02 Radioactive Waste Strategy in The Netherlands

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Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables

This document provides an overview of radioactive waste strategy and management in the Netherlands. It discusses that the Netherlands has small amounts of high-level, low-level, and naturally occurring radioactive waste. The national strategy is for all waste to be managed and stored on an industrial site by COVRA, a state-owned enterprise, for at least 100 years before considering disposal. COVRA's site features storage buildings that provide passive cooling and protection from extreme events for high-level waste storage. Research is ongoing to develop a safety case for eventual geological disposal.

Technology

RADIOACTIVE WASTE STRATEGY IN
THE NETHERLANDS
Ewoud Verhoef
US-German Workshop 2017, Nieuwdorp

2
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
• 2 nuclear power plants
1 operating (500 MWE)
1 shut down(GKN 1997)
• 2 research centers
• U-enrichment plant
• Mo-production
• industry
• medicine
• research

3
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
• HLW: 100 m3
• LILW: 11.000 m3
• NORM: 20.000 m3

STRATEGY
Keep radioactive
waste in a safe place
Isolate, Control
and Monitor

88
SOLUTIONS FOR THE NETHERLANDS
• small amount of waste
• high ground water table
• high population density
• high environmental
awareness
• advanced spatial planning
no shallow disposal,
only geological disposal
17 million people

--------300
km
--------

POLICY
• all waste managed and owned by COVRA
• all waste at one industrial site
• at least 100 years storage, in buildings
• disposal after 100 years either in national
or international context (dual track)
• research
9
stable policy since 1984

COVRA
• Established 1982
 Nieuwdorp 1992
• State-owned enterprise 2002
• 60 people
• 20 million turnover
10
Only statutory task: care for Dutch
RW to protect people & the environment

131313
LMLW
• Defence in depth
• proven technology
• simple, robust storage
buildings
• minimal equipment
• stable product
• small units
• repairable

15
High Level Radioactive Storage and Treatment Building (HABOG)

1717
HLW storage
All events ≤ 10-6
covered
• earthquakes VI½ Mercali
• plane crash (F16-A Falcon
fighter)
• flooding +10 m NAP
• lpg gas cloud explosion
• severe winds 125 m/s

191919
HABOG LAYOUT
Treatment StorageReception

202020
HABOG LAYOUT
Treatment StorageReception

212121
HABOG LAYOUT
Treatment StorageReception

2222
HABOG CROSS SECTION
heat generating waste non-heat generating waste
ventilation stack

2323
HABOG, passive cooling system
air in
air out

MONEY
• polluter pays
• costs covered by fees
• cost effective
• no retrospective adjustment of fees paid
• COVRA takes over full title
• future costs to be paid from funds
• capital growth fund
2424

2626
OPERA
OnderzoeksProgramma Eindberging
Radioactief Afval
• 2009:
– Start preparation third programme
– Coordinated by COVRA
– € 10 million – 7 years
– financed by government & industry
• 2011: start programme
• 2017: First Safety Case
Research Programme Disposal
Radioactive Waste

CONFIDENCE
2727
Please, mister
can we have our ball?

STORAGE FOR ALWAYS?
STORAGE FOR MORE THAN 100 YEARS?
2828

3333
COMMUNICATION
• HABOG is a Work of Art:
METAMORPHOSIS
(William Verstraeten)
• Show on the outside what is happening inside
• Look through the 1.70 m concrete walls to
the outside

COMMUNICATION
New building for depleted uranium:
Largest SOLAR DIAL of Europe

44
HRH Prinsess Beatrix will
open the building
September 13 2017
Open day for the public

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The document summarizes an assessment of existing experimental data and constitutive models for predicting the behavior of crushed salt backfill during reconsolidation in a salt repository. It finds that while several thermo-mechanical models have been developed, the experimental database is incomplete, particularly for the low porosity range under relevant conditions. It recommends future work to complete the database through improved experiments and to calibrate and benchmark models against experimental results to enable reliable predictions of long-term behavior and hydraulic properties.

15 Outcome of the Repoperm Project

Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables

The Repoperm project studied the mechanical and hydraulic behavior of compacting crushed salt backfill at low porosities. It found that: 1) Measurement of properties like permeability and constitutive relationships for two-phase flow are possible down to gas permeabilities of 10-15 m2. 2) Presently used models have limits and material parameters depend on the specific test, so predictive capability needs improving. 3) Further research is needed to fully characterize hydro-mechanical behavior, understand permeability under unsaturated conditions, and reconcile results from different test types.

14 Radiological Consequences Analysis for a HLW Repository in Bedded Salt in ...

Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables

The document summarizes radiological consequence analyses for a hypothetical high-level waste repository in bedded salt formations in Germany. It describes work packages analyzing the safety concept and developing a safety demonstration concept. Test cases are analyzed to verify applicability of radiological indicators and models. The base case scenario and sensitivity cases with reduced diffusion and convergence are modeled. Results show the repository system can provide long-term containment and negligible radiological impacts due to the geological barrier and engineered barriers like shaft and drift seals and compacted salt backfill. Sensitivity studies aid understanding key parameters and processes.

13 "New results of the KOSINA project - Generic geological models / Integrity...

Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables

This document summarizes work from the KOSINA project, which is developing concepts for a generic salt repository in Germany for heat-generating nuclear waste. It discusses two work packages (WP2 and WP4) focused on developing generic geological models and analyzing the geomechanical integrity of potential repository designs. For WP2, generic 3D models were developed for two site types - flat-bedded salt and salt pillows. Material parameters for the salt and surrounding rock were also compiled. WP4 involves thermo-mechanical modeling to demonstrate integrity for designs using each site type, including drift emplacement and horizontal borehole disposal concepts. Preliminary modeling results for a flat-bedded and pillow site are presented.

