This paper is purely a data compilation of Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) among various cities in India. It describes and compares UMTA of five different Indian cities including Hyderabad, Chennai, Indore, Pune and Jaipur. UMTA acts as an umbrella body that already co-ordinates the entire transport activities of the city are expected to cover more areas under the public transport system. This paper also studies how cities that have constituted UMTA ensures a comprehensive public transport system.
India has the second largest road network in the world, spanning a total of 4.7 million kilometres. Roads in India bear about 85 per cent of the country's passenger traffic and 60 per cent of freight traffic.
The value of total roads and bridges infrastructure is expected to touch US$ 19.2 billion by 2017. The key factors responsible for driving demand in the sector have been the rise in two-wheeler and four-wheeler vehicles and increasing freight traffic. Rising per-capita incomes and a growing middle class coupled with easier access to finance and a wider price range of vehicles have boosted car sales. During 2007-14, the sales of passenger and commercial vehicles are expected to increase at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15 and 13.5 per cent to touch 3.5 and 0.85 million respectively.
Infrastructure spending by the government is expected to touch US$ 1 trillion in the next Five-Year Plan (FY13-17). To promote the sector, the government has allowed 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) under the automatic route. Development of national highways through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is expected to remain the key focus area for the government. During the next five years, investments through PPP are expected to be over USD41 billion for national highways and around USD10 billion for state highways.
Bus system reform in India through JnNURMJaspal Singh
As part of Second Economic Stimulus Package by Government of India (announced on 02nd January 2009), the Government launched a scheme to provide one time assistance to States for the purchase of buses for their Urban transport system and identified 61 mission cities in the first phase. The presentation gives a brief overview of the complete scheme and its current status.
This paper is purely a data compilation of Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority (UMTA) among various cities in India. It describes and compares UMTA of five different Indian cities including Hyderabad, Chennai, Indore, Pune and Jaipur. UMTA acts as an umbrella body that already co-ordinates the entire transport activities of the city are expected to cover more areas under the public transport system. This paper also studies how cities that have constituted UMTA ensures a comprehensive public transport system.
India has the second largest road network in the world, spanning a total of 4.7 million kilometres. Roads in India bear about 85 per cent of the country's passenger traffic and 60 per cent of freight traffic.
The value of total roads and bridges infrastructure is expected to touch US$ 19.2 billion by 2017. The key factors responsible for driving demand in the sector have been the rise in two-wheeler and four-wheeler vehicles and increasing freight traffic. Rising per-capita incomes and a growing middle class coupled with easier access to finance and a wider price range of vehicles have boosted car sales. During 2007-14, the sales of passenger and commercial vehicles are expected to increase at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15 and 13.5 per cent to touch 3.5 and 0.85 million respectively.
Infrastructure spending by the government is expected to touch US$ 1 trillion in the next Five-Year Plan (FY13-17). To promote the sector, the government has allowed 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) under the automatic route. Development of national highways through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is expected to remain the key focus area for the government. During the next five years, investments through PPP are expected to be over USD41 billion for national highways and around USD10 billion for state highways.
Bus system reform in India through JnNURMJaspal Singh
As part of Second Economic Stimulus Package by Government of India (announced on 02nd January 2009), the Government launched a scheme to provide one time assistance to States for the purchase of buses for their Urban transport system and identified 61 mission cities in the first phase. The presentation gives a brief overview of the complete scheme and its current status.
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Mr Dhanendra Kumar's was invited to deliver a lecture primarily addressing the students at the USC Marshall School of Business -University of Southern California on the theme of the transition to renewables in India.
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Waste water treatment plant business plan in KigaliAnvit Goyal
feasibility study for launching integrated wastewater management plant in the household segment in Rwanda. Formulated financial models and risk models to assess the best alternative for treatment systems.
Important Current Affairs for Civil Services Exam - May 2018 to July 2018Pragnya IAS Academy
It covers about the Niti Aayog Delta Rankings and about ban of Oxytocin hormone. It covers about various Important schemes like Van Dhan Scheme, Suryashakti Kisan Yojana etc.,. It covers about the Niti Aayog Composite Water Management Index etc.,
Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
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Mr Dhanendra Kumar's was invited to deliver a lecture primarily addressing the students at the USC Marshall School of Business -University of Southern California on the theme of the transition to renewables in India.
we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
feel free to contact us for any query regarding your exam
contact us at : 9454721860, 0522-4241011
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Waste water treatment plant business plan in KigaliAnvit Goyal
feasibility study for launching integrated wastewater management plant in the household segment in Rwanda. Formulated financial models and risk models to assess the best alternative for treatment systems.
