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African Americans:
A Concise History, Combined Volume, 5e
Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley C. Harrold
Chapter 9
Let Your Motto
Be Resistance
1833–1850

Theodor Kaufmann (1814–1896), “On to Liberty,” 1867, Oil on
canvas, 36 × 56 in (91.4 × 142.2 cm). The Metropolitan
Museum of Art. Gift of Erving and Joyce Wolf, 1982
(1982.443.3). Photograph © The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
/Art Resource, NY
A group of women and children prepare to ford a river as they
escape from slavery. Most escapees were young men, but people
of both sexes and all age-groups undertook to reach freedom in
the North or Canada.
The artist who painted On to Liberty, Theodore Kaufmann, was
one of a number of participants in Germany’s democratic
revolution of 1848 who emigrated to the United StatesHe joined
the anti-slavery cause and fought in the Union Army, with many
of his paintings illustrating the idea of liberty
05/19/11
*
Learning Objectives
9-1 How did the racism and violence of the 1830s
and 1840s affect the antislavery movement?
9-2 What roles did black institutions and moral
suasion play in the antislavery movement?
9-3 What was the role of black churches and black
newspapers in the abolitionist movement?
9-4 What were the reasons for the breakup of the
American Anti-Slavery Society and what
organizations emerged to replace it?
9-5 How did abolitionism become more
aggressive during the 1840s and 1850s?
9-6 How did the views of Frederick Douglass differ
from those of Henry Highland Garnet?

05/12/11
*
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence Manifest Destiny defines
political and economic progress in racial termsAmerican
ethnologists argued racial differences inherent, whites superior
Scientific racism gave justification for continued enslavementA
wave of racially motivated violence, committed by the federal
and state governments and white vigilantes, accompanied these
developments
05/19/11
* Militancy among abolitionists reflected increasing American
racism and violence from the 1830s through the Civil War
Starting in the 1790s, the army waged a systematic campaign to
remove American Indians from the states
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence (cont'd)Manifest
DestinyA doctrine, prevalent during the nineteenth century,
holding that God intended the United States to expand
territorially over all of North America and the Caribbean
islands, or over the entire Western Hemisphere
05/19/11
*
White Americans’ embrace of an exuberant nationalism called

Manifest Destiny contributed to the trend of increasing racism
and violence
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence (cont'd)Antiblack and
Antiabolitionist Riots
Riots in Cincinnati, Providence, New York, Philadelphia
1829: three-day riot instigated by politicians led black
Cincinnatians to flee to Canada
05/19/11
*
Antiblack riots coincided with the start of immediate
abolitionism during the late 1820s; increased in 1830s, 1840s
No city had more or worse race riots than Philadelphia—
antiblack rampages in 1820, 1829, 1834, 1835, 1838, 1842, and
1849
The graph highlights the increasing tension related to the anti -
slavery movement throughout the United StatesAs the number
of abolitionist newspapers and periodicals spread, antislavery
views became more widespread in the fast-growing cities of the
North
05/19/11
*
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence (cont'd)Texas and the
War Against Mexico
Texas declares independence from Mexico, 1836

applied for annexation as slave state
War against Mexico, U.S. gains New Mexico, California
05/19/11
* Under President James K. Polk, the United States adopted a
belligerent foreign policy toward the Republic of Mexico
Mexico had gained its independence from Spain in 1822 and in
1829 had abolished slaveryThe desire for new territory,
encouraged by Manifest Destiny and an expanding slave-labor
economy, encourages U.S. politicians to annex Texas as slave
state Compromise of 1850 tries to satisfy slave and free states
regarding new states in the west
Widespread fear of slave rebellions in the South and black
competition for jobs and other economic resources in the north
contributed to periodic riots and massacres throughout the
United States
05/19/11
*
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence (cont'd)
f
LO 9-1. _____________ was a policy that defined political and
economic progress in racial terms, holding that God intended
the United States to expand its territory.
A: Moral suasion
B: Monroe Doctrine
C: Manifest Destiny

