One aspect of the changes in Japanese security policies since the Cold War has been the dispatch of Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) overseas to engage in a range of missions most commonly referred to as ‘PKO’. Beyond the initial political controversy and the attendant media frenzy little is generally known of the nature of the operations, of JSDF duties, and of whether the Forces carried them out effectively or efficiently. The JSDF, Defense Agency/Ministry of Defense, and other public bodies have failed to analyse overseas dispatch operation (ODO) performance, and have generally branded them as successful based upon their completion, and without loss of life, in contrast with Japanese police ODO.
Looking at ODO during the 1990s it is possible to project analyses forward into the operations of the 21st century to evaluate the operations of the post-9.11 period and the prevailing strategic policies driving them, and also to more fully understand the qualities and limitations of JSDF performance in the immediate aftermath of the 3.11 triple disasters. Since JSDF ODO have become the most prominent symbols of an emergent ‘new Japanese strategy’ it is worth understanding whether the Forces have actually been ‘effective international actors’.
Public Lecture:
Global ocean governance and the challenge of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Japan and some other countries
Speaker:
Yves Henocque, OPRF Visiting Fellow
Geographical thinking is vital for addressing some of the critical geopolitical, environmental, and socio-economic challenges facing the contemporary world. Yet the insights geography can offer on the changes unfolding around us are often overlooked because of the tendency to view geography in static, descriptive terms--and indeed rank ignorance of the subject. Alexander Murphy will highlight how geography's concern with spatial patterns and assumptions, mapping, and integrative place-based modes of analysis can enhance understanding of matters ranging from uprisings in the Middle East, to human alteration of natural systems, to the spread of disease, to the impacts of technology on contemporary society. Examples will range widely, but will include developments of contemporary significance to Asia such as growing tensions in the South China Sea, the sustainability challenges facing Asian cities, and disputes over water resources in the Mekong region.
Public Lecture:
Global ocean governance and the challenge of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Japan and some other countries
Speaker:
Yves Henocque, OPRF Visiting Fellow
Geographical thinking is vital for addressing some of the critical geopolitical, environmental, and socio-economic challenges facing the contemporary world. Yet the insights geography can offer on the changes unfolding around us are often overlooked because of the tendency to view geography in static, descriptive terms--and indeed rank ignorance of the subject. Alexander Murphy will highlight how geography's concern with spatial patterns and assumptions, mapping, and integrative place-based modes of analysis can enhance understanding of matters ranging from uprisings in the Middle East, to human alteration of natural systems, to the spread of disease, to the impacts of technology on contemporary society. Examples will range widely, but will include developments of contemporary significance to Asia such as growing tensions in the South China Sea, the sustainability challenges facing Asian cities, and disputes over water resources in the Mekong region.
The Waseda Project: Namie Legal Defense Team
Panel I - Takao Suami: Namie Town and Waseda Law School: Cooperation toward Recovery from Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Disaster
Speaker: YVES HENOCQUE
- IFREMER (INSTITUTE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA) MARITIME STRATEGY SENIOR ADVISOR
- JAMSTEC (JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE-EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) GUEST RESEARCHER
- OPRF (OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION) VISITING FELLOW
The War that Never Was?
Japan, China, and the Struggle for the Maritime Order
Presenter: Alessio Patalano, Senior Lecturer in War Studies in the Department of War Studies, King’s College London and Adjunct Fellow at the Institute of Contemporary Asian Studies, Temple University Japan Campus.
The Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre of Excellence (the Centre), in conjunction with the US Government’s Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE-DMHA), co-hosted the Regional Senior Leaders Seminar (RSLS) in Cairns, Australia, from 16-19 May 2011.1 The seminar - a civil-military coordination forum for emerging government and non-government leaders from the Asia Pacific region – was attended by 31 participants from ten countries and included representatives from the United Nations and a number of other relevant organisations.2 Participants considered contemporary civil-military challenges for conflict and disaster management. The subject of the three-day seminar was Strengthening Civil-Military Coordination for Conflict and Disaster Management. It focused on two predominant themes: 1) ‘civil-military coordination in Disaster Management – what progress has been made and where do we go from here?’; and 2) ‘Protection of Civilians in a multiagency environment in complex emergencies’. The final day included a session on ‘New Ideas - Working with hyperconnected information in conflicts and disasters’.
