The AIRUSE Life+ project aims to characterize and mitigate particulate matter (PM) sources in five Southern European cities, focusing on achieving air quality standards and WHO guidelines. It involves identifying major PM10 and PM2.5 sources, such as road traffic and biomass burning, and developing cost-effective strategies for PM reduction. The project also includes actions for stakeholder engagement, data harmonization, and evaluating air quality improvement measures implemented in Northern and Central Europe.

1. Overview of the AIRUSE LIFE+ project
Barcelona, 05/06/2015
Xavier Querol, IDAEA-CSIC

2. • Characterizing similarities & differences in PM sources & contributions across S-EU (5 cities)
• Once the main sources of PM10 and PM2.5 are identified, the strategic goal of the AIRUSE
project is to develop, test and propose specific and non specific measures to abate urban
ambient air PM in S.-EU, to meet AQ standards & to approach WHO guidelines.
OBJECTIVES
Specific objectives
• Obtaining harmonized source contributions to PM for AIRUSE cities & to identify those
responsible for exceedances of the PM limit values and WHO guidelines
• Develop, test and propose cost-effective air mitigation measures for South European
countries
• Support adaptation of control strategies for reducing PM exposure in South Europe

3. ACTION A. Preparatory actions
ACTION B. Implementation actions
A.1 Authorities and stakeholders consultation
B1. Documentation of the current status
B2. Harmonization and implementation of
source apportionment using receptor
modelling & determination of the impact of:B7. Developing & testing cost-effective PM
measures & strategies
B8. Applicability of selected measures from N
to S Europe
B3. Natural sources B4. Biomass burning
B5. Industrial sources B6. Traffic related sources
AIRUSE STRUCTURE: ACTIONS & TASKS
Intensive additional work on inventories, emission chemical profiles,
emission factors
Presented here

4. 2003-2014 PM10 and PM1 source apportionment: Barcelona

6. 34%
31%
20%
11%
4%
22%
16%
46%
11%
5%
61%
20%
14%
4%
1%
31%
37%
23%
7%
2%
45%
37%
6%
10%
2%
BCN-UB FI-UB MLN-UB ATH-SUB
Primary: 35%
Secondary: 65%
Primary: 19%
Secondary: 81%
Primary: 32%
Secondary: 68%
Primary: 18%
Secondary: 82%
POR-TR ATH-TR
Primary: 62%
Secondary: 38%
Primary: 34%
Secondary: 66%
Secondary organics
Secondary inorganics
Primary OM + EC
Primary: Mineral dust
Primary: Sea salt
PM2.5
37%
29%
27%
4%
3%
Primary: 30%
Secondary: 70%
Primary: 35%
Secondary: 65%
Primary: 32%
Secondary: 68%
Primary: 18%
Secondary: 82%
B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

7. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF
ng/m3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF
ng/m3
Levoglucosan
K
PM2.5
PM2.5
B2. HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

8. PM10 (Annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM10: 31-38% (ATH 23%)
1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 21-29% (ATH 15%)
1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 8-11%
2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 20-26% (POR-TR 10%)
3. Local dust : 10-19%
4. Biomass burning very relevant in POR & FI (14-16%), less in ATH (7%) and negligible in BCN
5. Industry BCN 11%, 4-5%, ATH <1%
6. Non traffic-NO3
- 6-8% (2% POR)
7. Shipping 4% in coastal sites
8. African dust ATH 14%, 1-4%
9. Sea salt POR 13%, 4-8%
10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 19-25%
PM2.5 (Annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM2.5: 28-39% (ATH 22%)
1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 25-34% (ATH 17%)
1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 5-9% (BCN&FI 1-2% )
2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 19-37% (POR 13%)
3. Local dust: POR 16%, 2-6%
4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, FI & POR (18-21%), less in ATH (10%) and negligible in BCN
5. Industry 5-12%, ATH <1%
6. Non traffic-NO3
- 3-6% (POR 1%)
7. Shipping 5-7% in coastal sites
8. African dust: ATH 6%, <1%
9. Sea salt POR 5%, <1-3%,
10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 10-21%, BCN 7%, FI 4%
36-45% (ATH 9%)
27-34% (ATH 6%)
6-14% (ATH 3%)
BCN 19%, 2-6%
POR 27%, 1-4%
POR & FI (25-30%), ATH 1%, negligible in BCN
BCN 17%, <1-3%
BCN & FI 7-9% (1-2% POR & ATH)
3-4% in coastal sites
ATH 52%, 1%
ATH 7%, 1-3%
11-33%, ATH 4%
PM10 (exceedance days)
32-42% (ATH 11%)
31-40% (ATH 10%)
1-8%
BCN & MLN 11-22%, 2-6%
POR 22%, 1-2%
POR, FI & MLN (26-33%), <2%
BCN 18%, <1-3%
BCN, FI & MLN 6-9% (1-3% POR & ATH)
6-10% in coastal sites
ATH 45%, 1%
<1%-1%
POR 15, 3-9%
PM2.5 (PM10 exceedance days)