D: Empire of Liberty
05/12/11
*
f
LO 9-1. _____________ was a policy that defined political and
economic progress in racial terms, holding that God intended
the United States to expand its territory.
A: Moral suasion
B: Monroe Doctrine
C: Manifest Destiny
D: Empire of Liberty
05/12/11
*
LO 9-1. In 1836, Texas won independence and applied for
annexation to the United States as a free state, largely as a
result of abolitionists moving into the region.
A: True
B: False

05/12/11
*
LO 9-1. In 1836, Texas won independence and applied for
annexation to the United States as a free state, largely as a
result of abolitionists moving into the region.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
The Antislavery Movement Race-related violence increased,
created difficultiesWhite abolitionists set policiesAbolitionists
commitment to nonviolence weakened
05/19/11
* Even though African Americans found loyal white allies
within the movement, interracial understanding did not come
easily White abolitionists assumed they should set policy, so
their black colleagues became resentful

MyLab Media
Document: Two Escaped Slaves Tell Their Stories (1855)
http://auth.ebookplus.pearsoncmg.com/ebook/launchViewe
r.do?bookID=14923&globalBookID=CM97604171&bookEdition
ID=32190&invokeType=authoring&launchType=teacher
The Antislavery Movement (cont’d) The American Anti-Slavery
Society
AASS dedicated to immediate, uncompensated emancipation:
turning point in Abolitionist cause
Three African Americans—James McCrummell, Robert Purvis,
and James G. Barbadoes—helped found the AASS
William Lloyd Garrison
White American worked hard to bridge racial differences
05/19/11
* Abolitionists organized the AASS in December 1833 at
Philadelphia’s Adelphi Hall Garrison spoke to black groups,
stayed in the homes of African Americans when he traveled, and
welcomed them to his home But Garrison, like most other white
abolitionists, remained stiff and condescending in conversation
with black colleague
The Antislavery Movement (cont’d) Black and Women’s
Antislavery Societies
Black men, women formed auxiliary to AASS
Women’s organizations racially integrated

Main tasks was fundraising, bake sales, bazaars, fairs
05/19/11
*
Often, African Americans belonged to all-black and integrated,
predominantly white organizations Black organizations arose in
part because of racial discord in the predominantly white
organizations and because of a black desire for racial solidarity
Proceeds of women’s society’s fundraising went to the AASS or
to antislavery newspapers
Wealthy black abolitionist Robert Purvis is at the very center of
this undated photograph of the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery
Society. The famous Quaker abolitionist Lucretia Mott and her
husband James Mott are seated to Purvis’s left. Equally
significant as Purvis’s central location in the photograph is that
he is the only African American pictured
The above photo highlights the role of women in the
Philadelphia Anti-Slavery society, which worked for sexual as
well as racial equality, and whose first meeting was held in a
schoolroomSeveral members of the society were African-
American
05/19/11
*
The Antislavery Movement (cont’d) Black and Women’s
Antislavery Societies (cont'd)
Creation of feminism challenged male culture
Wrote essays, poems gave public speeches
1850s, Sojourner Truth, famous African-American speaker

05/19/11
* Women’s societies also inspired feminism by creating
awareness that women had rights and interests that a male-
dominated society had to recognize Writing essays and poems
on political subjects and making public speeches helped
abolitionist women challenge a culture that relegated
respectable women to domestic duties Sojourner Truth
emphasized that all black women, through their physical labor
and the pain they suffered in slavery, had earned equal standing
with men
The Antislavery Movement (cont’d) Moral Suasion
AASS appealed for abolition based on Christian conscience
Argued slavery was sin, crime, inefficient labor system
AASS tried to persuade northerners to pressure slaveholders
05/19/11
* Slaveholding, the AASS argued, was a sin and a crime that
deprived African Americans of the freedom of conscience they
needed to save their souls Slaveholding led masters to
damnation through their indolence, sexual exploitation of black
women, and brutality Abolitionists said that northern
industrialists thrived by manufacturing cloth from cotton
produced by slave labor Also said that Northerners who profited
from slave-produced cotton and supported government with
their votes and taxes faced divine punishment
In an effort to stir antiabolitionist feelings, this broadside
announces an upcoming abolitionist lecture at a local New York

