The document outlines customized Oracle training workshops provided by Sage Computing Services, focusing on Oracle 11g features such as PL/SQL enhancements and improved usability. It discusses specific functionalities, including password management, sequence usage, trigger improvements, and the introduction of compound triggers, while also addressing common errors and performance assessments. Additionally, it highlights the significance of new database functionalities and provides contact information for further inquiries.

1. SAGE Computing Services
Customised Oracle Training Workshops and Consulting
11g New Features
… of the SQL & PL/SQL Variety
Scott Wesley
Systems Consultant

2. Documentation
Passwords
Sequences
Triggers
SQL
PL/SQL
Recursion
Read only tables
Virtual columns
11g

3. Documentation is your friend

5. Readme’s are still around
• Features Not Available or Restricted in This Release
– Edition-based redefinition is not available in Oracle Database
11g Release 1 (11.1). You cannot create an edition, an
editioning view, or a crossedition trigger; nor can you use the
ENABLE EDITIONS clause in the CREATE USER and ALTER
USER commands. As a consequence, other related functionality
(for example, the ALTER SESSION SET EDITION statement or
the new overload of DBMS_Sql.Parse() that lets you specify an
edition or a crossedition trigger) becomes uninteresting and
attempting to use it will cause a semantic error.

6. Can you log in?

7. SAGE@sw11g> conn scott/tiger
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.

8. SAGE@sw11g> conn scott/Tiger
Connected.

9. SYS@sw11g> ALTER SYSTEM SET
SEC_CASE_SENSITIVE_LOGON = false;
System altered.

10. SCOTT@sw11g> conn scott/tiger
Connected.

11. SYS@sw11g> select username, password_versions
from dba_users where username = 'SCOTT';
USERNAME PASSWORD
--------------- --------
SCOTT 10G 11G
1 row selected.

12. Password Complexity

13. SYS@sw11g> @$ORACLE_HOME/RDBMS/ADMIN/utlpwdmg.sql
SYS@sw11g> ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function_11g;
Profile altered.

14. SCOTT@sw11g> password
Changing password for SCOTT
Old password:
New password:
Retype new password: sagesage
ERROR:
ORA-28003: password verification for the specified
password failed
ORA-20006: Password too simple
Password unchanged

15. SYS@sw11g> ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION NULL;
Profile altered.

16. Quick win: SQL*Plus supports BLOBs

18. SQL*Plus
Free
Available at every site
Supported by Oracle
Thin
Fast
Can do pie charts

20. Let’s get our hands dirty...

21. Allow Sequence in PL/SQL expressions

22. SCOTT@sw11g> create table T ( id number, value number );
Table created.
SCOTT@sw11g> create sequence id_seq;
Sequence created.
SCOTT@sw11g> create or replace
2 trigger populate_id
3 before insert on T
4 for each row
5 begin
6 -- dbms_db_version.ver_le_10
7 -- select id_seq.nextval into from dual;
8
9 -- dbms_db_version.ver_le_11
10 :new.id := id_seq.nextval;
11 end;
12 /
Trigger created.

23. This feature brings improved usability for the PL/SQL programmer
and improved runtime performance and scalability.

24. SCOTT@sw11g> declare
2 n pls_integer;
3 begin
4 for i in 1 .. 50000 loop
5 select id_seq.nextval into n from dual;
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Elapsed: 00:00:06.18

25. SCOTT@sw11g> declare
2 n pls_integer;
3 begin
4 for i in 1 .. 50000 loop
5 n := id_seq.nextval;
6 end loop;
7 end;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Elapsed: 00:00:06.68

26. alter session set sql_trace=true;
variable n number
begin
for i in 1 .. 100 loop
:n := scott.id_seq.nextval;
end loop;
end;
/
alter session set sql_trace=false;

27. Select ID_SEQ.NEXTVAL
from
dual
call count cpu elapsed disk query current rows
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Parse 1 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0
Execute 100 0.01 0.03 0 0 0 0
Fetch 100 0.00 0.05 0 0 5 100
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
total 201 0.01 0.09 0 0 5 100

28. Same Same. But Different

29. SCOTT@sw11g> insert into T test2
2 select rownum, rownum from dual
connect by level < 50000;
49999 rows created.
Elapsed: 00:00:04.01

30. SCOTT@sw11g> drop trigger populate_id;
Trigger dropped.
SCOTT@sw11g> insert into T test2
2 select id_seq.nextval, rownum
from dual connect by level < 50000;
49999 rows created.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.71

31. Triggers are still an overhead (in this case)
Seth Godin -->

32. As Connor McDonald likes to say:
What we really need is...

33. create table typical_table
( id_col number default id_seq.nextval,
...

