the quake still caused widespread damage in Kobe. Over 200,000 homes and buildings were damaged in Kobe and the surrounding area. Seismic waves transported this energy through the Earth from the earthquake's origin point to Kobe.
The speed of transverse waves on a string depends only on the ratio of tension to linear mass density. Doubling the tension and halving the linear mass density results in the same ratio, so the wave speed is unchanged. The speed in the second string is 2v.
This document discusses different types of waves including electromagnetic waves, mechanical waves, and matter waves. Mechanical waves can be transverse waves where the medium moves perpendicular to the wave propagation or longitudinal waves where the medium moves parallel to propagation. Transverse waves include water waves and S-waves while longitudinal waves include sound waves. Progressive waves continuously travel in one direction while stationary waves are formed by the interference of two progressive waves traveling in opposite directions, resulting in some points that do not move at all. The document also provides an example mathematical problem to calculate wave parameters from a given wave equation.
CBSE Physics/ Lakshmikanta Satapathy/ Wave Motion Theory/ Reflection of waves/ Traveling and stationary waves/ Nodes and anti-nodes/ Stationary waves in strings/ Laws of transverse vibration of stretched strings
This document provides an overview of wave motion concepts including wave propagation, types of waves, wave terminology, speed of transverse waves, standing waves, and resonance. Key points covered include:
- Transverse waves have vibration perpendicular to propagation direction, while longitudinal waves have parallel vibration.
- Period, frequency, wavelength, speed, and phase are defined for waves.
- The speed of a transverse wave depends on the tension and linear mass density of the string.
- Standing waves occur at resonant frequencies when the string length is an integer multiple of half wavelengths.
Fourier series are used to represent periodic functions as the sum of simple oscillating functions like sines and cosines. This allows periodic functions, including discontinuous ones, to be broken down into their constituent frequencies or harmonics. Applications include representing sound waves, light waves, radio signals, and other physical phenomena involving wave motion or vibration. The Fourier coefficients determine the relative importance of each harmonic in the overall signal.
The document discusses oscillatory motion and waves. It begins by introducing waves created by dropping a pebble in water, with the waves moving outward in expanding circles. It then discusses the main types of waves - mechanical and electromagnetic. Mechanical waves require a medium and examples include sound and water waves, while electromagnetic waves do not require a medium and include light, radio waves, and x-rays. The document goes on to define key variables of wave motion including wavelength, period, frequency, and amplitude. It also discusses the direction of particle displacement in transverse and longitudinal waves. Finally, it covers simple harmonic motion and how the acceleration, velocity, and force are related for objects undergoing SHM.
1. The document discusses various topics related to wave motion including the characteristics of waves, types of waves, and the formation of stationary waves.
2. It provides definitions for key wave concepts like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, longitudinal and transverse waves. Equations are given for plane progressive waves traveling in different directions.
3. Reflection of waves at fixed and free ends is explained. The principle of superposition is described and used to show how two identical waves traveling in opposite directions can form a stationary standing wave with nodes and antinodes.
The document discusses various characteristics and properties of waves, including:
1. Waves transfer energy through a medium without transferring the medium itself. Particles in the medium oscillate or vibrate as a wave passes through.
2. Waves can be transverse, with oscillations perpendicular to the direction of travel, or longitudinal, with oscillations parallel to travel.
3. Key wave characteristics include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and speed. The speed of a wave is calculated as its frequency multiplied by wavelength.
4. Electromagnetic waves include visible light as well as other types of radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. All electromagnetic
This document defines and classifies different types of waves. It discusses mechanical waves, which require a medium and include waves on a string, in water, and sound waves. It also discusses electromagnetic waves, which do not require a medium and include visible light, radio waves, and others. The key characteristics of waves like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, velocity, and displacement are defined. Waves are classified as transverse waves, which involve vibration perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal waves, with parallel vibration like sound waves. Formulas relating variables like velocity, wavelength, and frequency are provided.
This document provides an overview of wave motion and different types of waves. It discusses mechanical waves, which require a medium and include sound and water waves, and electromagnetic waves, which can propagate through a vacuum at the speed of light. The key properties and differences between transverse waves, where particle motion is perpendicular to the wave direction, and longitudinal waves, where particle motion is parallel, are summarized. The document also covers topics such as stationary and progressive waves, reflection of waves, mechanical oscillation, and the characteristics of sound waves.
