Transposable elements make up almost half of the human genome and play an important role in genome evolution and genetic diversity. Specifically, transposable elements can affect genes and regulatory elements through promoting recombination or inserting into new locations. They are also useful research tools for analyzing gene regulation, developmental biology, and disease pathogenesis. Transposons increase genetic variation, which contributes to evolution and gene regulation across organisms.
Animal breeding is a process that is being used from many years ago. In the earlier days, the breeders use to increase the qualities in the animals by using breeding and other methods. But by the invention of the molecular techniques, it is become easier to manipulate any animal and to enhance the traits or different qualities in the animals. In this regard, different methods have used these methods are discussed in this article. The animal transgenesis is used for different purposes such as in research purposes, like organ transplant source for humans, as protein extraction sources, as drug extraction process, in hormones production, and in many other purposes.
the following file contains information regarding the research based on transgenic animals. It is a biotechnological approach and an assignment(report) of a student of B.S.C second-year biotechnology.
Animal breeding is a process that is being used from many years ago. In the earlier days, the breeders use to increase the qualities in the animals by using breeding and other methods. But by the invention of the molecular techniques, it is become easier to manipulate any animal and to enhance the traits or different qualities in the animals. In this regard, different methods have used these methods are discussed in this article. The animal transgenesis is used for different purposes such as in research purposes, like organ transplant source for humans, as protein extraction sources, as drug extraction process, in hormones production, and in many other purposes.
the following file contains information regarding the research based on transgenic animals. It is a biotechnological approach and an assignment(report) of a student of B.S.C second-year biotechnology.
Describe the role of different types of genomic changes in the evolut.pdfivylinvaydak64229
Describe the role of different types of genomic changes in the evolution of organisms. What are
the potential consequences of each of the following: chromosomal rearrangements; gene
duplications; insertion or deletions of transposons; mutations of homeotic genes or their
homeoboxes; polypoidy.
Solution
Genes are the hereditary units that pass the genetic information from one generation to the other
generation. Evolution is a process of development of new organisms as a result of genomic
modifications of the already existing species. The change in single nucleotide results in point
mutation, which is of different types such as silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense
mutations, and frame shift mutations.
All mutations are not harmful. Mutations can either be good or neutral also. If the mutations
resulted in a new functional protein, which would be advantageous for the organism, they are
considered as good mutations. Mutation is the basic mechanism of evolution.
1). Chromosomal rearrangements or translocations involve the rearrangement of nonhomologous
chromosomal regions. This may result in viable or nonviable organisms.
For example, robertsonian translocation (ROB) is a type of chromosomal rearrangement (one
arm of chromosome goes to another chromosome and vice versa), which is observed in the five
chromosomal pairs of humans namely chromosome 13, 14, 15 21 and 22. These translocations
result in viable fetus.
2).
Gene duplication involved in the formation of autopolyploids and meiotic errors. Gene
duplication is often followed by divergent evolution. Eg: Duplication of single chromosomes
may cause autopolyploids. The three types of gene duplications are,
1). Duplication of entire genome
2). Duplication of single chromosome
3). Duplication of single chromosome of a group of genes
The proteins of globin superfamily are the example of proteins that exhibit gene divergence after
gene duplication.
3). Transposons are gene sequences (DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid) that can change their position
within the genome. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have transposons. In humans, about 45% of
genomes contain transposable elements.
A few mutagens induced into the coding exon region (Transposon insertion:) of gene thereby
insertion of new bases or deletion of the bases. Finally result in generation of truncated protein.
Transposon is a piece of DNA which gets inserted in to the DNA. All transposable elements
insert a staggered break in the DNA strand, means the strands become unequal, one become
large and another become small. The short DNA sequence can be found on both sides of a
transposable element, these are known as flanking direct repeats, and its sequence is
characteristic of each transposable element.
4).
Polyploidy is a state of having more than two paired homologous chromosomes. For example,
fusion of two diploid gametes of the plant or species in their 2n state result in tetraploids, we can
observe this in potato. Bananas and apples also pres.
-Basic Concepts in Genetics
-What is Epigenetic?
-History of Epigenetic
-How do epigenetics work?
-Epigenetics and the Environment
-Epigenetic Inheritance
-Epigenetics in Psychiatry
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
What is Genome Sequencing and Why Does it Matter for the Future of Health?InternationalInstitu7
The area of Genomics uses technologically advanced methods to comprehensively understand how and in which way the flow of genetic information works. Genomics explores the basic cellular processes of growth and development that finally translate the knowledge to build a proper model which will be helpful to identify changes that cause disease and subsequently predict the pathways to diagnose as well as prevent the disease.
Our genomic section is now capable of doing whole genome sequencing, targeted gene sequencing, RNA expression, etc routinely.
describe two processes by which evolution can occur. explain why.pdfpristiegee
describe two processes by which evolution can occur.
explain why
Solution
There are plenty of processes are present, which leads to evolution. for example: Mutation,
migration, genetic drift, Selection (Natural and artificial) etc.
1. Mutation is the change in the sequence in DNA (herdiatery material of life). An organism\'s
DNA affects how it looks, how it behaves, and its physiology — all aspects of its life. So a
change in an organism\'s DNA can cause changes in all aspects of its life. it can be beneficial,
neutral, or harmful for the organism.
