G. Tagliacozzo, A. Ferruzza, A. Tudini, D. Adamo, L. Costanzo, G. Vetrella, D. Vignani, 30 Novembre - 1 Dicembre 2021 - Webinar: I cambiamenti climatici: sfide ed aspetti evolutivi dei sistemi statistici Titolo: Climate change and hazardous events: statistical experiences and challenges

1. Climate Change and
Hazardous Events:
statistical experiences
and challenges
GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
Ricercatore | Istat
30.11//2021
ANGELA FERRUZZA, ANGELICA TUDINI
DOMENICO ADAMO, LUIGI COSTANZO, GIUSY VETRELLA, DONATELLA VIGNANI
| Istat

2. o Context: Global Initiatives
o SENDAI Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
o Statistical Framework for Climate Change related statistics
o Statistical indicators for SDGs monitoring, Climate Change indicators and interlinkages
o Istat’s committment to producing Climate Change related information
o Istat, SDGs Report. Statistical Information for 2030 Agenda in Italy
o Italy’s first implementation of the core set of Unece Climate Change indicators
o Climate Change Adaptation: a challanging area
o Collection of adaptation case studies using the UNECE template
o Italian Experience: case studies
 Istat statistics: Meteoclimatic statistics and Climate Extremes Indices
 Air quality trends and pressure/mitigation factors in three major cities
o Challenges
Index
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO

3. Context: Global Initiatives
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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2015
2021
• Secure global net
zero by mid-century
and keep 1.5
degrees rich.
• Adapt to protect
communities and
natural habitats.

4. SENDAI Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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A set of 38 indicators was identified to measure global progress in the implementation of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

5. Statistical Frameworks for Climate Change related statistics
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED STATISTICS
 UNECE: CES Set of Core Climate Change-Related Indicators and Statistics Using SEEA
Recommended core set of CC related comparable indicators to be compiled and published in the CES
member countries.
Endorsed in 2020, includes 44 indicators covering CC drivers, emissions, impacts, mitigation and
adaptation, selected by policy relevance, methodological soundness and data availability criteria.
 UNSD: Global Consultation on Climate Change Statistics and Indicators
On 21 May 2021 UNSD launched a Global Consultation on the draft Global Set of CC Statistics and
Indicators, developed in close collaboration with the secretariat of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), applicable to all countries.
The draft Global Set is to be finalized on the outcomes of the Global Consultation and discussion at the
8th meeting of the EGES (October 2021).
Next step: submit the final Global Set and the metadata to the fifty-third session of the Statistical
Commission in March 2022 for adoption.

6. Statistical indicators for SDGs monitoring, Climate Change
indicators and interlinkages
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
2019 SDGs Report. Statistical information for 2030 Agenda in Italy
In terms of cause or effect, issues related to CC are present in almost all SDGs.
Goal 13 targets are aimed at developing and integrating measures to combat climate change
into national policies, strategies and plans, to increase the resilience of the territories to
climate-related risks and natural disasters.
Goal 13 - Take urgent action
to combat climate change and its impacts
Targets:
13.1 - Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and
natural disasters in all countries
13.2 - Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and
planning
13.3 - Improve education, aw areness-raising and human and institutional
capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early
w arning
13.a - Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the
United Nations Framew ork Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing
jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of
developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and
transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund
through its capitalization as soon as possible
13.b - Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for eff ective climate change
related planning and management in least developed countries and small island
developing States, including focusing on w omen, youth and local and
marginalized communities
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7. Istat’s committment to producing Climate Change related
information
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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Istat’s representatives actively involved in:
 Task Force on climate change-related statistics and indicators
 Task Force on measuring hazardous events and disasters
Specific activity on ‘Development of statistics and indicators for the measurement of hazardous
events and disasters and climate change related issues’
Some indicators regularly produced for annual reports:
 Report on SDGs indicators
 Report on competitiveness of enterpises
 Report on the national energy situation - Ministry of ecological transition
2020
2014