church.
Churches were often the site of abolitionist meetings, lending
moral force to the effort to end slaveryAnti-abolitionists also
used churches as symbols of peaceable union to lobby against
the “divisive” abolitionists
05/19/11
*
The Antislavery Movement (cont’d)Moral Suasion
(cont'd)Reaction in North, South not what AASS
anticipatedSouthern postmasters burned antislavery
literatureCongress passed Gag Rue prohibiting slave
pamphletsNorthern mobs continued to assault abolitionists
05/19/11
* By speaking of racial justice and exemplifying interracial
cooperation, abolitionists trod new ground Black abolitionists
did not dare denounce slavery when and if they visited the
South In 1836, Congress passed the Gag Rule forbidding
petitions related to slavery from being introduced in the House
of Representatives
The Antislavery Movement (cont’d)
f
LO 9-2. In 1836, Congress passed the , forbidding
of Representatives.
A: 11th Amendment

B: Gag Rule
C: 12th Amendment
D: Compromise of 1836
05/12/11
*
f
LO 9-2. In 1836, Congress passed the , forbidding
of Representatives.
A: 11th Amendment
B: Gag Rule
C: 12th Amendment
D: Compromise of 1836
05/12/11
*

LO 9-2. The most significant abolitionist organization of the
1830s was American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 9-2. The most significant abolitionist organization of the
1830s was American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS).
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
Black Community SupportThe Black Convention Movement
Forum for black male abolitionists
Abolition of slavery
Improve conditions for northern black people
Integrate public schools

Black suffrage
Juries
Testify against white people in court
05/19/11
* African-American community undergirded the antislavery
movement and helped it survive violent opposition Dozens of
local, state, and national black conventions held in the North
between 1830 and 1864 helped inspire a larger black community
Conventions also manifested the antebellum American reform
impulse, transcending the antislavery cause
Black Community SupportBlack Churches in the Antislavery
Cause
Leading black abolitionists were ministers
Provided forums for abolitionist speakers
05/19/11
* Black churches were more important than black conventions
in the antislavery movement Black ministers led congregations
affiliated with African-American churches--African Baptist
Church or African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church
Black Community SupportBlack Newspapers
Important voice in abolition movement
Freedom’s Journal
Samuel Cornish
Colored American
Phillip A. Bell
Charles Ray

North Star
Frederick Douglass
Financial difficulties: African Americans mostly poor and
illiterate
05/19/11
* Reform—as opposed to commercial—newspapers were a
luxury that not many subscribers, black or white, could afford
Black newspapers faced added difficulties finding readers
because most African Americans were poor, and many were
illiterate
Black Community Support
f
LO 9-3. Black played the most important role in the
development of the African-American antislavery movement.
A: newspapers
B: conventions
C: churches
D: anti-slavery organizations
05/12/11
*
f

LO 9-3. Black played the most important role in the
development of the African-American antislavery movement.
A: newspapers
B: conventions
C: churches
D: anti-slavery organizations
05/12/11
*
LO 9-3. Frederick Douglass’s North Star and its successor
Frederick Douglass’ Paper were the most influential black
antislavery newspapers of the late 1840s and the 1850s.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 9-3. Frederick Douglass’s North Star and its successor
Frederick Douglass’ Paper were the most influential black

antislavery newspapers of the late 1840s and the 1850s.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty
Party In 1840, AASS splintered; most members became AFASS
Garrison retained control of AASS, known as the “Old
Organization” Divided by failure of moral suasionCalled for
separation of North, SouthRole of women in abolitionism
05/19/11
* In part, the split between AASS and AFASS resulted from
long-standing disagreements about the role of women in
abolitionism Garrison declares that slavery had irrevocably
corrupted the existing American society, denounces organized
religion as irrevocably proslavery, becomes a feminist, and
embraces a form of Christian anarchy Garrison seems to lose
sight of main goal of abolition
Party (cont'd)Members form the AFASSMore traditional stand
on womenLed by Lewis TappanLiberty partyFirst antislavery
political partyLed by James G. Birney, 1840