Prepared as background reading material for attendees at the Civil-Military Affairs Conference, this paper was written by Alison Giffen of the Stimson Center.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
The Waseda Project: Namie Legal Defense Team
Panel I - Takao Suami: Namie Town and Waseda Law School: Cooperation toward Recovery from Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Disaster
Speaker: YVES HENOCQUE
- IFREMER (INSTITUTE FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEA) MARITIME STRATEGY SENIOR ADVISOR
- JAMSTEC (JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE-EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) GUEST RESEARCHER
- OPRF (OCEAN POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION) VISITING FELLOW
The War that Never Was?
Japan, China, and the Struggle for the Maritime Order
Presenter: Alessio Patalano, Senior Lecturer in War Studies in the Department of War Studies, King’s College London and Adjunct Fellow at the Institute of Contemporary Asian Studies, Temple University Japan Campus.
The Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre of Excellence (the Centre), in conjunction with the US Government’s Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE-DMHA), co-hosted the Regional Senior Leaders Seminar (RSLS) in Cairns, Australia, from 16-19 May 2011.1 The seminar - a civil-military coordination forum for emerging government and non-government leaders from the Asia Pacific region – was attended by 31 participants from ten countries and included representatives from the United Nations and a number of other relevant organisations.2 Participants considered contemporary civil-military challenges for conflict and disaster management. The subject of the three-day seminar was Strengthening Civil-Military Coordination for Conflict and Disaster Management. It focused on two predominant themes: 1) ‘civil-military coordination in Disaster Management – what progress has been made and where do we go from here?’; and 2) ‘Protection of Civilians in a multiagency environment in complex emergencies’. The final day included a session on ‘New Ideas - Working with hyperconnected information in conflicts and disasters’.
Prepared as background reading material for attendees at the Civil-Military Affairs Conference, this paper was written by Alison Giffen of the Stimson Center.
Historically, international humanitarian law (IHL) through the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 has required the protection of civilian populations in armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions provide guidance with regard to the obligations of states and parties to a conflict to apply the principle of distinction and to ensure precaution in attack as they pursue their military objectives. This was the first international legal framework to provide for the protection of civilians and forms the foundation of the ‘Protection of Civilians’ concept.
Throughout the 1990s, devastating failures to protect civilians from violence and atrocities shaped thinking at the United Nations (UN) and gave rise to a more expansive concept of Protection of Civilians, incorporating international human rights law, international refugee law, and including best practices in peacekeeping operations and humanitarian response. This is reflected in the adoption of Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict as a thematic concern of the UN Security Council, and the development of policy and guidance relating to civilian protection since 1999, at the United Nations and elsewhere. The term ‘Protection of Civilians’ has expanded from a set of legal obligations in IHL to a conceptual and operational framework used by multiple ‘protection actors’ and practitioners—military and civilian, political and humanitarian.
The concept of Protection of Civilians has developed in response to conflicts and crises as they emerged and as a result has developed unevenly. Combined with the fact that there is no operational definition of Protection of Civilians, there is a perception among protection practitioners that different actors involved in providing protection to people caught up in crisis understand and implement the concept differently. This perception raised questions among the researchers as to whether different understandings actually exist, and if so what the implications for the implementation of civilian protection might be. This gave rise to a research project titled In Search of Common Ground – Understanding Civilian Protection Language and Practice for Civil and Military Practitioners.
A theoretical Framework on Inflation and Retirement:
Improvements in longevity as well as declining fertility rates have led to an aging demographic across developed nations. These tendencies, alongside several decades of low inflation have led to shifts in pension and retirement policies across developed nations. It goes without saying that Retirement security remains a shared concern, one that has heightened as inflation has returned to the global landscape, adding further uncertainty to the financial security of retirees. From a policy perspective, monetary policy is the most blunt tool within the macroeconomic toolkit whereas retirement has increasingly become a household-level savings, investment and decumulation problem. Given the dependency of policy on inflation expectations and that of inflation expectations on household-level decision-making, we present elements of an incipient framework that may be used to integrate household and firm-level decision making into the contemporary macroeconomic policy toolkit.