1) Periodic motion is a repeated pattern of motion defined by its cycle, period, frequency, and amplitude. Simple harmonic motion obeys Hooke's law where the restoring force is proportional to displacement.
2) Objects that undergo simple harmonic motion include spring-mass systems, where the period is defined by the mass and spring constant, and simple pendulums, where the period depends on the length and acceleration due to gravity.
3) There are two types of waves: transverse waves where the particle motion is perpendicular to the wave motion, and longitudinal/compressional waves where particle and wave motion are parallel. The speed of transverse waves depends on frequency and wavelength or the tension and mass/length of the string
The document discusses phase and group velocity of waves. It defines phase velocity as the velocity at which the phase of any single frequency component travels, represented by the crests of a wave. Group velocity is defined as the velocity at which the envelope or outline of a wave packet travels through space. The document demonstrates through equations and diagrams that for wave packets formed from superimposed waves, the phase velocity can be greater than the group velocity.
1. A standing wave is formed by two waves of equal amplitude, wavelength, and frequency travelling in opposite directions in the same medium.
2. Nodes occur at positions where the amplitude is zero, while antinodes occur at positions of maximum amplitude. The distance between nodes is half the wavelength, and between a node and adjacent antinode is a quarter wavelength.
3. For a string fixed at both ends, standing waves can form with wavelengths of 2L/m, where L is the string length and m is a positive integer. The lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency. Higher integer multiples of this frequency are the harmonics.
Wave velocity or phase velocity is the velocity with which a monochromatic wave propagates through a medium. It is represented by Vp and is equal to the ratio of the angular frequency (ω) to the wave number (k). The phase velocity describes the velocity at which the phase of the wave propagates in space, not the velocity of energy transport.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
15Waves ppt 1.pdf
1. Waves : A disturbance or variation that transfers energy progressively from
point to point in a medium .
2.
3. If the displacement of the individual atoms or molecules is perpendicular to
the direction the wave is traveling, the wave is called a transverse wave.
If the displacement is parallel to the direction of travel the wave is called a
longitudinal wave or a compression wave.
4. A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers
energy through a medium.
Waves can move over longer distances but the medium oscillates in SHM about an
equilibrium point. Therefore, the oscillating material does not move far from its initial
equilibrium position.
Mechanical waves transport energy. This energy propagates in the same direction as the
wave. Any kind of wave (mechanical or electromagnetic) has a certain energy.
Mechanical waves require medium to propagate.
Mechanical waves can be produced only in media which possess elasticity and inertia.
Example : Rock thrown into water will create mechanical waves which will propagate
outward in all directions.
Mechanical waves can also travel through a
rope/cord
5. Water waves are surface waves, a mixture of longitudinal and transverse waves.
Most ocean waves are produced by wind, and the energy from the wind offshore is
carried by the waves towards the shore.
Wind-driven waves, or surface waves, are created by the friction between wind and
surface water.
6. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through a medium like air or water. When
we think about sound, we often think about how loud it is (amplitude, or intensity) and
its pitch (frequency).
7. • Electromagnetic (EM) waves propagate through space and can propagate through
any medium.
• They are a natural phenomenon
8.
9. Matter waves are not electromagnetic waves.
Matter waves are generated by the motion of particles. If the particles are at rest,
then there is no meaning of matter waves associated with them.
The only function of the wave is to pilot or to guide the matter particles as shown
and hence it is called as pilot wave.
10. If the individual atoms and molecules in the medium move with simple harmonic
motion, the resulting periodic wave has a sinusoidal form. We call it a harmonic
wave or a sinusoidal wave.
Harmonic waves
Consider a transverse harmonic wave traveling in the positive x-direction. Harmonic
waves are sinusoidal waves. The displacement y of a particle in the medium is given as
a function of x and t by
y(x,t) = Asin(kx - ωt + φ)
where k is the wavenumber, k = 2π/λ, and ω = 2π/T = 2πf is the angular frequency of
the wave. φ is called the phase constant.
11. At a fixed time t the displacement y varies as a function of position x as
y = Asin(kx) = Asin*(2π/λ)x]
The phase constant φ is determined by the initial conditions of the motion. If at t = 0 and x
= 0 the displacement y is zero, then φ = 0 or π. If at t = 0 and x = 0 the displacement has its
maximum value, then φ = π/2. The quantity kx - ωt + φ is called the phase.