05/19/11
* Those who withdrew from the AASS took a more traditional
stand on the role of women, and believed the country’s churches
could be converted to abolitionism James G. Birney, a
slaveholder-turned-abolitionist, is Liberty party candidate in the
1840 presidential election
Party (cont'd)American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
(AFASS, 1840–1855)An organization of church-oriented
abolitionistsLiberty Party (1840–1848)The first antislavery
political party; most of its supporters joined the Free-Soil Party
in 1848, although its radical New York wing maintained a
Liberty organization into the 1850s
05/19/11
* Of all the antislavery organizations, the New York Liberty
Party advocated the most aggressive action against slavery in
the South and became most involved in helping slaves escape
Party (cont'd)
f
LO 9-4. In 1840, most AASS members left to establish the
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (AFASS) and the
, the first antislavery political party.
A: Liberty Party
B: Democratic Party

C: Republican Party
D: Whig Party
05/12/11
*
Party (cont'd)
f
LO 9-4. In 1840, most AASS members left to establish the
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (AFASS) and the
, the first antislavery political party.
A: Liberty Party
B: Democratic Party
C: Republican Party
D: Whig Party
05/12/11
*
Party (cont'd)
LO 9-4. By 1842, Garrison and his followers de-emphasized
moral suasion and begun calling for disunion—the separation of
the North from the South.

A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
Party (cont'd)
LO 9-4. By 1842, Garrison and his followers de-emphasized
moral suasion and begun calling for disunion—the separation of
the North from the South.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
A More Aggressive AbolitionismLiberty Party maintained
Constitution outlawed slaveryThe Amistad and the Creole Two
maritime slave revolts encouraged northern abolitionist
militancy Joseph Cinque, Madison WashingtonCinque seized
control of AmistadWashington led revolt aboard Creole

05/19/11
* Gradual radicalization of abolition: NY Liberty Party argues
that neither northern state militias nor the U.S. Army should
help suppress slave revolts Liberty Party also argued that, since
masters had no legal right to own human beings, slaves who
escaped and those who aided them acted within the law
Mutiny, painted by Hale Woodruff in 1939
05/19/11
*
Mutiny, painted by Hale Woodruff in 1939, provides a dramatic
and stylized portrayal of the successful uprising of African
slaves on board the Spanish schooner Amistad in 1839 Savery
Library Archives, Talladega College, Talladega, Alabama
*
A More Aggressive Abolitionism (cont’d)The Amistad And The
Creole
Inspired others to help African Americans escape bondage
Amistad
A Spanish schooner on which West African Joseph Cinque led a
successful slave revolt in 1839
Creole
An American brig on which Madison Washington led a
successful slave revolt in 1841
05/19/11

*
After the Africans from Amistad lost their way in an attempt to
return to their homeland, a U.S. warship captured them off the
coast of Long Island Amistad slaves imprisoned in New Haven,
ConnecticutThe Africans soon gained the assistance of Lewis
Tappan and other abolitionists As a result of that aid and
arguments presented by Congressman John Quincy Adams, the
Supreme Court in November 1841 freed Cinque and the others
This 1840 engraving provides a dramatic portrayal of the
successful uprising of African slaves on board the Spanish
schooner Amistad in 1839. The Granger Collection.
.
The killing of the slave ship captain portrayed above became a
key element in publicizing the case in which African captives
were ultimately set free after a lengthy court case in the United
States
05/19/11
*
A More Aggressive Abolitionism (cont’d)The Underground
Railroad
Semi-secret network helped slaves escape
Escapees were not passive “passengers” in the underground
railroad network
1840s, escapees raised money for transportation
Recruited, helped others escape
Some became underground railroad agents
1850s, Harriet Tubman, a fugitive slave, becomes most active
worker on underground railroad

05/19/11
* Underground railroad exists within context of increasing
southern white violence against black families, slave resistance,
and aggressive northern abolitionism The organized escape of
slaves from the Chesapeake, Kentucky, and Missouri along
predetermined routes to Canada became common only after the
mid-1830s The best-documented underground railroad
organizations centered in Ripley, Ohio, and Washington, D.C.
Classroom Activity: pull up the interactive Underground
Railroad map from the PBS website at
http://www.pbs.org/wned/underground-railroad/locations/.
A More Aggressive Abolitionism (cont'd)Underground
RailroadRefers to several loosely organized, semi-secret
biracial networks that helped slaves escape from the border
South to the North and Canada; the earliest networks appeared
during the first decade of the nineteenth century; others
operated into the Civil War years
05/19/11
*
Classroom Activity: Pull up the National Geographic website on
the Underground Railroad at
www.nationalgeographic.com/railroad/. compare the site to the
PBS site on the Underground Railroad at
http://www.pbs.org/wned/underground-railroad/locations/.
MyLab Media