The Finnish and Swedish accessions to NATO—even though incomplete as of now—have been interpreted in some corners as the beginning of the end for neutrality. Not picking sides in a war of aggression is untenable, they hold, cheering the decisions of some former neutrals to give up their signature foreign policies while berating those who still do not send weapons to Ukraine or sanction Russia. Whatever one’s stance on the policy side is, one point has been lost in the debate: neutrality is not a question of ideology but a fact of conflict dynamics. It just won’t go away. Not even the two World Wars or the 40 years of the Cold War could get rid of the “fence-sitters.”
Neutrality, always and everywhere, is a reaction to conflict(s). The current one over Ukraine is no exception, giving rise to neutral policies in roughly two-thirds of the world. It is a moot question if there should be neutrality or not. Nonaligned behavior of third-party states is a fact of international life and will remain one. There are really only two questions that matter: First, which neutrals will leave the stage, and which ones will be born? Second, will the neutrals play a constructive role in the new global conflict, or will they be relegated to the margins?
This talk will disentangle the neutrality debate by differentiating the legal components from the political and strategic aspects and discuss recent neutrality developments in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
Dual citizenship was once universally reviled as a moral abomination, then largely marginalized as an anomaly. During the twentieth century, states were able to police the status and manage incidental costs to the extent that full suppression proved impossible. More recent decades have seen wide acceptance of dual citizenship as those costs dissipated for both states and individuals. Powerful nonresident citizen communities have played a crucial role in winning recognition of the status. A handful of states -- Japan notable among them -- have held out against this clear trend and increasingly vocal emigrant and immigrant constituencies and children of bi-national couples. This session will situate Japan's resistance to dual citizenship in a global historical context.
November 28, 2022
The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has given the go-ahead for a major redevelopment of Jingu Gaien, the cluster of sports facilities and green space adjacent to the National Stadium in Sendagaya. The project has recently become a focus of attention in Tokyo, with many people from across the political spectrum speaking out with concerns about the project.
The redevelopment plan is made possible by a loosening of height restrictions in the area that was implemented in conjunction with the Olympics, and former Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori was involved in conceptualization of the plan. The redevelopment will eliminate nearly a thousand trees, two historic stadiums and several public sports facilities, and put in three high rise office buildings.
In this presentation activist Rochelle Kopp will describe the various concerns and issues related to the Jingu Gaien redevelopment project and how she and some other activists and academics are speaking out against the plan and urging that Governor Koike withdraw it and start over with input from the public and experts.
November 17, 2022
8 November 2022 was the last day of voting for the US midterm elections. These elections reflected the mood of American voters and give us some idea of the future course of American policy and of the political and ideological balance of power in the United States. They will also affect the ability of the Biden Administration to pursue its agenda.
Professor Yashiro, one of Japan's leading economists, will look at the results of Abenomics (a term coined to describe Japan's economic policy while Shinzo Abe was premier) and Prime Minister Kishida's plans for what he calls a "New Capitalism."
Observers of Japanese security and foreign policies have largely focused on analyzing Japanese policies in the area of traditional security. However, they would be remiss to disregard the string of new developments that have been occurring in Japan – namely that of “economic security.”
Prompted by rising U.S.-China competition, Japan has been undergoing rapid change in its economic security policies over the last few years. These changes range from organizational transformation to new legislation as well as increasing support for the private sector. This trend is likely to accelerate under the incoming Kishida administration, which has created a new ministerial post for economic security.
How has Japan’s economic security policy evolved in the last few years? What kind of changes will we likely see in Japan’s economic security policies under the Kishida administration? What impact will this “economic security awakening” in Japan have on Japan-U.S. and Japan-China relations? How should Japan cooperate with other key actors, such as the European Union, the Quad countries, the Five Eyes states, and Southeast Asian countries?