At a fixed position x the displacement y varies as a function of time as
y = Asin(ωt) = Asin*(2π/T)t+ with a convenient choice of origin.
For the transverse harmonic wave y(x,t) = Asin(kx - ωt + φ) we may write
y(x,t) = Asin[(2π/λ)x - (2πf)t + φ+ = Asin[(2π/λ)(x - λft) + φ+
or, using λf = v and 2π/λ = k,
y(x,t) = Asin[k(x - vt) + φ].
This wave travels into the positive x direction. Let φ = 0. Try to follow some point on the
wave, for example a crest. For a crest we always have kx - vt = π/2. If the time t increases,
the position x has to increase, to keep kx - vt = π/2.
12. For a transverse harmonic wave traveling in the negative x-direction we have
y(x,t) = Asin(kx + ωt + φ)= Asin(k(x + vt) + φ).
Interference
Two or more waves traveling in the same medium travel independently and can pass
through each other. In regions where they overlap we only observe a single
disturbance. We observe interference.
When two or more waves interfere, the resulting displacement is equal to the vector
sum of the individual displacements. If two waves with equal amplitudes overlap in
phase, i.e. if crest meets crest and trough meets trough, then we observe a resultant
wave with twice the amplitude. We have constructive interference.
If the two overlapping waves, however, are completely out of phase, i.e. if crest meets
trough, then the two waves cancel each other out completely. We have destructive
interference.
13. Standing waves
Consider two waves with the same amplitude, frequency, and wavelength that are
travelling in opposite directions on a string.
Using the trigonometric identities sin(a + b) = sin(a)cos(b) + cos(a)sin(b) we write the
resulting displacement of the string as a function of time as
y(x,t) = Asin(kx - ωt) + Asin(kx + ωt) = 2Asin(kx)cos(ωt).
This wave is no longer a traveling wave because the position and time dependence
have been separated. All sections of the string oscillate either in phase or 180o out
of phase. The section of the string at position x oscillates with amplitude
2Asin(kx). No energy travels along the string. There are sections that oscillate with
maximum amplitude and there are sections that do not oscillate at all. We have a
standing wave.
14. Impedance of a string
Impedance denoted by Z, tells us how much resistance the medium offers to the
passage of the wave.
This the ratio of the transverse force to transverse velocity
When we say transverse, it is transverse to the direction of motion of the wave. Ie.
If the wave is travelling is positive x direction, then the transverse force is the one
that is perpendicular to the wave.
where rho is the linear density and c the wave velocity
Impedance is the property of the medium
Impedance an also be written as …..
15. Any medium through which waves propagate will present an impedance to those
waves.
If the medium is lossless, and possesses no resistive or dissipation mechanism, this
impedance will be determined by the two energy storing parameters, inertia and
elasticity, and it will be real.
The presence of a loss mechanism will introduce a complex term into the impedance.
A string presents such an impedance to progressive waves and this is defined,
because of the nature of the waves, as the transverse impedance (Z)
19. The Superposition Principle And Fourier
Using Superposition Principle below, let's see how a complex wave can be described.
Sin waves A & B Using superposition principle , C = A + B
From the diagrams above we know that C = A + B.
Here, A = 0.5 * sin(2wt), and B = 0.2 * sin(16wt).
So, if f(t) represents the complex wave, then:
Note, the 'w' is the "angular frequency", usually given in radians per second. 'w = 2*pi*f0', where f0 is the
fundamental frequency of the wave. Notice that wave A has a frequency twice the fundamental ( 2wt ) and wave B
has 16 times the frequency of the fundamental (16wt).
20. Phase Shift
Phase shifts must also be handled, because a sinusoid can be shifted along the x-axis. If wave A above
were shifted by, say, 90 degrees, or pi/2, then the results would look as follows:
two waves, A and B, one phased shifted, A.
Phase shifting doesn't affect the fundamental frequency. It only affects the wave's
shape.
Using superposition principle , C = A + B
21. The DC Components
A wave can also have a constant or DC component or signal that shifts a sinusoid up or
down the y-axis so that it no longer oscillates around y = 0. The term "DC" comes from
"direct current". It's an artifact of electronics, due to the fact that Fourier is often used in
dealing with electrical signals. However, DC in Fourier does not have to be an electrical
signal. It's just the constant part of any signal, regardless of whether or not the medium
is electric, electromagnetic, pressure, etc.