34. But we do have trigger improvements

35. create or replace
trigger populate_id
before insert on T
for each row
disable
begin
:new.id := id_seq.nextval;
end;
/

36. Compound triggers

37. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER compound_trigger
FOR UPDATE OF salary ON employees
COMPOUND TRIGGER
-- Declarative part (optional)
-- Variables declared here have firing-statement duration.
threshold CONSTANT SIMPLE_INTEGER := 200;
BEFORE STATEMENT IS
BEGIN
NULL;
END BEFORE STATEMENT;
BEFORE EACH ROW IS
BEGIN
NULL;
END BEFORE EACH ROW;
AFTER EACH ROW IS
BEGIN
NULL;
END AFTER EACH ROW;
AFTER STATEMENT IS
BEGIN
NULL;
END AFTER STATEMENT;
END compound_trigger;
/
Trigger created.

38. To avoid the mutating-table error
eg: A business rule states that an employee's salary increase must not
exceed 10% of the average salary for the employee's department.

39. To accumulate rows destined for
a second table so that you can
periodically bulk-insert them

40. create table audit_emp
(employee_id number(20)
,old_salary number(10)
,new_salary number(10)
,ts timestamp);

41. create or replace trigger old_way
after update of salary
on emp_large
for each row
begin
insert into audit_emp
values (:new.employee_id
,:old.salary
,:new.salary
,systimestamp);
end old_way;
/

42. SAGE@sw11g> update emp_large set salary = salary -1;
107892 rows updated.
Elapsed: 00:00:08.75
SAGE@sw11g> select count(*) from audit_emp;
COUNT(*)
----------
107892
1 row selected.
alter trigger old_way disable;

43. create or replace trigger new_way
for update of salary on emp_large
compound trigger
threshhold constant simple_integer := 100;
type audit_t is table of audit_emp%rowtype index by simple_integer;
t_audit audit_t;
ln_index simple_integer := 0;
create or replace trigger new_way
for update of salary on emp_large
compound trigger
threshhold constant simple_integer := 100;
type audit_t is table of
audit_emp%rowtype index by simple_integer;
t_audit audit_t;
ln_index simple_integer := 0;

44. procedure flush_array is
n constant SIMPLE_INTEGER := t_audit.count();
begin
forall j in 1..n
insert into audit_emp values t_audit(j);
t_audit.delete();
ln_index := 0;
end flush_array;
after each row is
begin
ln_index := ln_index + 1;
t_audit(ln_index).employee_id := :new.employee_id;
t_audit(ln_index).old_salary := :old.salary;
t_audit(ln_index).new_salary := :new.salary;
t_audit(ln_index).ts := systimestamp;
if ln_index >= threshhold then
flush_array();
end if;
end after each row;
after each row is
begin
ln_index := ln_index + 1;
t_audit(ln_index).employee_id := :new.employee_id;
t_audit(ln_index).old_salary := :old.salary;
t_audit(ln_index).new_salary := :new.salary;
t_audit(ln_index).ts := systimestamp;
if ln_index >= threshhold then -- index >= 100
flush_array;
end if;
end after each row;
procedure flush_array is
n constant SIMPLE_INTEGER := t_audit.count();
begin
forall j in 1..n
insert into audit_emp values t_audit(j);
t_audit.delete();
ln_index := 0;
end flush_array;

45. procedure flush_array is
n constant SIMPLE_INTEGER := t_audit.count();
begin
forall j in 1..n
insert into audit_emp values t_audit(j);
t_audit.delete();
ln_index := 0;
end flush_array;
after statement is
begin
flush_array;
end after statement;
end new_way;
/
procedure flush_array is
n constant SIMPLE_INTEGER := t_audit.count();
begin
forall j in 1..n
insert into audit_emp values t_audit(j);
t_audit.delete();
ln_index := 0;
end flush_array;
after statement is
begin
flush_array;
end after statement;

46. SAGE@sw11g> update emp_large set salary = salary -1;
107892 rows updated.
Elapsed: 00:00:04.01
SAGE@sw11g> select count(*) from audit_emp;
COUNT(*)
----------
107892
1 row selected.

