1450-1750 Global Commerce & Trade
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Global trade expanded significantly between 1450-1750, driven by demand for silver, sugar, spices and other commodities. The top trading commodities of this period were silver, slaves, sugar, spices and furs. This growth was facilitated by the rise of European trading empires and companies that established colonial outposts and monopolies. Key developments included the transatlantic slave trade, growth of the fur trade between Europe, Russia and North America, and the establishment of the Dutch and British East India Companies.
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This document provides a review of topics for a test on World Wars and the Depression. It asks the learner to compare the causes and results of World Wars I and II, discuss the changes outside of Europe from WWI including in the Ottomans, Middle East, East Asia, and US. It also asks about the causes and results of the Global Economic Depression, how WWII differed from WWI in its conduct, effects on civilians, government role, women, and the Holocaust. Additionally, it provides questions on the effect of WWII on European colonies and the three factors that led to Europe's quick recovery after WWII.
World wars compared results
Both World Wars resulted in massive death and destruction as well as redrawn maps with losing sides losing territory. They also changed political structures by expanding government power and creating international organizations. New powers emerged like the U.S. after both wars and the Soviet Union after WWII. Societies changed with women gaining more power and colonial subjects pushing for independence.
Global economic depression overview
The document provides an overview of the causes and results of the Great Depression between 1929-World War II. The key causes included the US economy's influence on world trade and loans which destabilized when the US stock market crashed in 1929. This led European economies to fail as they were unable to pay back loans to the US. As a result, unemployment rose to 30% in some nations, thousands of banks failed, global trade declined sharply, and agricultural and industrial production plummeted worldwide.
World wars compared warfare
Both World War I and II were massive global conflicts that mobilized entire nations and saw the development and use of new destructive weapons and technologies. Both wars involved the targeting of civilians, genocide including the Holocaust, and total mobilization of society and resources for war. While World War I featured stalemated trench warfare, World War II saw more mobile and surprise attacks across air, sea, and land.
World Wars Compared - Overview
The document provides an overview of World War I and World War II. It notes that WWI was from 1914-1918 with US involvement from 1917-1918. WWII lasted from 1937-1945 in Asia and 1939-1945 in Europe and Africa, with US involvement from 1941-1945. Both wars resulted in major economic, social, and political changes globally and impacted civilian populations, governments, and economies.
Japan - Meiji 18th and 19th centuries
Under the Tokugawa shogunate in the early 1600s, Japan pursued a policy of isolationism, expelling foreigners and prohibiting the Japanese from leaving. However, in the 1800s, outside powers like Britain threatened Japan militarily. Japanese leaders opened the country to trade and Western influence to modernize. This led to the overthrow of the Tokugawa rulers and the start of the Meiji period. During the Meiji restoration from 1860 to 1900, Japan transformed rapidly into an industrial and military power by selectively adopting Western ideas while maintaining independence.
Imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries
In the 18th and 19th centuries, industrialized nations strengthened control over their colonies and established overseas empires throughout Asia, Africa, and the Pacific in order to gain access to raw materials, capture valuable trade routes, expand markets for their goods, and demonstrate their power in the international system. Nations justified their imperialism through beliefs of racial and cultural superiority as well as a desire to spread Christianity and civilization. They used military superiority provided by new technologies like steam power, strong navies, and wealth to influence local leaders and conquer territories to build their empires.
Industrial Revolution - some ideas
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other Western European countries, the United States, Russia, and Japan in the 19th century. It involved a transition from manual labor and animal or water power to machine production using steam power in factories. This led to increased production, specialization of labor, and a shift from rural home production to urban factory work. The Industrial Revolution brought both benefits like improved production but also social problems such as child labor and poor working conditions.
Atlantic Revolutions - Results
The document summarizes some of the results and impacts of the American Revolution, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution, and revolutions in Latin America between 1700-1850. It notes that the American Revolution led to a stable democratic government under the US Constitution, with continued economic and social freedoms. The French Revolution saw frequent government changes but the spread of revolutionary ideals. The Haitian Revolution led to the end of slavery and plantation agriculture in Haiti. Revolutions in Latin America resulted in regional conflicts and the splitting of Central and South America into nation-states.
Revolutions causes compared (2016)
The document discusses the political revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries in North America, France, Haiti, and Latin America. It identifies several similarities in the causes of these Atlantic revolutions, including that they were influenced by the Enlightenment and ideas of natural rights and social contract. They also involved conflicts between social classes and economic problems like inflation and taxation that led the lower classes to rebel. Finally, the revolutions inspired and caused other revolutions, and European wars either directly or indirectly contributed to the revolutions.
DBQ grading & corrections
This document outlines how students can earn points on a DBQ essay grading rubric, including +50 for a good introduction, +20 for a clear thesis, and +15 each for addressing at least one social and economic effect from the documents, attempting to group the documents in topic sentences, and explaining the point of view of one document's author or speaker. It also provides instructions for students to write addition paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper by Tuesday to earn points for any parts of the rubric they did not receive originally, such as writing a thesis if one was not present.