A DC Component, 'A', and a sine wave, 'B'.
C = A + B.
The equation for the complex wave, C, above would be:
22. The General Form of the Fourier Series
First a brief summary of what we've learned so far. The Fourier Series applies only to
periodic waves. All of the components of a periodic waves are integer multiples of the
fundamental frequency. We also know that each component has its own phase and
amplitude. We also must account for a DC component if it exists. Assembling these facts,
here is the general form of the Fourier Series:
where a0 is the DC component, and w = 2*pi*f and f = the fundamental frequency.
A More Common Representation of the Fourier Series
More often the Fourier Series is represented by a sum of sine and cosine
waves (and often as complex notation, eiwt.
23. Periodic Waves and Fourier Transform
A periodic waveform consists of one lowest frequency component and multiples of
the lowest frequency component. The lowest frequency component is called
fundamental and the components that are multiples of fundamental frequency are
called harmonics.
French mathematician Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier demonstrated that any periodic
waveform is composed of a fixed term, plus an infinite series of cosine terms, plus
an infinite series of sine term. The frequency of these infinite sine and cosine terms
are multiples of the one fundamental frequency.
Mathematically we represent this statement as
f(t) = A0+A1cos(wt) + A2cos(2wt) + A3cos(3wt) + - - - - - - + Ancos(nwt)
+A1sin(wt) + A2sin(2wt) + A3sin(3wt) + - - - - - - + Ansin(nwt)
A0 represents the DC component of the periodic wave. For most periodic waves, the
values of the coefficients of the cosine and the sine terms diminish rapidly as the order
of the harmonics increases.
24. The figure illustrates a periodic wave (named total wave) formed of a
perfect sine wave of amplitude 1, a second harmonics of amplitude 0.2, and
a third harmonics of amplitude 0.15
Figure : A periodic wave composed from sum of the fundamental, 2nd Harmonics and 3rd
Harmonics
By varying the relative amplitudes of the fundamental and harmonics we can get more and more
shapes.
Notice that the rising edge of total waveform in the above diagram is faster than the rising edge of
fundamental sine wave. This is because all the harmonics start rising at the same time in this case.
In order to preserve a higher rising edge signal and its shape we will need to preserve more
harmonics of the wave as it propagates. In other words, it will require more bandwidth.
25. A symmetrical square wave is composed of the fundamental wave and the odd harmonics of sine waves.
The amplitude of the harmonics is inversely proportional to the frequency.
f(t) = A[sinwt + (1/3) sin3wt + (1/5) sin5wt + - - - - - - + (1/n)sin nwt].
The figure below shows the waveform produces by taking into account the fundamental, the first
harmonics and the third harmonics into account. Notice that the rise time of the square wave is faster
than the fundamental and the harmonics. The ripples of the wave would have decreased had we taken
more harmonics.
Figure : A square wave formed with fundamental, 3rd harmonics and 5th harmonics.
The square wave in the figure above (marked wave) is not a perfect square wave. Why? Because we
have formed it with only up to fifth harmonics. If we take more and more harmonics (7th , 9th etc.) and
add them, the resulting wave will be more and more close to a perfect square wave.
27. Bandwidth Theorem
This is applicable for wave groups made of many frequency components , each of
amplitude a lying within a narrow frequency range Dw.
Dw.Dt = 2p .......(1)
(width in frequency domain) x (width in time domain) = 2p
We know w = 2pn
Therefore eqn (1) becomes
D 2pn . Dt = 2p
Dn . Dt = 1 .......... (2)
This relation is applicable to all waves including particle waves in quantum mechanics.
This band width theorem implies that any wave phenomenon that occurs over a time
Dt will have a frequency spread, Dn given by
Dn =
1
Dt
𝐻𝑧
If Dt is small, then Dn will be large
28. The theorem also states that a single pulse of time duration Dt is the result of the
superposition of frequency components over the range Dw.
Shorter the period Dt of the pulse, the wider the range Dw of the frequencies
required to represent it.
Example
Lets assume that at one instance we clap our hands and at other instance we
cough.
Clap has smaller time width Dt than the cough. Therefore a clapping sound has
much larger frequency spread than the cough.
Our ear very sensitive to different frequencies and so can easily distinguish
between these two sound packets.
We thus realize band width theorem in regular life, an understanding of
superposition of waves.