9. 9
Biomass fuels
B4. BIOMASS BURNING CONTRIBUTIONS
(Fagus sylvatica)
European beech
(Quercus pyrenaica) Pyrenean oak
(Populus nigra)
Black poplar
Pine
(Pinus pinaster)
Eucalypt
(Eucalyptus globulus)
Cork oak
(Quercus suber )
Golden wattle
(Acacia longifolia)Portuguese oak
(Quercus faginea)
Olive
(Olea europea)
Holm oak
(Quercus ilex
rotundifolia)
Briquettes
4 types of
pellets
Olive pit
Shell of
pine nuts Almond shell
agro-fuels
Traditional brick
fireplace
Traditional cast
iron wood stove
Eco-labelled
chimney-type
wood stove
Pellet stove
Biomass burning appliances

10. 10
PM emission factors
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Fireplace Traditional
woodstove
Eco-labelled
woodstove
Pellet stove
mgMJ-1(drybasis)
x3 x12 x15
x5 x6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Pellet - type
I
Pellet - type
II
Pellet - type
III
Pellet - type
IV
Olive Pit Shell of Pine
Nuts
Almond
Shell
mgMJ-1(drybasis)
ENplus quality seal
50 mg MJ-1 in Denmark & Switzerland
35 mg MJ-1 wood fuels & 25 mg MJ-1 for pellets in Austria
27 mg MJ-1 in Germany
B4. BIOMASS BURNING CONTRIBUTIONS

11. PM2.5 & BaP emission factors
nd – not detected; --- not determined
FIREPLACE
Softwood Hardwood Briquettes
g PM2.5 kg-1 biofuel 7.02 16.9 13.8
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 260 475 31.4
TRADITIONAL WOODSTOVE
Softwood Hardwood Briquettes
g PM2.5 kg-1 biofuel 3.64 13.5 9.02
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 46.7 322 85.3
ECO-LABELLED STOVE
Softwood Hardwood Briquettes
g PM10 kg-1 biofuel 1.12 2.06 ---
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 1543 146 ---
PELLET STOVE
Pellets I Pellets II Pellets III Pellets IV Olive pit Shell of pine nuts Almond shell
g PM10 kg-1 biofuel 0.49 1.51 1.77 1.35 3.12 2.19 2.07
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 4.43 nd nd 4.61 nd 17.2 9.19
It is needed the certification not only for the BB appliance but for the pellet and tre transport
ans storage
B4. BIOMASS BURNING CONTRIBUTIONS

12. 12
0.169
5.29
2.91
1.70
0.027 0.005 0.011
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Pellets
type I
Pellets
type II
Pellets
type III
Pellets
type IV
Olive pit Shell of
pine nuts
Almond
shell
Pb
0.81
5.98
3.56 3.26
0.05 0.134 0.064
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pellets
type I
Pellets
type II
Pellets
type III
Pellets
type IV
Olive pit Shell of
pine nuts
Almond
shell
Zn
0.128 0.054
1.70
5.10
0.012
0.248
bdl
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Pellets
type I
Pellets
type II
Pellets
type III
Pellets
type IV
Olive pit Shell of
pine nuts
Almond
shell
Fe
0.001
0.079
0.030
0.022
0.001 bdl bdl
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Pellets
type I
Pellets
type II
Pellets
type III
Pellets
type IV
Olive pit Shell of
pine nuts
Almond
shell
As
Standards need to be established in the EU for elemental
composition of commercial wood pellets and chips to avoid the
inclusion of extraneous materials. Only Germany has standards
containing extensive trace element limits.
B4. BIOMASS BURNING CONTRIBUTIONS

13. B8. EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF MEASURES IMPLEMENTED IN N&C EUROPE
1. Street cleaning – draft completed
2. Dust suppressants – draft completed
3. Low Emission Zones - draft completed
4. Discourage diesel cars – draft completed
5. Encourage use of EVs, HEVs and gas vehicles – draft completed
6. Eco-efficient car labels – draft completed
7. Traffic NOx abatement measures– draft completed
8. Shipping
9. Biomass burning - agricultural and domestic sectors
10. Air quality/climate change synergies/interferences
10 reports on evaluation efficiency of specific measures

14. Diesel car PM Emissions
Remote Sensing of Vehicle Emissions (Leeds autumn/winter 2014)
Source: James Tate, University of Leeds, 2015
• Average Euro 6 NOx seven times the type approval limit (ICCT, 2014)
• Some Euro VI buses continue to have high in-use NOx emissions, depending on exhaust T (Carslaw et al, 2014)
PMindex
NOx g/km
B8. EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF MEASURES IMPLEMENTED IN N&C EUROPE

15. Efficacy of LEZs
• Difficult to determine
• Confounding factors e.g.
weather, other policy
measures, recession
• Little evidence of impact on
PM10 andNO2 concentrations
outside Germany
• EC/BC reduced
B8. EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY OF MEASURES IMPLEMENTED IN N&C EUROPE
German LEZs
•PM10 <7%↓
•Munich (LEZ + HDV ban) PM10
ca.13%↓ and NO2 <10%↓
•But not all robust studies
•Early phases studied
• LEZs apply to cars as well as
HDVs
• Generally more stringent than
elsewhere
Holman et al., 2015. Atmospheric Environment

16. Thanks for your attention!!!
xavier.querol@idaea.csic.es
Acknowledgements
LIFE+ AIRUSE
Spain MAGRAMA, GenCat, Barcelona and Madrid City Councils
Italy ARPA-Lombardia, Regione Lombardia, Regional Government of Tuscany,
ARPA Toscana
Portugal Porto City Council, North Regional Coord. & DeveloP. Comm. (CCDR-N)
Greece Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change