This document summarizes and provides commentary on the paper "Deformation assisted fluid percolation in salt" by Ghanbarzadeh et al. It notes that while the paper presents interesting observations, the experimental samples and conditions do not realistically represent natural rock salt. It questions whether the proposed dihedral angle threshold for permeability is valid given experimental uncertainties. The document concludes that salt's low permeability is adequately explained by existing geomechanical criteria, and the paper does not undermine the integrity of salt as a potential nuclear waste repository host rock.
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Well log analysis for reservoir characterization aapg wikiBRIKAT Abdelghani
Well log is one of the most fundamental methods for reservoir characterization, in oil and gas industry, it is an essential method for geoscientist to acquire more knowledge about the condition below the surface by using physical properties of rocks.
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "PANACEA & TRUST Projects Status update" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Well log analysis for reservoir characterization aapg wikiBRIKAT Abdelghani
Well log is one of the most fundamental methods for reservoir characterization, in oil and gas industry, it is an essential method for geoscientist to acquire more knowledge about the condition below the surface by using physical properties of rocks.
Immobilisation in the permeable zone: Residual trapping, capillary heterogeneity - presentation by Sam Krevor of Imperial College London at the UKCCSRC meeting Monitoring of the deep subsurface: leakage pathways – understanding and monitoring the mechanics of CO2 storage, 23 October 2014
Study of corrosion control effect of H2S scavengers in drilling fluidsMutiu K. Amosa, Ph.D.
Selected environmentally benign iron compounds (synthetic magnetite and ferrous gluconate) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for oil-well steel (N-80) in 50 mg/l sulphide concentration at various pH ranging from 5.5 to 11.5 and at High Temperature, High Pressure (HTHP) conditions by the weight loss method. The test temperatures were 150 °F, 275 °F and 350 °F respectively for pressures of 3 000 psi, 5 000 psi and 6 000 psi. The ferrous complex was found to be a better corrosion inhibitor compared to the synthetic magnetite. It exhibited up to 99.2% inhibition efficiency (IE) when the dose of the scavenger was doubled (i.e. when the sulphide to scavenger ratio was 1:2) irrespective of other factors such as pH, temperature and pressure. Whereas, the synthetic magnetite’s optimum inhibition efficiency (IE) was observed to be up to 75.1% only when the ratio of the sulphide to scavenger was 1:4 at the lowest pH of the experiment (pH 5.5) which is not desirable for a drilling mud. As the pH increases, the inhibition efficiency of the magnetite decreases and found to be lowest at the alkaline pH of 11.5.
Presentation given by Auli Niemi of Uppsala University on "Quantification of Saline Aquifers for Geological Storage of CO2 – Experiences from MUSTANG Project" at the EC FP7 Projects: Leading the way in CCS implementation event, London, 14-15 April 2014
Application of geochemical modeling, including reactive transport simulation, to understand mobilization of metals in groundwater in response to acidification.
Advanced logging evaluation gas reservoir of Levantine basinFabio Brambilla
Experience gained in recent activity in the Levantine basin has allowed for the development of a formation evaluation strategy for accurate gas reservoirs description in this region. The proposed evaluation approach considers operational issues of deep water wells, challenging borehole conditions (high salinity mud, deep invasion) and other geological features of these clastic reservoirs and their fluids. Our case study highlights benefits of the integrated evaluation of new laterolog resistivity data together with 2D NMR inversion results optimized for a gas bearing reservoir. Furthermore borehole imaging logs are included in our evaluation approach. The recently developed multi laterolog tool has an advantage of four multiple depths of investigation. It provides a detailed high 1ft vertical resolution radial resistivity profile overcoming the deep invasion often present in these reservoirs. The NMR acquired in gas oriented acquisition mode exploits the multi-frequency capability of the logging device. Combined together multiple G•TE and multiple TW experiments contribute to robust determination of the T1 and T2 reservoir fluid properties. This acquisition sequence allows for continuous hydrocarbon typing applying the T1/T2 vs T2 2D maps method, which is practical for these reservoirs given the T1 contrast between gas and other fluids. Consequently we are able to perform accurate HI corrections and therefore improve the estimates of NMR permeability and saturations. Further in the workflow we compare NMR and Stoneley wave permeability’s and assess in details their differences. The geological study performed with the combination of simultaneously acquired ultrasonic and resistivity borehole images provides additional insight into the reservoir architectures, taking advantage during the analysis of the different logging responses of the petrophysical factors to acoustic and resistivity investigation for a detailed delineation of the productive beds. The advantages of this integrated approach are illustrated with field data examples.
Effect of Grain Size and Reaction Time in Characterisation of Aggregates for ...IJERA Editor
Concrete can deteriorate as a result of alkali aggregate reaction, an interaction between alkalis present in
alkaline pore solution originating from the Portland cement and reactive minerals in certain types of aggregates.