This seminar will address these critical questions and more with Akira Igata, who has been advising international organizations, the Japanese government, bureaucracy, and the private sector in economic security issues for many years.
Speaker Biography:
Akira Igata is Executive Director and Visiting Professor at the Center for Rule-making Strategies at Tama University. He is also the Economic Security Advisor for the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China and Senior Adjunct Fellow at Pacific Forum, a U.S.-based think tank. He advises Japan’s bureaucracy, politicians, and private sector as well as international organizations on economic security issues.
A half a year ago, the prospect of an LDP presidential election did not inspire flights of the imagination. After all, what could break the hammerlock the top three party factions – the Hosoda, the Aso and the Nikai – had upon the process of selecting the party leader? Who or what could outmaneuver the wily LDP Secretary-General Nikai Toshihiro, whom two prime ministers in a row found themselves powerless to budge from his post at the apex of the party’s secretariat?
Over the summer of 2021, however, several factors became catalysts for changes in the party’s internal power structures. A presidential campaign like any other had unfolded, with the faction leaders and the party’s senior officials left gasping as erstwhile subordinates have run away with the narrative and the initiative. So many assumptions about how the LDP “works” have been challenged that the unprecedented situation of half of the candidates being women has been largely subsumed.
What will we have learned from this election? Michael Cucek will offer his views, along with suggestions of avenues of future research into the contemporary LDP.
Closed Loop, Open Borders: Wealth and Inequality in India
Speaker:
Anthony P. D’Costa, Eminent Scholar in Global Studies and Professor of Economics College of Business, The University of Alabama in Huntsville
Japan and Russia: Contemporary Political, Economic, and Military Relations
Speaker: Yu Koizumi, Project Assistant Professor, University of Tokyo
Presentation: Russian Military Posture in Northern Territory
Japan and Russia: Contemporary Political, Economic, and Military Relations
Speaker: Elena Shadrina, Associate Professor, Waseda University
Presentation: What to Expect for Russia-Japan Relations: Contemplation against a Backdrop of Social and Economic Situation in Russia
Japan and Russia: Contemporary Political, Economic, and Military Relations
Speaker: James D. J. Brown, Associate Professor of Political Science at Temple University, Japan Campus
Presentation: Japan-Russia Joint Economic Projects on the Disputed Islands: What are they good for?
More from Institute of Contemporary Asian Studies (ICAS) at TUJ (20)
2. Structure of Presentation
Effective International Actors?:
JSDF Overseas Dispatch Operations (ODO)
1 Questions and Parameters
2 Extant Research
3 Definition of Terms
4 Methodology and Operational
Analysis
5 Immediate Findings: OA & ODO
6 Broader Findings: ODO and Japan
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
3. Quiz!
Know your ODO!!!
1 When/where was the first Japanese
post-war ODO?
2 When/where was the first JSDF
ODO?
3 Does Japan do Peacekeeping?
4 Why does Japan send JSDF ODO?
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
4. 1 Questions and Parameters
What operations?
How and why selected?
What did the JSDF actually do?
How did they perform?
How did performance affect the JSDF?
How JSDF culture/configuration affected
performance?
Were the JSDF effective international
actors?
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
5. 2 Extant Research
General Specific
Politics of Defence Journalism: event
Constitutional Issues specific
US-Japan Alliance „PKO‟ studies: operations
Japan-Asia Relations „PKO‟ studies: concepts
„Normal‟ Japan Participant studies
Historical controversies JSDF operational studies
Party Politics Official histories
Limited applicability Limited coverage or
Contextual understanding applicability; unpublished
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
6. 3 Definition of Terms
„PKO‟
Japan does not „do‟ „PKO‟
Japan developed a „PSO‟ variant
Most operations were not PKO/PSO/PKF
Japan distinguished between „PKO‟ & „PKF‟
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
7. 3 Definition of Terms
An Agenda for Peace The Brahimi Report
Boutros Boutros Ghali (Report of the Panel on United
Nations Peace Operations)
1992/95
2000
Main Findings: Main Findings:
1 There are five forms of 1 Identified only 3 forms of
Peace Operation: Peace Operation:
PMO, PKO, PSO, PEO, PMO, PKO, PBO
PBO 3 Need to develop lessons
3 There is no simple learned capabilities and
progression from one to doctrine
the other.