8. 2020 SDGs REPORT. STATISTICAL INFORMATION FOR 2030 AGENDA IN ITALY
In 2020, in Italy 22.57 inhabitants per km2
are exposed in areas at risk of flooding.
The trend towards decoupling the relationship between the dynamics of
emissions from production activities and GDP was confirmed in the last
year.
SDG 13.2.2 - Total Greenhouse
Gas emissions per year
13.1.1 - Number of deaths, missing persons
and directly affected persons attributed to
disasters per 100,000 population
Source: Ispra
Source: Istat
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
In 2019, GHG emissions in Italy
decreased by 2.8% compared to the
previous year.
In the period from 2008 to 2019, there has been a steady reduction in
emissions, both among institutional sectors (households and production
activities) and within different activities, albeit with varying intensities.
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9. 2020 Istat implemented for the first time the
Unece set of core climate change-related
indicators for Italy at national level
Summary results here
Detailed analysis: ebook (in Italian only) :
Economia e ambiente: una lettura integrata
Istat. (https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/258752 ).
2021 Feasibility assessment of
implementation at sub-national level
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS: STATISTICAL EXPERIENCES AND CHALLENGES | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
Italy’s first implementation of the core set of Unece Climate
Change indicators - timeline and overview of results
UNECE indicators by AREA
Total and number that can be
implemented in Italy
AREA Total n. of which
available
for Italy
(n.)
Drivers 9 8
Emissions 9 9
Impacts 13 5
Mitigation 8 4
Adaptation 5 3
TOTAL 44 29

10. Statistical sources for Unece indicators: Drivers Emissions, Mitigation
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS: STATISTICAL EXPERIENCES AND CHALLENGES | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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Environmental accounts
Other statistics
Not available
(p) = provisional
DRIVERS 8/9 Value
Total energy use by the national economy (Istat, 2020, Million terajoule) (p) 6.5
Total primary energy supply (TPES) (IEA, 2020, Mtoe) (p) 138.0
Share of fossil fuels in total energy use by the national economy (Istat, 2020, %) (p) 81.7
Share of fossil fuels in total primary energy supply (TPES) (IEA, 2020, %) (p) 78.0
Losses of land covered by (semi-) natural vegetation
Total support for fossil fuels in relation to GDP (Ministry of economy and finance, 2019, %) 0.7
Total energy intensity of production activities of the national economy (Istat, 2020, terajoule per milion
euro of GDP, chain linked values 2015) (p)
2.8
Total CO2 intensity of energy used in production activities of the national economy (Istat, 2020, ktons
per terajoule) (p)
51.3
Energy use by resident households per capita (Istat, 2020, terajoule per capita) (p) 33.2
EMISSIONS 9/9 Value
Total greenhouse gas emissions from the national economy (Istat, 2020, Mton CO2 equivalents) (p) 393.3
Total greenhouse gas emissions from the national territory (Ispra, 2020, Mton CO2 equivalents) (p) 382.3
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion attributable to the national economy (Istat, 2020, Mton) (p) 298.9
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion within the national territory (Ispra, 2020, Mton) (p) 288.0
Greenhouse gas emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) (Ispra, 2020, Mton
CO2 equivalents) (p)
-34.4
Total greenhouse gas emissions from production activities (Istat, 2020, Mton CO2 equivalents) (p) 295.0
Greenhouse gas emission intensity of production activities (Istat, 2020, ton CO2 equivalents per million
euro of value added) (p)
210.8
Direct greenhouse gas emissions from households (Istat, 2020, Mton CO2 equivalents) (p) 98.4
Carbon footprint (Istat, 2018, Mton CO2 equivalents) 475.0
MITIGATION 4/8 Value
Renewable energy share in total energy use by the national economy (Istat,
2020, %) (p)
18.3
Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption within the
national territory (IEA, 2018, %)
17.1
Share of climate change mitigation expenditure in relation to GDP
Share of energy and transport related taxes in total taxes and social
contributions (Istat, 2020, %) (p)
7.0
Total climate change related subsidies and similar transfers in relation to GDP
Average trading carbon price
source: other than official
statistics
Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to
the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion
commitment through to 2025
Net emissions/removals of carbon dioxide by forest land (Ispra, 2020, Mton CO2
equivalents) (p)
-37.3