Potential reactivity of aggregates with regard to alkalis present in concrete mix can be determined by Mortar Bar
method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis. Of these the chemical method though is quick and does
not require a large quantity of material for testing yet have its own inherent limitations. It does not ensure
completion of reaction as the observations are limited to 24hour only and also does not assess the effect of
varying the combination of coarse and fine aggregates. A study on chemical method by allowing the reaction for
a prolonged time up to 96 hours and also on different grain size ranged matrix was carried at Central Soil and
Materials Research Station, New Delhi. Simultaneously the test results of the modified method are compared to
the existing Mortar Bar method, Chemical Method and Petrographic analysis The outcome of the studies clearly
reflects that the grain size play an important role in the reaction, the reaction time has a demarked impact on
reactivity, in the cases having a high value of silica release the choice of reduction in alkalinity as an indicator
of degree of reaction is not reliable, instead measuring remaining Na2O concentration in Sodium hydroxide
solution after the reaction seems to be much more meaningful in justifying the silica release.
Presentation given to the UK Catalysis conference, January 8th 2016 based on the paper:
Article title: XPS and STM studies of the oxidation of hydrogen chloride at Cu(100) surfaces
Article reference: SUSC20763
Journal title: Surface Science
Corresponding author: Prof. Philip R. Davies
Online publication complete: 7-JAN-2016
DOI information: 10.1016/j.susc.2015.12.024
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
23 popp if g daef
1. 1
Comments of the German Association for
Repository Research (DAEF)
Till Popp, Wolfgang Minkley
Institute for Geomechanics GmbH (IfG)
Washington, DC
September 7-9, 2016
3. 3
Ghanbarzadeh et al., 2016 - What is the explosive?
The study confirms already existing observations of Lewis
& Hollnes (1996), but …
However, deformation may be able to overcome this
threshold and allow fluid flow.
The observed hydrocarbon distributions in rock salt require that
percolation occurred at porosities considerably below
the static threshold due to deformation-assisted
percolation.
Therefore, the design of nuclear waste repositories in salt
should guard against deformation-driven fluid
percolation. In general, static percolation thresholds
may not always limit fluid flow in deforming
environments.
The low permeability of static rock salt is due to a
percolation threshold.
Sophisticated analysis is needed to proof if
the integrity of the geological barrier salt
is really violated according to this thesis
Why are Hydrocarbons inside salt?
4. 4
Percolation threshold – Evaluation of salt barrier integrity
Percolation threshold is a mathematical concept
related to percolation theory, which is the formation
of long-range connectivity in random systems.
Below the threshold a giant connected component
does not exist; while above it, there exists a giant
component of the order of system size.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold
Permeability in a salt barrier can be only induced
under special mechanical or hydraulical
conditions which result from the same micro-physical
process, i.e. the percolation of flow paths along grain
boundaries after exceeding a threshold.
This corresponds:
(1) at deviatoric conditions with the dilatancy
boundary and
(2) at increased fluid pressures with the
minimum stresses
5. 5
Geomechanical proof of the salt barrier integrity
Cap rock
GOK
drifts
Underlying bed
clay
anhydrite
salt
potash
f (I2)
Dilatancy
boundary
Dilatancy field
Compaction field
I1
Cap rock
GOK
drifts
Underlying bed
clay
anhydrite
salt
potash
Detail A
pL = gL ∙ h
s3 s3
Hypothetical
gradient
pL = Fluid pressure
s3 = minimum stress
Generally accepted!
Part of the integrity analysis, as
requested by the GERMAN SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS
(BMU, 2010)
Dilatancy criterion
Minimum stress
criterion
6. 6
A 3rd threshold ? The dihedral angle q for the salt-brine system
PT-dependent change of the
wetting properties between
brine and salt :
• Change of the wetting angle –
development of connected
pore channels along triple
junctions (Lewis & Holness,
1996).
• Increase of the permeability
up to 10-16 m2 (Schleder et al.,
2007).
q > 60°
Rock salt is tight
Increase of
permeability
is possible
q < 60°
Rocksalt is
permeable
Well known theory, but
neglected because the pT-
conditions are not relevant
for a salt repository (e.g.
VSG)
Repository
7. 7
The material tested vs. natural salt
Table salt: Grain sizes: 200 – 400 µm
Composition: analytical grade halite
(99.9% pure)
For each experiment, about 150 mg of
halite and 7-15 mg of distilled water used
Water will dissolve salt
4,5 – 9 wt.-% correspond to
7 – 16 Vol.-% = brine filled
porosity of the condensed
material
Natural rock salt (e.g. bedded salt Harlingen)
Grain sizes: < 1 mm ... 10 mm … 1dm
Composition: > 90% Halite, anhydrite, clay, accessoric minerals
Water content, usually 0,1 – 1 wt.-%
20 mm
The grain scale distributions and the water
content are not realistic!