Important Current Affairs for Civil Services Exam - May 2018 to July 2018Pragnya IAS Academy
It covers about the Niti Aayog Delta Rankings and about ban of Oxytocin hormone. It covers about various Important schemes like Van Dhan Scheme, Suryashakti Kisan Yojana etc.,. It covers about the Niti Aayog Composite Water Management Index etc.,
Current Affairs for Civil Services and other state level exams. for more query please contact us: 9454721860
and also visit our website : www.iasnext.com
and follow for more on instagram and facebook
we are here to help you in the duration of your preparation
feel free to contact us for any query regarding your exam
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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Current Affairs
Privatisation of Railways
Reference News-
The employees union of the North Western Railway (NWR) protested recently against the privatisation
of railways announced by Centre recently.
Rail Privatisation:
Objectives of privatisation:
1. To introduce modern technology rolling stock with reduced maintenance.
2. Reduced transit time.
3. Boost job creation.
4. Provide enhanced safety.
5. Provide world-class travel experience to passengers.
6. Reduce demand-supply deficit in the passenger transportation sector.
Pros:
1. Improved Infrastructure – It will lead to better infrastructure which in turn would lead to
improved amenities for travellers.
2. Balancing Quality of Service with High Fares – The move would foster competition and hence
lead to overall betterment in the quality of services.
3. Lesser Accidents – Because private ownership is synonymous with better maintenance,
supporters of privatisation feel that it will reduce the number of accidents, thus resulting in safe
travel and higher monetary savings in the long run.
Cons:
• Coverage Limited to Lucrative Sectors– An advantage of Indian Railways being government-
owned is that it provides nation-wide connectivity irrespective of profit. This would not be
possible with privatisation since routes which are less popular will be eliminated, thus having a
negative impact on connectivity.
• Fares– Given that a private enterprise runs on profit, it is but natural to assume that the easiest
way of accruing profits in Indian Railways would be to hike fares, thus rendering the service out
of reach for lower income groups. This will defeat the entire purpose of the system which is
meant to serve the entire population of the country irrespective of the level of income.
• Accountability– Private Companies are unpredictable in their dealings and do not share their
governance secrets with the world at large. In such a scenario it would be difficult to pin the
accountability on a particular entity, should there be a discrepancy.
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Recent Decision of Ministry of Railways in this
regard:
1. On July 1, 2020, the Ministry of Railways
announced that 151 trains in 109 pairs of
routes will be operated by private sectors. It
comprises just 5% of the 2,800 Express and
Mail services operated by Indian Railways.
2. Private trains will start operating tentatively
in 2023 and in 12 clusters.
3. Private companies will be given the
freedom to procure locomotives and trains
from their source of choice.
4. Railways has invited Request for
Qualifications proposals, for scrutiny of
vendor capabilities, from those who can
bring modern trains for operations on
existing rail infrastructure.
Findings of Chandrayaan-2:
Reference News-
The Orbiter and other instruments of Chandrayaan-2 mission have, in two years, gathered a wealth of
new information that has added to our knowledge about the Moon and its environment.
What happened to Chandrayaan-2?
• Chandrayaan-2, India’s second mission to the Moon, had failed to make a soft-landing on the
lunar surface.
• The lander and rover malfunctioned in the final moments and crash-landed, getting destroyed
in the process.
But, why is this mission still relevant?
Despite the failure, the mission’s orbiter and other parts have been functioning normally, gathering
information. Recently, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) released the information
gathered by the scientific payloads till now, some of which were still to be analysed and assessed.
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What is the information gathered?
• Presence of water molecules on moon: The mission has given the most precise information
about the presence of H2O molecules on the Moon till date.
• Presence of Minor elements: Chromium, manganese and Sodium have been detected for the first
time through remote sensing. The finding can lay the path for understanding magmatic evolution
on the Moon and deeper insights into the nebular conditions as well as planetary differentiation.
• Information about solar flares: A large number of micro flares outside the active region have
been observed for the first time, and according to ISRO, this “has great implications on the
understanding of the mechanism behind heating of the solar corona”, which has been an open
problem for many decades.
• Exploration of the permanently shadowed regions as well as craters and boulders underneath
the regolith, the loose deposit comprising the top surface extending up to 3-4m in depth. This is
expected to help scientists to zero in on future landing and drilling sites, including for human
missions.