11. Statistical sources for Unece indicators: Impacts Adaptation
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS: STATISTICAL EXPERIENCES AND CHALLENGES | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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Environmental accounts
Other statistics
Not available
IMPACTS 5/13 Value
Direct economic loss attributed to hydro-meteorological disasters in relation to GDP
Mean temperature anomaly (compared to climate normal 1961 - 1990) (Ispra, 2019,
Gradi Celsius)
1,56
Percentage of land area suffering from unusually wet or dry conditions (Standard
Precipitation Index)
Occurrence of extremes of temperatures and precipitation (Istat and other sources)
Set of Climate
Index
Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater
resources (Partial, Freshwater withdrawal for public water supply, Istat, 2018, Million
m
3
)
9.219,8
Carbon stock in soil
Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area (Proxy: Soil sealing from
artificial land cover, Ispra, 2019, %)
7,10
Placeholder for indicator on CC impact on biodiversity
Number of deaths and missing persons attributed to hydro-meteorological disasters,
per 100,000 population Partial, floods and landslides, 2018, N.)
44
Number of people whose destroyed dwellings were attributed to hydro-meteorological
disasters
Incidence of climate-related vector-borne diseases
Excess mortality related to heat
Direct agricultural loss attributed to hydro-meteorological disasters
ADAPTATION 3/5 Value
Share of government adaptation expenditure in relation to GDP
Change in water use efficiency over time (Partial; Urban water
supply network efficiency, Istat, 2018, %)
58,0
Share of green urban areas in the total area of cities (Incidence
of urban green areas on urbanized area of the cities, Istat, 2019,
M2
per 100 m2
of urbanized areas)
9,0
(Placeholder for indicator on CC adaptation by forests)
Proportion of agricultural area under productive and sustainable
agriculture (Partial, Share of utilized agricultural land under
organic farming, Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry
Policies, 2019,%)
15,8

12. • Climate change adaptation is an increasingly important component of climate change response but its
measurement remains challenging. Existing adaptation indicators and statistics have limited data
availability and varying relevance across countries and regions.
• Progress will require developing and agreeing on concepts and methods, understanding the data needs
and sharing context-specific experiences. A template developed by the UNECE Steering Group on
Climate Change-Related Statistics aims to stimulate collecting country case studies following a bottom-
up but structured approach
Climate Change Adaptation: UNECE template case studies
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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Measuring Climate Change Adaptation:
Case studies
• To collect practical examples
• The focus should depend on what is
relevant in the country.
• It can relate to one or more hazards,
address exposure or vulnerability of
population or territory, focus on specific
geomorphological territories.