8. 8
The experimental approach – Undrained Hydrostatic Experiment
Hydro-thermal autoclaves with ovens
pmax = 400 MPa
External Furnace Tmax ≤ 850°C
The teflon capsule is positioned
inside a platinum tube (5 mm
outer diameter) in a
Pressure vessel:
20 to 100 MPa; 100 to 275°C
Quenched to room
conditions within 1 minute, i.e.
putting the autoclave in water
Teflon capsule and
covered with a Teflon lid Grain boundary opening due to
unloading effects respectively
thermal shrinking
9. 9
The texture investigation method - Pore-Scale Imaging
Equilibrated salt-brine structure, reconstructed from X-ray micro-
tomographic images of synthetic salt sample scanned by 1.1µm
resolution. Each side of the cube corresponds to 660µm. left: Salt
grain separation using watershed algorithm. right: medial-axis or
skeleton of pore space. (source:
https://sites.google.com/a/utexas.edu/ghsoheil/research)
P=100MPaandT=275°CP=200MPaandT=100°C
University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray Computed
Tomography Facility
Zeiss (formerly Xradia) microXCT 400 scanner:
3D resolution to ca. 1.1 μm pixel
Image analysis:
Reduction of noise level
Converting grayscale image
data into segmented images
Filtering the segmented data
Quantification and post
processing
Pore space topology and
connectivity
Estimate of the Dihedral Angle
It’s an indirect method which
quality depends on the data
evaluation …
10. 10
The original data sets from Lewis and Hollnes (1996)
The pore property changes
described by the dihedral
angle are small !!
With respect to experimental artefacts due to
grain boundary opening ..
What is the reliability of the estimate
of the Dihedral Angle?
11. 11
The static pore-scale theory - influence of porosity /water content?
Under consideration of natural
salt properties the observed
phenomena are probably not
realistic, mainly due to the
unusual high water content
realized in the experiments
(source: https://sites.google.com/a/utexas.edu/ghsoheil/research)
Modeling of Textural
Equilibrium using synthetical
3D-networks indicates that
independently from the
dihedral angle connectivity of
pores depends on porosity
(respectively the amount of
brine)
Soheil Ghanbarzadeh
dihedral angle q
Porosity
12. 12
Experiment vs. Nature: salt from drill holes
q > 65°
60° < q < 65°
q < 60°
Petrophysical observations in wells -
Occurence of HC in salt
Low rock resistivities and
occurence of HC may give hints for
fluid-connected pore space due to
percolation
14. 14
Occurence of hydrocarbons in the salt dome Gorleben (2)
Conclusion in Greenpeace (2010) –
Hydrocarbons below a salt deposit
contradict against a repository because
the fluids will migrate through the salt
no long-term safety
Presentation of J.
Hammer (BGR)
15. 15
Observations on ARA salt cores from the OMAN Salt basin
Schoenherr, J., J.L. Urai, P. Kukla, R. Littke,
Z. Schleder, J.-M. Larroque, M. Newall, N. Al-
bry, H. Al-Siyabi, and Z. Rawahi (2007): Limits
to the sealing capacity of rocksalt: A case
study of the Infra-Cambrian Ara Salt from
the South Oman Salt Basin: AAPG Bulletin,
v. 91/11, p. 1541-1557.
Salt is impregnated by oil / bitumen
contact between carbonate stringers / salt
16. 16
Cartoon of the mechanism of diffuse dilatancy of ARA salt
Stage 1: Diffuse dilation of
salt
• Evidence for decompaction and
local damage during uplift
• Over-pressurisation of Stringer
fluids
violation of the minimal stress
criterion
Pressure-driven percolation
Stage 2: Re-sealing
• After the oil pressure dropped to
values equal to s3 in the rock salt
(initial situation)
The micro-scale deformation
mechanisms (dislocation creep
and fluid-assisted grain-boundary-
migration recrystallization) results
in re-sealing of the fluids
from Schoenherr et al., 2007
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Violation minimum
stress criterion Pressure-driven
percolation
17. 17
Is the PT-dependent dihedral angle q – threshold real?
IfG Kármán pressure cell:
s3 – max = 1000 bar
T up to 120°C
Hydrostatic / deformational
conditions
Sample size (natural salt)
Length 200 mm
Diameter 100 mm
Permeability testing with
Gas, brine and oil
Preliminary test results are
available
18. 18
Preliminary lab test results at T = 97°C and increasing confinement
No gas flow was detected!
Resolution better than 10-20 m2.
19. 19
„Deformation assisted fluid percolation in salt“
(Ghanbarzadeh et al., 2016)
Conclusions
My personal opinion,
it is a well written and interesting paper but the authors wanted to amplify the
public interest by including aspects of nuclear waste storage.
However, there are some remarks regarding the conclusions:
• Sample size and water content are not appropriate to natural salt
• The thesis, that salt becomes permeable if the dihedral angle becomes
lower than 60° is only based on theoretical models.
• Porosity resp. fluid content is an important parameter for the porespace
network, but not discussed by the authors in the paper.
• The occurence of hydrocarbons is not always an indication of permeability
(autochthonous origin is possible)
• It is a well known fact that salt can become permeable so that fluids can
migrate through it (especially during the diagnesis or salt dome uplift), but
the dilatancy and minimal stress criterion are sufficient to explain the
acting processes.
As summary, from our point of view, the integrity of salt as host
rock for storage of radioactive waste is out of question.