Video: Underground Railroad
http://www.mathxl.com/info/MediaPopup.aspx?origin=1&d
isciplineGroup=5&type=Video&[email protected]/ph/hss/SSA_S
HARED_MEDIA_1/history/MHL/US/videos2/und_rail-
large.html&width=850&height=680&autoh=yes&centerwin=yes
Harriet Tubman, standing at the left, is shown in this undated
photograph with a group of people she helped escape from
slavery. Because she worked in secret during the 1850s, she was
known only to others engaged in the underground railroad, the
people she helped, and a few other abolitionists.
Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College.
Harriet Tubman led more than 300 slaves to freedom during
nineteen missions as part of the Underground RailroadDuring
the Civil War, she worked as a cook, nurse, armed scout, and
spy for the UnionIn 1863, she led an armed expedition which
freed 700 slaves in South Carolina during a Union raid
05/19/11
*
A More Aggressive Abolitionism (cont'd)Technology and the
Underground Railroad
Before the1830s, those who helped slaves escape referred to
their networks as “lines of posts” or “chains of friends”
Railroads and steam boats promoted northward escape

05/19/11
* As rail lines spread, masters in Maryland and Virginia
despaired of recapturing slaves who crossed the Mason-Dixon
Line
Knowledge of Underground Railroad routes was highly
compartmentalized so that conductors and people associated
with it knew only part of the operationConductors would
usually guide slaves from a plantation to safe houses or
“stations” during the night, where they would rest during the
day in preparation for the following night’s journey
05/19/11
*
A More Aggressive Abolitionism (cont'd)Canada WestUltimate
destination for many African Americans on the underground
railroad was Canada West Present-day OntarioSeveral
communal black settlements in Canada West Stronger fugitive
slave law after 1850 makes Canada more important refuge for
African Americans
05/19/11
*Black Americans began to settle in Canada West as early as
the 1820s Because the British Empire after 1833 prohibited
slavery, fugitive slaves were safe there Mary Ann Shadd Cary
became the chief advocate of black migration to Canada West—
supports racial integration

This is the only surviving photograph of Mary Ann Shadd Cary
(1823–1893). An advocate, during the 1850s, of black migration
to Canada, Cary also promoted racial integration.
Because of the Fugitive Slave Act, even escaped slaves who
reached northern states were not safeMany escaped to Ontario,
Canada, where slavery was illegal
05/19/11
*
A More Aggressive Abolitionism (cont'd)
f
LO 9-5. The maintained that the U.S. Constitution,
interpreted in the light of the Bible and natural law, outlawed
slavery throughout the country.
A: New York Times
B: AASS
C: Whig Party
D: New York Liberty Party
05/12/11
*
f
LO 9-5. The maintained that the U.S. Constitution,
interpreted in the light of the Bible and natural law, outlawed

slavery throughout the country.
A: New York Times
B: AASS
C: Whig Party
D: New York Liberty Party
05/12/11
*
LO 9-5. The best-documented underground railroad
organizations centered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and
Washington, D.C..
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 9-5. The best-documented underground railroad
organizations centered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and
Washington, D.C..

A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
Black MilitancyRise in militancy had several causesBreakup of
AASS weakened loyalty to national organizationsWhite, black
abolitionists considered new antislavery tactics Blacks charge
white abolitionists with duplicity
05/19/11
* More black abolitionist conventions occur after 1840; more
black-owned abolitionist newspapers appear Black abolitionists,
like white abolitionists, approached the subjects of violence and
slave rebellion cautiously Local vigilance organizations
appeared during the mid-1830s; often had white as well as black
members
Henry Highland Garnet rivaled Frederick Douglass as a black
leader during the antebellum decades. While Douglass
emphasized assimilation, Garnet advocated black nationalism.
The two men had much in common, however, and by the Civil
War their views were almost indistinguishable
An active member of the American Anti-Slavery society,
minister, and educator, Henry Garnet argued decades before the

