This document reviews 12 foreign language teaching methods: 1. Grammar Translation Method focuses on translating written language and learning grammatical rules. 2. Direct Method forbids the first language and teaches speaking first through an inductive approach. 3. Audiolingual Method emphasizes habit formation through repetition of phrases and grammar drills. 4. Situational Language Teaching connects language to real world contexts and teaches orally before writing. 5. Silent Way keeps the teacher silent so students focus on each other's language use through discovery. 6. Total Physical Response associates language with physical actions in response to commands. 7. Community Language Learning views language learning as a collective experience determined by students. 8

1. REVIEW OF
FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING
METHODS
by : Ivan Achmad Nurcholis, M.Pd.

2. Teaching is :
- Teaching is a process of imparting knowledge
and skills
- Systematic process based on some
educational objectives
- To communicate the message of knowledge

3. Gebhard (2000) in his book ‘Teaching English as
a Foreign or Second Language’ said that a
teacher should have appropriate knowledge
to perform his/her successful teaching. One
of the knowledge is mastering foreign
language teaching methods.

4. - Teachers have tried to study and learnt the
teaching methods but no one has yet come
up with the ‘best’ one.
- Language teacher are often confronted with
set of terms, such as teaching method,
approach, strategy, and technique.

5. • Celce-Murcia (2004), that a method is specific
set of procedure. While a technique is a very
specific type of learning activity used in one
or more methods.
• Brown (2001), that an approach is
theoritically well informed positions,
assumptions, thoughts, notions and beliefs
concerning the nature of language, the
nature of language learning.

6. • Next, Method is a generalized set of
specification in the classroom for achieving
linguistics objectives. In addition, a
technique is any exercises, activities, and
tasks in the classrooms to meet the
objectives or goal of learning.

7. Reason why a teacher needs to learn
foreign language teaching methods:
1. Teaching methods are just like fashions.
2. There is no bad or good English teaching
methods.
3. To make teaching and learning process
become easier.

8. Factors that influence the selection of
teaching methods:
a. Students
b. Learning objectives to be achieved
c. Factors of learning materials
d. Teaching and learning situation
e. Facilities
f. Allocation of instructional time
g. Teacher

9. Types of Foreign Language Teaching
Methods:
1. Grammar Translation Method (1890s-1930s)
2. Direct Method (1970s)
3. Audiolingual Method (1950s-1960s)
4. Communicative Language Taching Method
5. Silent Way Method (1960s-2000s)

10. 6. Total Physical Response (1960s-2000s)
7. Community Language Learning (1960s-2000s)
8. Suggestopedia
9. Natural or Communicative Approach
10. Inquiry-based Instruction
11. Task-based Learning
12. Cooperative Learning.

11. 1. Grammar Translation Method
- The grammar translation method which is also
known as the grammar translation approach is
often referred to as the classical method/old
method as it was first used in the teaching of
Latin and Greek.
- It emphasises the study in translation of the
written language.
- Successful learners are those who translate each
language into the other, though they cannot
communicate orally

12. - Students must learn grammatical rules overtly
- Teaches the language by ‘rule’ and not by ‘use’.
- Teacher is the strict authority. Students are the
passive receivers of the new information.
- Teacher formal grammar from the very
beginning.
- Ways of teaching: a presentation of a
grammatical rule, followed by a list of
vocabulary and, finally translation exercises
from selected text.

13. 2. Direct method
- As reaction against GTM
- Expert teacher is required
- Inductive learning is essential for discovery
and fluency
- Language is for oral use. L1 is forbidden.
- The teacher is partner and guide for students.
Students are active participants.
- Not useful for crowded class

14. - First speaking is taught and then only reading
and writing.

15. 3. Audiolingual Method
- Language learning is a process of habit formation.
More repeat stronger the habit.
- Focus on pronunciation. Dependence on mimicry
and memorization of set phrases
- It is important for teahers to preven students errors
since errors can lead to the formation of bad habits.
- Use grammar drills. Students should overlearn the
sentence patterns of the target language.
- Immediate reinforcement of correct response to
develop correct habits.
- Learning vocabulary in context.

16. - Speech is for basic to language in written
form.
- Don’t stand in one place to know who give
more practice to during individual drilling.
- Use ‘backward buildup’.

17. 4. Situational Language Teaching
Method
- Connected to real world situation
- Teaching is started by oral language
- Materials are presented firstly orally then in
written
- Use target language
- Oral is as the language foundation and
grammar is the heart of the oral.

18. 5. Silent Way Method
- Unique method because the teacher is silent
and can focus on the language of the
students.
- No books used. Teacher just uses facilities.
- Students need on board. The need to
understand what the process is. So they’re
not scare of if.
- The focus is on them.

19. - The teacher sometimes can disappear to the
back, side of the class so no one can see the
teacher so the focus is only on them.
- Teacher should take a lot of patient,
understanding, observing of students’
learning.
- All base is in discovery. Students really
discover the language.

20. - They don’t memorize.
- This method is slower because focus on the
quality than quantity.
- Students’ attitude should be positive .

21. 6. Total Physical Response
Method (TPR)
- The students listen and do the movement
accordingly
- The sentences are repeated several times
- At the beginning it is important to maintain
the order.
- The students learn to understand the
meaning of the sentences with the helps of
mime, gestures, and drawing on the board.

22. 7. Community Language Learning
- Learning a language is not viewed as an
individual accomplishement, but rather as a
collective experience, something to be
disseminated out into the community at
large.
- The students determine what is to be learned
- The students are creative, dynamic, and no
directive in their community
- The role of the teacher is that of a facilitator
and support

23. 8. Suggestopedia
- Classess are small and intensive, with a low
stress focus.
- Material is presented in an especially melodic
and artistic way.
- Background classical or baroque music to create
pleasant and playful atmosphere.
- Teacher firstly present the content of the text
through special improvisation, special
movement, and sounds without using text. It is
like doing drama.

24. - Teacher secondly present again the topic but
through reading slowly the text, while
students are listening to pronunciation, with
slow intonation, and vocabulary to give the
meaning.
- Doing the movement themselve is important

25. 9. Natural or Communicative
Approach
- Activities that involve real communication
promotes learning.
- No inference of grammar
- The teacher is a facilitator and monitor of
students’ learning. Students are
communicators and active negotiators of
meaning.

26. 10. Inquiry-based instruction
- The core of inquiry is spontaneous and a self-
directed exploration.
- Investigative processes such as inferring,
hypothesizing, measuring, predicting,
classifying, analyzing, and experimenting,
formulating conclusions and generalization
are employed.

27. - Experiencing success in inquiry based builds
up the learners’ feeling of confidence.
- Teachers strongly believe that facts and
concepts that learners discover by
themselves become stored as part of their
permanent learning.

28. 11. Task-Based Method
- Students are completing a task with others
such as writing a newspaper article, giving
oral presentation.
- Pre-task, task, and post-task
- Work to understand each other and the task
at hand (problem solving, critical thinking,
interaction)
- The students use authentic language using
L2.

29. - The tacher is an observer or counsellor.
Students are engaged and motivated in L2
tasks.
- Example of techniqu: Collaborative work.

30. 12. Cooperative Language Learning
- Students’ center model
- CLL makes maximum use of cooperative
activities involving pairs and small groups of
learners in the classroom.
- Learning is dependent socially (help each
other to increase the interaction and
contribution).

31. - Benefit: Academic achievement, reducing
anxiety, promoting interaction, self
confidence
- Examples: Three-step interview, NHT,
Rountable, Think-Pair-Share, Jigsaw.

32. THANK YOU