Complex, confusing, but Clear, simple, but potentially
clear for JSDF a legal problem for the JSDF
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
8. An Agenda for Peace
Strata of UN Peace Operations
Peacemaking (PMO)-
settlement or suspension of conflict
Peacekeeping (PKO)-
policing/observing of settlement/ ceasefire
Peace Support (PSO)-
support of peace by aiding civil society
Peace Enforcement Operations (PEO)-
use of military power for settlement/ceasefire, or
for compliance with UNSC Chapter VII resolution
Peace Building (PBO)-
post-conflict reinforcement of civil society
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
9. 3 Definition of Terms
Overseas Dispatch Operations (ODO)
Japanese: International Peace Cooperation
Activities (IPCA: 国際平和協力活動)
Neutral, covering UN/non-UN
operations, unilateral and multilateral
The IPCA term (and IPC Law) was
developed from the ODA policies of the
1980s
Overseen by IPCH, with JSDF and Police in
the IPCC
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10. Japanese ODO Policy Actors
MoFA
Cabinet
Office/
IPCH
MOD/ NPA/
JSDF Police
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11. Legal and Constitutional Limits on JSDF ODO
Article 9:
Aspiring sincerely to an international
peace based on justice and order, the
Japanese people forever renounce war
as a sovereign right of the nation and
the threat or use of force as means of
settling international disputes.
In order to accomplish the aim of the
preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air
forces, as well as other war
potential, will never be maintained. The
right of belligerency of the state will not
be recognized.
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13. Fear of Clouds and Codes
There is an implicit „code‟
The code is based upon perceptions of
interpretations of a translated document
The code is not codified
The code hangs above, like a „cloud‟
The code/cloud affects laws, policies,
and operational decisions
The code/cloud is imaginary, and very
real, and exerts a tremendous influence
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
14. 4 Methodology and Operational
Analysis
Methodology Operational Analysis
1 Triangulation:
JSDF UN Ops JSDF Performance
JSDF non-UN Ops Indicators
Non-Japanese Actors
2 Analytical Framework: 1 Effectiveness
Mission Context 2 Efficiency
Preparation and Logistics 3 Quality
JSDF Performance
(O'Brien, R.J., Police as
Overall Mission Contribution peacekeepers: an evaluation of the
performance of Australian police
peacekeeping on Cyprus 1964 –
1998, PhD thesis (Adelaide:
University of South Australia, 2001).
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
15. 4 Limits of Methodology and
Operational Analysis
No systematic JSDF/JDA/MOD analysis
Lack of documentation
Uncritical, non-specific documentation
Small security community
Interview-based
Limited media resources
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
16. 4 Limits of Methodology and OA
ODO of the 1990s
UN ODO Non-UN ODO
Allied Support
○ Persian Gulf 1991
UNTAC Cambodia
1992-1993 Humanitarian Assistance
人道支援
○ Rwanda/Zaire 1994,
ONUMOZ Mozambique
West Timor 1999
1992-1995
UNDOF Golan Heights Disaster Relief 緊急援助
1996-present ○ Honduras 1998, Turkey 1999
UN command, PSO, ‘nation Varied, strongly liberal
building’ and ‘classical’ ops IPCO character
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
17. 21st Century JSDF ODO
UN ODO Non-UN ODO
Anti-Terrorism
UNMISET East Timor
OEF-MIO
2002~2004 (680)
Allied Support
UNMIN Nepal (6) Iraq, Gulf of Aden/Djibouti
2007~2011 Refugee Relief
MINUSTAH Haiti (350) Afghanistan/Pakistan, Iraq/J
ordan
2010~present
Disaster Relief
UNMISS South Sudan Iran, Thailand/Indonesia, Ru
(c.500) 2012~ ssia, Pakistan
Pattern of the 1990s Appearing to be ‘new’ but
mainly 1990s patterns
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
18. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis and ODO
Common Issues
Slow deployment and logistical limits
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
19. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis and ODO