Civil War that armed rebellion of slaves as the most effective
way to end slavery
05/19/11
*
Black Militancy (cont'd)Vigilance organizations reacted against
violence of “slave catchers”Black abolitionists disappointed
with white efforts
05/19/11
*
Blacks charge that white abolitionists did not live up to their
words in favor of racial justice, especially relating to economics
AFASS: 1852, a black delegate demanded to know why Lewis
Tappan did not employ a black clerk in his business
Black Militancy (cont'd)Frederick Douglass
Douglass left AASS, published North Star
Felt that white abolitionists wanted him to continue role of
fugitive slave
Lack of acknowledgement of his skills
05/19/11
*
Career of Frederick Douglass illustrates the impact of the
failure of some white abolitionists to live up to their egalitarian
ideals After 1847 when he moved to Rochester, NY, Douglass
continued to work closely with white abolitionists; he could
now do it on his own terms

MyLab Media
Document: Excerpt from the Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass, 1845
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED
IA_1/history/MHL/US/documents/Frederick_Do uglass_Excerpt_
Narrative_of_the_Life_1845.html
By the mid-1840s, Frederick Douglass had emerged as one of
the more powerful speakers of his time. He began publishing his
influential newspaper, the North Star, in 1847. Frederick
Douglass (1817?–95). Oil on canvas, ©1844, attr. to E.
Hammond. The Granger Collection.
A man of wide interests and incisive intellect, Frederick
Douglass was one of the most influential abolitionists in the
country as well as a forceful proponent of women’s rights A
believer in education and the political process, Douglass was
also outspoken—his 1852 address, "What to the slave is the 4th
of July?” to a Rochester’s Women’s group became a classic
depiction of the hypocrisy of the United States and the Christian
church.
05/19/11
*
Black Militancy (cont'd)Revival of Black Nationalism
Douglass was integrationist, opposed to black churches, schools
Leaders Garnet and Delaney disagreed, favored migration,

nationalism
Believed better to be free in Africa than slave in U.S.
Douglass and other abolitionists rejected outlook, supported
U.S. freedom
05/19/11
*
Douglass predicted that African Americans would eventually
merge into a greater American identity Emigration plans Garnet
and Delany developed during the 1850s became a signifi cant
part of African-American reform culture Little came of these
nationalist visions, largely because of the successes of the
antislavery movement
This timeline offers a summary of the intensification of the
antislavery struggle in the United States in the 1840s,
illustrating the legal obstacles of helping slaves to freedom
05/19/11
*
Black Militancy (cont'd)
f
LO 9-6. The black abolitionist desire to go beyond rhetoric
found its best outlet in .
A: joining antislavery political parties
B: local vigilance organizations
C: joining the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
D: the underground railroad

05/12/11
*
f
LO 9-6. The black abolitionist desire to go beyond rhetoric
found its best outlet in .
A: joining antislavery political parties
B: local vigilance organizations
C: joining the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
D: the underground railroad
05/12/11
*
LO 9-6. Black and white abolitionists helped convince most
white northerners that slave-labor and slaveholder control of the
national government threatened their economic and political
interests.
A: True
B: False

05/12/11
*
LO 9-6. Black and white abolitionists helped convince most
white northerners that slave-labor and slaveholder control of the
national government threatened their economic and political
interests.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
ConclusionRadical movement for immediate abolition of
slaveryMoral suasion, political involvement, direct action
Minority wanted independent black nation outside U.S.
05/19/11
*
Black and white abolitionists, although not perfect allies,
awoke many in the North to the brutalities of slavery During the
1840s, abolitionists adjusted their antislavery tactics to deal

with increasing racism and antiblack violence Although much
has changed since the abolitionist era, these two perspectives
remain characteristic of the African-American community
*
The Chapter Nine timeline highlights the development of the
abolitionist and antislavery efforts next to a chronicle of
national political events
05/19/11
*
05/19/11
*
Chapter Discussion Question
Why did so many black abolitionists leave white-led
organizations such as the AASS and strike out on their own to
act independently after 1840?
05/12/11
*