Chandrayaan-2 Mission:
The Chandrayaan-2 mission, which was lost
after it hard landed on the dark side of the
Moon in 2019, remains active in the form of
its orbiter hovering over the Moon.
Scientists used the Solar X-ray Monitor
(XSM) onboard Chandrayaan-2 in September
2019 to study the Sun.
• The primary objective of Chandrayaan
2 was to demonstrate the ability to
soft-land on the lunar surface and
operate a robotic rover on the
surface.
• The mission consisted of an Orbiter of
the Moon, Vikram (after Vikram
Sarabhai) – the lander and Pragyan (wisdom) – the rover, all equipped with scientific
instruments to study the moon.
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Swachh Survekshan Grameen 2021
Reference News:
Swachh Survekshan Grameen, 2021 was launched recently under the Swachh Bharat Mission Phase- 2.
• It aims to support acceleration of ODF plus interventions and results in the country.
About Swachh Survekshan Grameen (SSG), 2021
• An expert agency has been hired to conduct the Survekshan 2021.
• As part of the Survekshan, Villages, Districts and States would be ranked using key
parameters.
• 17,475 villages in 698 Districts across the country will be covered where schools,
anganwadis, public health centres, haat/bazaars/religious places will be visited for survey.
• Also, citizens will be mobilized to provide feedback on sanitation related issues online using
an application developed for the purpose.
What is the Background of SSG?
• It was Commissioned by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the
Ministry of Jal Shakti.
• It has been a vehicle for creating a Janandolan (people’s movement).
• Districts are ranked based on their performance on key quality and quantitative parameters.
• The weights to different elements of the SSG 2021 are as below:
o Direct Observation of sanitation at public places – 30%
o Citizen’s Feedback – 35%
o Service Level Progress on sanitation related parameters – 35%
What is Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase-II?
• SBM (G) Phase-II was approved in February 2020 by the Ministry of Jal Shakti and will be
implemented from 2020-21 to 2024-25 with total outlay of Rs. 1,40,881 crores.
• It emphasizes the sustainability of achievements under phase I and to provide adequate
facilities for Solid/Liquid & plastic Waste Management (SLWM) in rural India.
• The fund sharing pattern between Centre and States will be 90:10 for North-Eastern States and
Himalayan States and UT of J&K; 60:40 for other States; and 100% for other Union Territories.
About Open Defecation Free (ODF), ODF+, ODF++ Status (for Town and Cities)
• ODF: At any point of the day, not even a single person is found defecating in the open.
• ODF+: At any point of the day, not a single person is found defecating and/or urinating in the
open, and all community and public toilets are functional and well maintained.
• ODF++: If the area is already ODF+ and the faecal sludge/septage and sewage are safely
managed and treated
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UDAN scheme
Reference News:
The Civil Aviation Ministry has announced its agenda over the next 100 days. It includes:
1. Launching 50 new routes under the UDAN scheme.
2. Rationalising the value added tax (VAT) charged on aviation turbine fuel (ATF).
About UDAN scheme (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) Scheme:
• The scheme is aimed at enhancing connectivity to remote and regional areas of the country and
making air travel affordable.
• It is a key component of Centre’s National Civil Aviation Policy led by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi and launched in June 2016.
• Under the scheme, nearly half of the seats in Udan flights are offered at subsidised fares, and
the participating carriers are provided a certain amount of viability gap funding (VGF) – an
amount shared between the Centre and the concerned states.
• The scheme will be jointly funded by the central government and state governments.
• The scheme will run for 10 years and can be extended thereafter.
UDAN 4.0:
• The 4th round of UDAN was launched in December 2019 with a special focus on North-Eastern
Regions, Hilly States, and Islands.
• The airports that had already been developed by Airports Authority of India (AAI) are given
higher priority for the award of VGF (Viability Gap Funding) under the Scheme.
• Under UDAN 4, the operation of helicopters and seaplanes is also been incorporated.
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Impact of fossil fuel extraction on global warming:
Reference News-
According to a new study (published in the journal Nature), global fossil fuel extraction needs to go
down to keep global warming to below 1.5 degrees Celsius, which is the target set by the 2015 Paris
Climate Agreement.
Key findings:
1. The global oil and gas production should decline by three per cent per year until 2050 to reach
the target set by the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement.