Essay format review
This document provides instructions for two essay tests on Thursday. The first test asks students to compare the rise of the Mongols to the rise of one of several empires between 1200-1400 CE. Students are instructed to write a thesis with one similarity and difference, and two body paragraphs analyzing causes and providing evidence. The second test asks students to analyze changes and continuities in Mediterranean culture from 500-1200 CE, following a similar outline of writing a thesis and two body paragraphs.
Tokugawa Japan - Brief Look
Before the 1500s, Japan experienced political fragmentation and civil wars between feudal lords. When Europeans arrived in the 1500s, they introduced firearms and trade goods. Christian missionaries converted thousands of Japanese with support from some feudal lords. In the 1600s, the Tokugawa family gained power and unified most of Japan under a feudal shogunate that lasted into the 1800s. The Tokugawa shoguns severely limited European influence by banning Christianity, restricting trade, and isolating Japan from most foreign contact for over 200 years. During this period of isolation, Japan centralized its government, improved infrastructure, and experienced cultural and economic growth.
Silver Trade 140-1750
Global silver trade in the 16th-17th centuries fueled global commerce. The discovery of silver deposits in Japan, Mexico, and South America coincided with the Ming dynasty demanding payment in silver, establishing global trade routes like the Manila Galleons that exchanged American silver for Asian goods. This commercialization boosted economies worldwide but also led to the deaths of over 8 million native people mining silver and the bankruptcy of the Spanish government once silver values dropped.
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1450-1750 Global Commerce & Trade
- 1. Global Commerce & Trade 1450-1750
- 2. TOP TEN GLOBAL TRADE Commodities (2013)
- 3. Rank Commodity Value in US$ 1 Mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, etc. $2,183,079,941 2 Electrical, electronic equipment $1,833,534,414 3 Machinery, nuclear reactors, boilers, etc. $1,763,371,813 4 Vehicles other than railway $1,076,830,856 5 Plastics and articles thereof $470,226,676 6 Optical, photo, technical, medical, etc. apparatus $465,101,524 7 Pharmaceutical products $443,596,577 8 Iron and steel $379,113,147 9 Organic chemicals $377,462,088 10 Pearls, precious stones, metals, coins, etc. $348,155,369 TOP TEN GLOBAL TRADE Commodities “2013”
- 4. TOP 5 Trade commodities 1450-1750? • 5. FUR (Beaver, Deer, Sable, etc.) • 4. TEXTILES (Cotton, Silk) • 3. SLAVES • 2. SUGAR & SPICES (Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Cloves,etc)/ • 1. SILVER
- 8. CHANGE in Global Commerce SILVER! • Silver was THE ITEM that truly began GLOBAL TRADE • Chinese demand for silver and new silver mines in Spanish America & Japan led to global trade movement.
- 12. CHANGE in Global Commerce TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE (esp for sugar production) • Massive movement of people through the slave trade from coasts of West Africa to the Americas led by Europeans (African supported). • Slave trade to fill demand for labor in plantation agriculture in the Caribbean, Brazil, and N America.
- 19. “New” trade connections FUR TRADE • Luxury furs exported from Russia and North America .
- 22. New trading empires EUROPEAN TRADING POST EMPIRES • European nation-states controlled ports and territories in Africa, South & Southeast Asia • Increasingly Europeans carried the trade goods of maritime trade…even the routes that had existed before European arrival
- 26. Dutch East India Company
- 27. • Pool wealth for a common purpose • 1500s and 1600s common purpose was colonization • Profits and risks were high • If there was failure the risk was spread out • Dutch (Indonesia) and British (India)-received charters from the govt. granting trading monopolies and the power to make war and govern conquered people Joint Stock Companies-Private
- 28. Economic Motives The Commercial Revolution-16th and 17th Century Europe • Capitalism – An economic system based on private (not govt.) ownership and the investment of wealth for profit. – Wealthy merchants reinvested their profits into new ventures – A key role in the Industrial Revolution • Mercantilism – An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. – The goal was self-sufficiency
- 31. JAPAN • After a period of contact with Europeans, Japanese isolate themselves from outsiders while profiting from the silver trade and keeping “watch” on outsiders.
- 32. Make a map that has the main trade routes + Oceans- Atlantic, Indian, & Pacific Seas- Mediterranean, Caribbean, & Black Empires- Label each separately… –Qing (Strayer p644) –Mughal (645) –Ottoman (647) –Russian (682) –Spanish, French, Dutch, English, Portuguese territories. (682)
- 36. • Increase in economic activity leads to increase in $ supply. • Inflation-steady rise in the price of goods • Occurs when people have more money to spend and demand more goods and services • Goods become scarce and more valuable and prices rise Inflation