African Americans:
Chapter 10
“And Black People Were at the Heart of It”:
The United States Disunites over Slavery 1846–1861
05/19/11
*
In January 1856, Margaret Garner, her husband Robert, and
their four children escaped from Kentucky to Ohio across the
frozen Ohio River. They were pursued to the home of a black
man by slave owners as well as deputy marshals. The Garners
fiercely resisted. Robert Garner shot and wounded one of the
deputies. But when it became clear that they were about to be
captured, Margaret killed her daughter rather than have the
child returned to slavery.
After a lengthy trial, Margaret Garner and her husband were
returned slavery in Kentucky and then sent further south to
Arkansas and finally New Orleans where they were sold to a
local judge to work on his plantationMargaret died in 1858 of

typhoid fever
05/19/11
*
Learning Objectives
10-1 Why was the expansion of slavery such a
divisive issue?
10-2 How did African Americans react to the
passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850?
10-3 Why did many Americans oppose the
immigration of Europeans by the 1850s?
10-4 What was the Dred Scott case and the
reaction to the Supreme Court’s decision in the
case?
10-5 What were the positions of Stephen Douglas
and Abraham Lincoln on racial equality?
05/12/11
*
Learning Objectives (cont’d)
10-6 What was the impact of John Brown’s raid on
Harpers Ferry?
10-7 How did African Americans and white
southerners react to the election of Abraham

Lincoln in 1860?
05/12/11
*
The Lure of the West Fertile valleys attracted hundreds of
AmericansOregon Territory forbade black settlementsBlacks
settled the Washington Territory
05/19/11
* George Washington Bush and family moves from Missouri
and settled in what later became the Washington Territory
because Oregon’s territorial constitution forbade black
settlement Oregon--black residents were legally subject to
whipping every six months until they departed—law stays on
the books until the 1920s Westward expansion revived the issue
of slavery’s future in the territories
The Lure of the West (cont’d) Free Labor Versus Slave Labor
Free men, women worked for compensation
Free labor
Mid-nineteenth-century Americans who were free and worked
for income or compensation to advance themselves, as opposed
to slave labor, which was work done with no financial
compensation by people who were not free
05/19/11

* By the mid-nineteenth century, northern black and white
people embraced the system of free labor
The Lure of the West (cont’d) The Wilmot Proviso
Prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico—fails
to become law
White southerners enraged
Felt it attempted to eliminate slavery
Saw slavery as positive good
Formation of Free-Soil Party, 1848
Mostly whites wanted to stop slavery expansion
Some black, white abolitionists supported it
05/19/11
* Wilmot later explained that he wanted neither slavery nor
black people to taint territory that should be reserved
exclusively for whites White southerners had convinced
themselves that black people were a childlike and irresponsible
race wholly incapable of surviving as a free people if they were
emancipated
The Lure of the West (cont’d) The Wilmot Proviso (cont'd)
Wilmot Proviso
A measure introduced in Congress in 1845 to prohibit slavery in
any lands acquired from Mexico; it did not pass
05/19/11
* Free-Soil candidate for president in 1848 was the former
Democratic president Martin Van Buren10 Free Soil
congressmen elected

The Lure of the West (cont’d) African Americans and the Gold
Rush
Mostly whites but some Europeans, Asians, African Americans
Most Forty-Niners are placer miners; used basic technology
Hydraulic mining and quartz mining require more technology
and investment
05/19/11
* By 1850, nearly 900 black men (and fewer than 100 black
women) were living in California Few of these placer miners
struck it rich--but many of them made a modest living from the
gold they recovered
The Lure of the West (cont’d) African Americans and the Gold
Rush (cont'd)
Richer veins required more sophisticated technology
Quartz mining required costly machinery, run by corporations
Forty-Niners
The men and women who rushed to California in 1849 after
gold had been discovered there
05/19/11
*
A select few African Americans work or supervise hydraulic
and quartz mining operations
The Lure of the West (cont’d) California and the Compromise

of 1850
California applies for admission as free state
White southerners refused to consider unless slavery allowed
05/19/11
* With the gold rush, California’s population soared to more
than 100,000 Most northerners would not accept California as
slave state
of 1850 (cont'd)
Clay’s Compromise of 1850
Proposed admitting California as free state
Stronger fugitive slave laws to satisfy white southerners
Southerners wouldn’t tolerate free state
Northerners wouldn’t tolerate tougher slave laws
05/19/11
* Whig Senator Clay put together Compromise of 1850,
designed not only to settle the controversy over California but
also to resolve the issue of slavery’s expansion Clays
compromise offers something to both Northerners and
Southerner Bill would not pass---neither side would
compromised while Taylor was alive
of 1850 (cont'd)
President Taylor, wanted California admitted as free state
Compromise passed by Fillmore after Taylor’s death