47. Triggers are still ok (in this case)

48. create or replace trigger package_trigger
after update of salary
on employees
for each row
begin
dbms_output.put_line('package_trigger');
end old_way;
/
create or replace trigger custom_stuff
after update of salary
on employees
for each row
follows package_trigger
begin
dbms_output.put_line('custom_stuff');
end old_way;
/

49. HR@sw11g>
update employees set salary=1
where employee_id = 99;
package_trigger
custom_stuff
1 row updated.

50. What about “PRECEDES”?

51. Named Parameters in SQL

52. create or replace function
f(p1 in integer
,p2 in integer := 2
,p3 in integer := null) return number is
begin
return nvl(p1,0)
+nvl(p2,0)
+nvl(p3,0);
end;
/

53. SAGE@sw11g> select f(1,2,3) from dual;
F(1,2,3)
----------
6
1 row selected.

54. SAGE@sw11g> select f from dual;
select f from dual
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-06553: PLS-306: wrong number or
types of arguments in call to 'F'

55. SAGE@sw11g> select f(1,null) from dual;
F(1,NULL)
----------
1
1 row selected.

56. SAGE@sw11g> select f(1,p3=>3) from dual;
F(1,P3=>3)
----------
6
1 row selected.

57. CONTINUE-WHEN

58. declare
x number := 0;
begin
<< my_loop >>
loop -- after continue statement, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line ('Inside loop: x = ' || to_char(x));
x := x + 1;
continue my_loop when x < 3;
dbms_output.put_line ('Inside loop, after CONTINUE: x = '
|| to_char(x));
exit when x = 5;
end loop my_loop;
dbms_output.put_line ('After loop: x = ' || to_char(x));
end;
/
Inside loop: x = 0
Inside loop: x = 1
Inside loop: x = 2
Inside loop, after CONTINUE: x = 3
Inside loop: x = 3
Inside loop, after CONTINUE: x = 4
Inside loop: x = 4
Inside loop, after CONTINUE: x = 5
After loop: x = 5
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

59. Native PL/SQL Compilation

60. create or replace
function factorial_interpreted(p_n number)
return number is
begin
if (p_n = 1)
then
return 1;
else
return factorial_interpreted(p_n-1)*p_n;
end if;
end;
/

61. create or replace
function factorial_native(p_n number)
return number is
begin
if (p_n = 1)
then
return 1;
else
return factorial_native(p_n-1)*p_n;
end if;
end;
/

62. ALTER PROCEDURE factorial_native
COMPILE PLSQL_CODE_TYPE=NATIVE
REUSE SETTINGS;

63. declare
l_n number;
begin
for i in 1..500000
loop
l_n := factorial_interpreted(50);
end loop;
end;
/
Elapsed: 00:00:14.85

64. declare
l_n number;
begin
for i in 1..500000
loop
l_n := factorial_native(50);
end loop;
end;
/
Elapsed: 00:00:10.26

65. Read only tables

66. alter table logons read only;

67. HR@sw11g> update logons set user_id =
upper(user_id);
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed on
table "HR"."LOGONS"

68. conn sage/sage
SAGE@sw11g> select privilege
from user_tab_privs
where table_name = 'LOGONS';
PRIVILEGE
--------------------
UPDATE
1 row selected.

69. SAGE@sw11g> update hr.logons set user_id
= upper(user_id)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-12081: update operation not allowed
on table "HR"."LOGONS"

72. Very
Versatile
Virtual
Verticals

73. Virtual Columns
• Formula/computed columns – on the database
• Further constraints – on the database
• New category for partitioning – on the database
• Creative referential integrity – on the database
Without
• Triggers - expensive
• Views – sometimes forgotten
• Re-design – too much hard work!

74. And there’s more!
Query result cache PL/SQL Result Cache
Pivot / Unpivot
Invisible indexes
PL/SQL Inlining Optimisation
SQL Plan Management
SQL Performance Analyser
DBA Stuff

75. SAGE Computing Services
Customised Oracle Training Workshops and Consulting
Questions and Answers?
Presentations are available from our website:
http://www.sagecomputing.com.au
enquiries@sagecomputing.com.au
scott.wesley@sagecomputing.com.au