12 Salt testing: Low deviatoric stress data

Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables

09 Invited Lecture: Salt Creep at Low Deviatoric Stress

Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables

1. Very slow creep tests were conducted on salt rock samples in stable underground environments to obtain strain rates in the range of 10-13/s. This provides data in the very low stress range of 0-5 MPa that is representative of conditions near deep salt caverns, filling gaps in existing data. 2. The tests found transient creep phases lasting 6-10 months and steady-state creep rates 5-6 orders of magnitude faster than extrapolated from standard higher-stress tests. Results were consistent with models assuming pressure-solution creep at low stresses. 3. One sample showed apparent "swelling" after oil was found within it, possibly due to water vapor entry leading to strain in an

More from Sandia National Laboratories: Energy & Climate: Renewables (20)

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Sand2018 0581 o metadata for presentations 011918 lac

11 Testing Shear Strength and Deformation along Discontinuities in Salt

10 Current status of research in the Joint Project WEIMOS

26 Current research on deep borehole disposal of nuclear spent fuel and high-...

25 Basin-Scale Density-Dependent Groundwater Flow Near a Salt Repository

24 Actinide and brine chemistry in salt repositories: Updates from ABC Salt (V)

23 Sandia’s Salt Design Concept for High Level Waste and Defense Spent Nuclea...

22 WIPP Future Advancements and Operational Safety

21 WIPP recovery and Operational Safety

20 EPA Review of DOE’s 2014 Compliance Recertification Application for WIPP

19 Repository designs in bedded salt, the KOSINA-Project

18 Interaction between Operational Safety and Long-Term Safety (Project BASEL)

17 Salt Reconsolidation

16 Reconsolidation of granular salt (DAEF report)

15 Outcome of the Repoperm Project

14 Radiological Consequences Analysis for a HLW Repository in Bedded Salt in ...

13 "New results of the KOSINA project - Generic geological models / Integrity...

12 Salt testing: Low deviatoric stress data

09 Invited Lecture: Salt Creep at Low Deviatoric Stress

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02 Radioactive Waste Strategy in The Netherlands

1. RADIOACTIVE WASTE STRATEGY IN THE NETHERLANDS Ewoud Verhoef US-German Workshop 2017, Nieuwdorp

2. 2 RADIOACTIVE WASTE • 2 nuclear power plants 1 operating (500 MWE) 1 shut down(GKN 1997) • 2 research centers • U-enrichment plant • Mo-production • industry • medicine • research

3. 3 RADIOACTIVE WASTE • HLW: 100 m3 • LILW: 11.000 m3 • NORM: 20.000 m3

4. STRATEGY Keep radioactive waste in a safe place Isolate, Control and Monitor

5. 5

6. 6 1953

7. 7

8. 88 SOLUTIONS FOR THE NETHERLANDS • small amount of waste • high ground water table • high population density • high environmental awareness • advanced spatial planning no shallow disposal, only geological disposal 17 million people  --------300 km --------

9. POLICY • all waste managed and owned by COVRA • all waste at one industrial site • at least 100 years storage, in buildings • disposal after 100 years either in national or international context (dual track) • research 9 stable policy since 1984

10. COVRA • Established 1982  Nieuwdorp 1992 • State-owned enterprise 2002 • 60 people • 20 million turnover 10 Only statutory task: care for Dutch RW to protect people & the environment

11. SITE 11

12. 1212

13. 131313 LMLW • Defence in depth • proven technology • simple, robust storage buildings • minimal equipment • stable product • small units • repairable

14. 141414 LMLW

15. 15 High Level Radioactive Storage and Treatment Building (HABOG)

16. 1616 HLW storage: HABOG

17. 1717 HLW storage All events ≤ 10-6 covered • earthquakes VI½ Mercali • plane crash (F16-A Falcon fighter) • flooding +10 m NAP • lpg gas cloud explosion • severe winds 125 m/s

18. 18 HLW

19. 191919 HABOG LAYOUT Treatment StorageReception

20. 202020 HABOG LAYOUT Treatment StorageReception

21. 212121 HABOG LAYOUT Treatment StorageReception

22. 2222 HABOG CROSS SECTION heat generating waste non-heat generating waste ventilation stack

23. 2323 HABOG, passive cooling system air in air out

24. MONEY • polluter pays • costs covered by fees • cost effective • no retrospective adjustment of fees paid • COVRA takes over full title • future costs to be paid from funds • capital growth fund 2424

25. 2525 RESEARCH

26. 2626 OPERA OnderzoeksProgramma Eindberging Radioactief Afval • 2009: – Start preparation third programme – Coordinated by COVRA – € 10 million – 7 years – financed by government & industry • 2011: start programme • 2017: First Safety Case Research Programme Disposal Radioactive Waste

27. CONFIDENCE 2727 Please, mister can we have our ball?

28. STORAGE FOR ALWAYS? STORAGE FOR MORE THAN 100 YEARS? 2828

29. 2929 MUSEUM DEPOT

30. 3030 MUSEUM DEPOT

31. 31

32. MARIE CURIE 32

33. 3333 COMMUNICATION • HABOG is a Work of Art: METAMORPHOSIS (William Verstraeten) • Show on the outside what is happening inside • Look through the 1.70 m concrete walls to the outside

34. 34 HABOG IN COLOR (1)

35. 35 HABOG IN COLOR (2)

36. 3636 HEAT GENERATION HLW

37. 3737 2003

38. 3838 2023

39. 3939 2043

40. 4040 2063

41. 4141 2083

42. 4242 2103

43. COMMUNICATION New building for depleted uranium: Largest SOLAR DIAL of Europe

44. 44 HRH Prinsess Beatrix will open the building September 13 2017 Open day for the public