2. Migration, also known as gene flow, is any movement of individual, that carry genetic
material from one population to other. For example: pollen being blown to a destination or
people migrates to new cities. If gene versions are carried to a population where those gene
versions previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of genetic variation..
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Describe the role of different types of genomic changes in the evolut.pdfivylinvaydak64229
Describe the role of different types of genomic changes in the evolution of organisms. What are
the potential consequences of each of the following: chromosomal rearrangements; gene
duplications; insertion or deletions of transposons; mutations of homeotic genes or their
homeoboxes; polypoidy.
Solution
Genes are the hereditary units that pass the genetic information from one generation to the other
generation. Evolution is a process of development of new organisms as a result of genomic
modifications of the already existing species. The change in single nucleotide results in point
mutation, which is of different types such as silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense
mutations, and frame shift mutations.
All mutations are not harmful. Mutations can either be good or neutral also. If the mutations
resulted in a new functional protein, which would be advantageous for the organism, they are
considered as good mutations. Mutation is the basic mechanism of evolution.
1). Chromosomal rearrangements or translocations involve the rearrangement of nonhomologous
chromosomal regions. This may result in viable or nonviable organisms.
For example, robertsonian translocation (ROB) is a type of chromosomal rearrangement (one
arm of chromosome goes to another chromosome and vice versa), which is observed in the five
chromosomal pairs of humans namely chromosome 13, 14, 15 21 and 22. These translocations
result in viable fetus.
2).
Gene duplication involved in the formation of autopolyploids and meiotic errors. Gene
duplication is often followed by divergent evolution. Eg: Duplication of single chromosomes
may cause autopolyploids. The three types of gene duplications are,
1). Duplication of entire genome
2). Duplication of single chromosome
3). Duplication of single chromosome of a group of genes
The proteins of globin superfamily are the example of proteins that exhibit gene divergence after
gene duplication.
3). Transposons are gene sequences (DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid) that can change their position
within the genome. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have transposons. In humans, about 45% of
genomes contain transposable elements.
A few mutagens induced into the coding exon region (Transposon insertion:) of gene thereby
insertion of new bases or deletion of the bases. Finally result in generation of truncated protein.
Transposon is a piece of DNA which gets inserted in to the DNA. All transposable elements
insert a staggered break in the DNA strand, means the strands become unequal, one become
large and another become small. The short DNA sequence can be found on both sides of a
transposable element, these are known as flanking direct repeats, and its sequence is
characteristic of each transposable element.
4).
Polyploidy is a state of having more than two paired homologous chromosomes. For example,
fusion of two diploid gametes of the plant or species in their 2n state result in tetraploids, we can
observe this in potato. Bananas and apples also pres.
-Basic Concepts in Genetics
-What is Epigenetic?
-History of Epigenetic
-How do epigenetics work?
-Epigenetics and the Environment
-Epigenetic Inheritance
-Epigenetics in Psychiatry
Epigenetics is the study, in the field of genetics, of cellular and physiological phenotypic trait variations that are caused by external or environmental factors that switch genes on and off and affect how cells read genes instead of being caused by changes in the DNA sequence. -Wikipedia
What is Genome Sequencing and Why Does it Matter for the Future of Health?InternationalInstitu7
The area of Genomics uses technologically advanced methods to comprehensively understand how and in which way the flow of genetic information works. Genomics explores the basic cellular processes of growth and development that finally translate the knowledge to build a proper model which will be helpful to identify changes that cause disease and subsequently predict the pathways to diagnose as well as prevent the disease.
Our genomic section is now capable of doing whole genome sequencing, targeted gene sequencing, RNA expression, etc routinely.
describe two processes by which evolution can occur. explain why.pdfpristiegee
describe two processes by which evolution can occur.
explain why
Solution
There are plenty of processes are present, which leads to evolution. for example: Mutation,
migration, genetic drift, Selection (Natural and artificial) etc.
1. Mutation is the change in the sequence in DNA (herdiatery material of life). An organism\'s
DNA affects how it looks, how it behaves, and its physiology — all aspects of its life. So a
change in an organism\'s DNA can cause changes in all aspects of its life. it can be beneficial,
neutral, or harmful for the organism.
2. Migration, also known as gene flow, is any movement of individual, that carry genetic
material from one population to other. For example: pollen being blown to a destination or
people migrates to new cities. If gene versions are carried to a population where those gene
versions previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of genetic variation..
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2. Transposable Genetic Elements in Human
• Transposable elements (TEs) occupy almost half, 46%, of the human
genome, making the TE content of our genome one of the highest
among mammals
• It is approximately 300 bases long and can be found between 3 lakhs
and one million times in the human genome
• Alu alone is estimated to make up 15–17% of the human genome
• Significance:
1. Transposable elements affect genome evolution promoting
recombination, disturbing cellular genes or control elements, and
carrying genes or exons to new locations
2. DNA transposons can be used to introduce a piece of foreign DNA
into a genome. Thus, DNA transposons are useful tools to analyze
the regulatory genome, study embryonic development, identify
genes and pathways implicated in disease or pathogenesis of
pathogens, and even contribute to gene therapy
3. The ability of transposons to increase genetic diversity
is an important part of evolution and gene regulation in all
organisms that carry these sequences