Common Issues
Slow deployment and logistical limits
Legal and political obstacles
○ IPCL as ‘umbrella legislation’
JDA-MOD/JSDF management and culture
○ GSDF ‘rotation’, poor ‘jointery’, culture
Poor local intelligence
○ Mixed Agency, reliance upon US
Defence investment legacies and policies
○ Industrial war priorities in post-modern age
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
20. Slow deployment and logistical limits
IPCL limit of 2000 personnel
Each mission requires separate
legislation (with exceptions)
Rapid deployment disabled by use of ad
hoc units assembled from personnel
within a Regional Army
“Alice in Wonderland” approach to unit
security (ROE/equipment etc.) pre-1998
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
21. Preparation for ODO: Investment Comparison
Japan and UK Air Transport Capability 2006
Japan UK
Tactical 137 Tactical 20
Theatre 16 Theatre 47
Strategic 2 (VIP) Strategic 17
Tankers (4) Tankers 12
Also differences in
quality of air-lift
capabilities
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
22. Preparation for ODO: Investment Comparison
Canada and Australia Air Transport Capability
2006
Canada Australia
Tactical 10 Tactical 13
Theatre 25 Theatre 20
Strategic 5 Strategic 4
(plus contracts) Tankers 2
Tankers 7
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23. Preparation for ODO: Investment Comparison
Japan & UK Strategic Sealift & Support Capability 2006
Japan UK
3 Vessels (Oosumi 15 Vessels (6 classes)
class) = 291,600 tons
= 26,700 tons
Also, auxiliary support 12 varied vessels
vessels, 353,600 tons
4 AOE 72,550 tons
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24. Logistical Limitation Examples
Mozambique and Honduras
Mozambique Honduras
Antonov charter ASDF required half
airlift and schedule C-130 force to
airline flights sustain 80-man
C-130s: five days GSDF medical team
No MSDF support, C-130: four days
merchant charter Only one vehicle
and light equipment
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25. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis and ODO
Common Issues
Slow deployment and logistical limits
Poor risk assessment and management
in first generation ODO
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
26. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis and ODO
Common Issues
Slow deployment and logistical limits
Poor risk assessment and management
Highly risk averse: form and function
Poor risk-reduction management
Implicit reliance upon collective security
Explicit rejection of collective security
JDA-MOD/JSDF conflict with MoFA
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
27. Watanabe Takashi :The PKO in Cambodia-
Lessons Learned: 101
What is basic common sense for the
militaries of nations taking part in PKOs
is not recognized by Japan...
Japanese PKO personnel were only
able to defend themselves and other
unit members …Moreover, the use of
weapons …was left to the judgment of
the individual, and appeared to be
outside the standards of conduct for
troops.
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
28. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis and ODO
Common Issues
Slow deployment and logistical limits
Poor risk assessment and management
Inadequate preparations and follow-up
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
29. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis and ODO
Common Issues
Slow deployment and logistical limits
Poor risk assessment and management
Inadequate preparations and follow-up
Training flaws: climate, vaccination,
multinational ops, languages, security, ODO-
specific issues
Poor intelligence and briefings
Few de-briefs, few lessons learned
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
30. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis: Negative
Dissatisfaction with MoFA briefings
Little „Learning from Others‟
No PKO Training Centre (~2007)
No „Lessons Learned‟ Centre (~2008)
Little „Recycling‟ of personnel
Poor De-briefing
Poor Rotation System for PKO Dispatch
No extraction force (~2007 ?)