2. As of now, both planned and operational fossil fuel extraction projects are not conducive to
meeting the targets set.
3. A substantial number of regions in the world have already reached their peak fossil fuel
production and that any increase in fossil fuel production will have to be offset by a decline
elsewhere, if the goal wants to be achieved.
4. The required unextracted reserves need to be 58 percent for oil, 59 percent for fossil methane
gas and 89 percent for coal by 2050. Which is to say that these percentages of fossil fuels need
to remain unextractable if global warming targets are kept in mind.
Why is there a need to limit the use of fossil fuels?
Global cost of air pollution from fossil fuels is high: It was around $2.9 trillion per year, or $8 billion
per day, which was 3.3 per cent of the world’s GDP at the time.
• India is estimated to bear a cost of $150 billion from air pollution caused by fossil fuels.
Challenges ahead:
1. As of now, human activities have already caused global temperatures to rise by about 1 degree
Celsius above pre-industrial levels (1950-1900).
2. Currently, countries’ emissions targets are not in line with limiting global warming to under 1.5
degrees.
What is the goal set out by the Paris Climate Agreement?
The Paris Climate Agreement that was signed by 195 countries in 2015 has set out a goal to limit
climate change in the coming decades.
• The agreement aims to slow the process of global warming by making efforts to “hold the
increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees above pre-industrial
levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees above pre-
industrial levels”.
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Need of the hour for India:
• Reduce emphasis on domestic
exploration.
• Increase productivity of producing fields.
• Increase strategic reserves.
• Restructure and reorganize public sector
petroleum companies.
• Avoid siloed thinking.
Hydropower Projects in Himalayas
Reference news-
Recently, the central government has said that no new Hydropower projects would be allowed in the
upper reaches of the Ganga and those sanctioned would have to abide by environment regulations
that prescribe a minimum flow in the river at all times of the year to preserve its health.
Next Analysis-
About:
o Seven projects, all in Uttarakhand, have been allowed to complete construction primarily on
the ground that they were over 50% complete.
o The seven projects are the:
• Tehri Stage 2: 1000 MW on Bhagirathi river
• Tapovan Vishnugadh: 520 MW on Dhauliganga river
• Vishnugadh Pipalkoti: 444 MW on Alaknanda river
• Singoli Bhatwari: 99 MW on Mandakini river
• Phata Bhuyang: 76 MW on Mandakini river
• Madhyamaheshwar: 15 MW on Madhyamaheshwar Ganga
• Kaliganga 2: 6 MW on Kaliganga river
Issues:
o Activists have raised concerns that two projects, Singoli Bhatwari and Phata Bhuyang, which
were specifically linked to the Kedarnath Tragedy (2013) have been allowed.
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o The Vishnugadh project damaged in the February 2021 Floods too has been allowed to progress
even though 200 plus people died due to the criminal negligence of there not being a Disaster
Warning System.
o Hydropower projects, dams and construction activities are affecting the fragile Himalayan
region making them susceptible to disasters.
Challenges to Hydropower Projects in Himalayas:
o Decreasing Stability:
• Glacier retreat and Permafrost Thaw are projected to decrease the stability of mountain
slopes and increase the number and area of glacier lakes.
• Permafrost Thawing is the release of the powerful greenhouse gas methane into the
atmosphere, which contributes to further warming in a reinforcing feedback loop.
o Climate Change:
• Climate change has driven erratic weather patterns like increased snowfall and rainfall.
• The thermal profile of ice is increasing, which means that the temperature of ice that used
to range from -6 to -20 degree C, Is now -2 degree C, making it more susceptible to
melting.
o Increase in Calamitic Instances:
• With increased instances of cloudbursts, and intense spells of rainfall and avalanches,
residents of the region are also placed at increased risk of loss of lives and livelihood.
Initiative Taken:
o National Mission on Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) is one of the eight missions
under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The mandate is to evolve
measures to sustain and safeguard the Himalayan glaciers, mountain ecosystems, biodiversity
and wildlife conservation & protection.
Way Forward
It is recommended that there should be no hydropower development beyond an elevation of
2,200 metre in the Himalayan region.
Considering population growth and required industrial and infrastructure growth, the
government should be serious in development of hydro power which is essential for the
sustainable growth of the economy, but in a more ecological manner.
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Question of the day
Which of the following is/are the source(s) for methanol production?
1. High ash coal
2. Agricultural residue
3. Natural gas
4. Municipal waste
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 4 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4