13. ITALIAN URBAN WARMING
Through the Survey Meteoclimatic
and Hydrological Data Istat yearly
produces statistics and indices at local
scale, used as context indicators in
SDGs Indicators, Goal 11.
Concerning Italian regional capital
cities, since 1971 annual average
temperature shows a positive trend,
with the highest values exeending 16°C
in the last ten years.
Anomalies of annual average
temperature from CLINO 1971-2000
became ever positive and significant
after 1996. Annual anomalies grow in
recent years, recording an average
value in the decade 2011-2020 of
about +1,3°C on CLINO value.
Istat Statistics on Climate Change in main Italian Cities 1971-2020*
FIGURE 1. ANOMALIES OF ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF ITALIAN REGIONAL CAPITAL CITIES
FROM CLIMATIC NORMAL 1971-2000* - Years 1971-2020*, absolute values in °C (*2020 provisional data)
Source: Istat Survey Meteoclimatic and Hydrological Data
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14. POSITIVE ANOMALIES OF ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
concerning Italian regional capital cities, provisional data
2020 record an annual average temperature on average
among cities of 15,8°C (+1,2°C on CLINO 1971-2000
value). Positive anomalies grow in all cities, due to rises
in both minimum and maximum temperature. Highest
positive anomalies with respect to CLINO: Perugia,
Rome, Milan, Bologna, Turin.
Precipitation and Temperature Indicators by main Cities, year 2020*
FIGURE 2. ANOMALIES OF 2020* ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION AND MINIMUM, AVERAGE, MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE FROM CLIMATIC NORMAL
1971-2000* BY REGIONAL CAPITAL AND METROPOLITAN CITIES - Year 2020*, absolute values in mm and °C (*2020 provisional data)
Source: Istat Survey Meteoclimatic and Hydrological Data
NEGATIVE ANOMALIES OF ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION
focusing on Italian regional capital cities, provisional
data 2020 show a total precipitation anomaly on
average of - 91 mm with respect to CLINO 1971-2000
value (763,8 mm). Negative anomalies seem to be
increasing and are recorded in 18 cities in 2020.
Highest negative anomalies with respect to CLINO:
Naples, Genoa, Catanzaro, Florence, Bologna, Milan.
Climatic Normal 1971-2000 is not available for Reggio di Calabria, Messina and Catania.
Annual data are compared with 2006-2015 average values
Climatic Normal 1971-2000 is not available for Reggio di Calabria, Messina
and Catania. Annual data are compared with 2006-2015 average values
Anomaly of annual total precipitation
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15. METEOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE LAST DECADE
In a urban context, meteoclimatic indicators can be linked
with those describing pressure or mitigation factors (air
pollution, proportion of green areas, road traffic pressure).
Data for 3 major Cities show how meteoclimatic
conditions can interact with other environmental variables
and favour the Urban Heat Island effect and air pollution.
MILAN since 2011 annual average temperature anomalies are
positive, total annual precipitation anomalies mostly negative
ROME since 2011 annual average temperature anomalies
always positive; annual precipitation anomalies mostly
negative, since 2015 anomalies of consecutive dry days grow
NAPLES annual average temperature anomalies are always
positive; annual precipitation anomalies negative.
Meteoclimatic Indicators trends in 3 major Cities, years 2011-2020*
FIGURE 3. ANOMALIES OF ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE, ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION, CONSECUTIVE DRY DAYS INDEX FROM CLIMATIC
NORMAL 1971-2000* IN MILAN, ROME, NAPLES - Years 2011-2020*, absolute values in mm and number of days (*2020 provisional data)
MILAN ROME NAPLES
Source: Istat Survey Meteoclimatic and Hydrological Data
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16. Air quality trends and pressure/mitigation factors in 3 major cities
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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MILAN: higher energy
consumption and higher risk
of suffering from the Urban
Heat Island effect (Ozone
exceedings on the rise),
which can be linked to the
low proportion of green
areas.
ROME: pollution trends are
stable and in line with the
national averages. High
pressure from road traffic,
mitigation from green areas
NAPLES: low energy
consumption, no Ozone
exceedings in last years.
High share of obsolete/more
pollutant cars
2020
provisional
data
Final consumption of
natural gas+electricity
(Toe per 1000 p)
Road traffic pressure
(Cars per 1000 p) (% Euro 0-3 cars)
Green areas
coverage (Pct. of
municipal territory)
Milan 96  491  26.0 %  13.8 % 
Rome 61  626  27.2 %  35.6 % 
Naples 37  586  52.7 %  31.5 % 

17. • Actions for Climate Change strictly connected with sustainable development
• A step by step approach, where every step is essential: statistical measure for Climate
Change are actions to face with Climate change
• Climate change statistics are increasingly essential and will require consistent effort.
Progress will require not only developing and agreeing on concepts and methods but also
production of other data and indicators
Climate Change and Hazardous Events Related Statistics are a Challenge for National
Statistics Organizations
Istat is increasing statistical measures and a dedicated report will be disseminated in the
next months, but it is necessary to increase resources and efforts also considering the
opportunity from territorial statistics, the Registers and the census data.
Statistical measure for Climate Changes and Hazardous Events:
Challenges and perspectives
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HAZARDOUS EVENTS | GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
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18. grazie
per l’attenzione
GIOVANNA TAGLIACOZZO
Ricercatore | Istat
tagliaco@istat.it