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
31. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis: Positive
JSDF Innovations
Collective Security by Stealth
(UNTAC, ONUMOZ, Rwanda/
Zaire, UNDOF)
Defrosting „frozen activities‟ (UNMISET)
2001
HQ presence and close cooperation with
non-US partners (ONUMOZ, Iraq)
Local intelligence gathering as CIMIC
(UNTAC, Iraq)
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
32. 5 Immediate Findings:
Security Issues and JSDF ODO
Risk Averse
Law, Policy, Missions, Deployments
Risk Negligent
Poor camp/unit security, ridiculous limits
Risk Accepting
Patrolling by another name
Collective Security
De facto collective security
(UNTAC, ONUMOZ, UNDOF, Zaire, Hondur
as)
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33. 5 Immediate Findings:
Operational Analysis: Positive
Technically capable
Water purification
Engineering
Medical assistance
Logistical support
CIMIC (Civilian-Military Cooperation)
Professional
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34. Medical Work of JSDF
Medical Missions
Heavy Zaire/Rwanda
Light Honduras
Non-Medical Missions
Human Security
Human Care
UNTAC Max. 17 medical personnel
- up to 600 patients/day, c.7000 cases in total.
- normal workload = 20~40 cases/day
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35. 5 JSDF Refugee Relief Unit (RRU)
Zaire/Rwanda Sept-Dec 1994
Division Personnel
• In-patients Out-patients
Medical 70 70 2100
Clinical 23
Surgical 18
Hygiene 9
Prevention 16
HQ 4 Combined Daily Average 30
Security 50 Including serious surgery and
Water 43 intensive care
Administration 68
HQ 29
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36. 5 Honduras JDR ODO
17th Nov-10th Dec 1998
Division Personnel
• In-patients Out-patients
• 0 4031
• Daily Average 288
Medical 23
Prevention 15
Support 42
○ Innovation of Tele-medicine (with JSDF Central
Hospital and the GSDF School of Field Medicine)
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37. 6 Broader Findings: ODO and
Japan
Effects of ODO upon the JSDF
JSDF self-confidence
GSDF survey December 1974 ~ January 1975, 15,220 personnel
below rank of Lt. Col.
“Do you feel that the work of the SDF is
meaningful”:
40.3% Not very much; 45.4% Yes, I do;
6.5% Yes, very much so; 7.8% No.
Equivalent surveys in 1995, 1997, and 2000
revealed positive answers above 75% level.
Due both to domestic and overseas operations.
Defense of Japan, 1976, p.118; Defense of Japan 1995~2000, JDA, Tokyo.
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38. 6 Broader Findings: ODO and Japan
ODO Costs
Japan defence budget 2006
$43.7 Billion
Japanese spending (gross), above the
MoFA UN PKO contribution:
UNTAC: 11.8 Billion = $102.6 Million
(@115/$1)
ONUMOZ: 2.2 Billion = $19 Million
(@115/$1)
=0.006~0.16% of Japanese defence budgets (1992-95)
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
39. 6 Broader Findings: ODO and
Japan
ODO-Inspired Investments and
Innovations
GSDF: CRF Central Readiness Force
Force Trainer, Force Provider, Force Consumer
~2007
GSDF: Peacekeeping Training Center ~2008
GSDF: LAV and Type-96 APC
ASDF: Freighter-tanker KC-767 (x4) ~2009
MSDF: Oosumi-class (x3) ~1998
Jointery
First Joint ODO 2005 (SEA Tsunami JDR)
Allied Cooperation through ODO
(Functionalism)
UK, Australia, France, RoK, Netherlands etc.
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
40. 6 Broader Findings: ODO and
Japan
Personnel and Support Issues
JDA 2007 23,262 staff for 259,590 JSDF
UK MoD 2009 87,000 staff for 187,210 military
Japan MOD has c. three times the ratio of military to
civilians as Australia
MoFA is also much smaller than the British or French
foreign ministries
Japan has very limited and fragmented intelligence
capabilities.
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
41. 6 Broader Findings: ODO and
Japan
Effective Actors, Effective Policy?
Generally effective JSDF ODO
Confused and contradictory
policies, laws, and rules
Constitutional fear („code and cloud‟)
What is gained by such limited ODO?
What is the point?
ODO as a strategic device?
The enigma of leadership
Garren Mulloy Daito Bunka University
42. Conclusions
JSDF ODO: Low Cost – Medium Return
Introduced new security „horizons‟
ODO as a „Trojan Horse‟ for new norms?
JSDF as Effective International Actors
JSDF stretched by missions
Capability gaps: logistics, „jointery‟, training
etc.
As yet, no militarization of policy
As yet, strategy as speculation