05/19/11
* Stephen Douglas, senator from Illinois, guided Clay’s
compromise through Congress by breaking it into separate bills
California entered the Union as a free state, and a stronger
fugitive slave law entered the federal legal code
of 1850 (cont'd)
Compromise of 1850
An attempt by the U.S. Congress to settle divisive issues
between the North and South, including slavery expansion,
apprehension in the North of fugitive slaves, and slavery in the
District of Columbia
05/19/11
*
Taylor’s successor, Millard Fillmore, was willing to accept the
compromise
Much of the tension between the North and South before the
Civil War focused on whether or not newly acquired territories
west of the Mississippi River would allow slavery or notLeaders
of southern states feared that banning slavery in those new
territories would damage their crusade to maintain the “peculiar
institution”
05/19/11
*

The Lure of the West (cont’d) Fugitive Slave Laws
Earlier Fugitive slave law, 1793
Permitted recovery of escaped slaves
Too weak to overcome northern resistance
Personal liberty laws
State officials not obligated to aid recovery
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
One of harshest measures Congress ever passed
Everyone must help capture suspects
05/19/11
* Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 created bitter resentment among
black and white abolitionists and made slavery a more
emotional and personal issue for many white people The
fugitive slave law of 1793 permitted slave owners to recover
slaves who had escaped to other states—escaped slaves had no
rights By the 1830s and 1840s, hundreds if not thousands of
slaves had escaped to freedom by way of the underground
railroad Northern states had enacted personal liberty laws that
made it illegal for state law enforcement officials to help
capture runaways; creates mass resistance in some northern
communities
The Lure of the West (cont’d) Fugitive Slave Laws (cont'd)
All caught under the law most certainly returned to slavery
Fugitive Slave Law, 1850
Part of the Compromise of 1850, it required law enforcement
officials as well as civilians to assist in capturing runaway
slaves

05/19/11
* Law required U.S. marshals, their deputies, and even ordinary
citizens to help seize suspected runaways
The Lure of the West (cont’d) Fugitive Slave Laws (cont'd)
Habeas corpus
A court order that a person arrested or detained by law
enforcement officers must be brought to court and charged with
a crime and not held indefinitely
05/19/11
* Fugitive Slave Law made it nearly impossible for black people
to prove they were free Slave owners and their agents only had
to provide legal documentation or the testimony of white
witnesses before a federal commissioner that the captive was a
runaway slave
The Lure of the West (cont’d)
f
LO 10-1. Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850 was passed only
after .
A: Abraham Lincoln guided the bill through the Senate
B: more citizens from free states moved to California
C: Senator John C. Calhoun died
D: President Zachary Taylor died
05/12/11
*

f
LO 10-1. Henry Clay’s Compromise of 1850 was passed only
after .
A: Abraham Lincoln guided the bill through the Senate
B: more citizens from free states moved to California
C: Senator John C. Calhoun died
D: President Zachary Taylor died
05/12/11
*
LO 10-1. The California Gold Rush attracted fewer than 100
black men and women to the west.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*

LO 10-1. The California Gold Rush attracted fewer than 100
black men and women to the west.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
Fugitive Slaves Northerners exposed to cruelty of hunting,
capturing slavesWilliam and Ellen CraftEscaped capture by
posing as “white man” and “slave”Shadrach MinkinsBand of
black men spirited him to freedom
05/19/11
*
Many white people and virtually all black people felt revulsion
over this crackdown on those who had fled from slavery to
freedom The Crafts sailed to England after eluding capture in
Boston with aid of local vigilance committee Federal authorities
brought charges against four black men and four white men who
aided Minkins but local juries refused to convict them

MyLab Media
Document: The Fugitive Slave Act, 1850
IA_1/history/MHL/US/documents/The_Fugitive_Slave_Act_185
0.html
Leaflets like this reflected the outrage many northerners felt in
response to the capture and reenslavement of African Americans
that resulted from the passage of a tougher fugitive slave law as
part of the Compromise of 1850
The disappearance of slavery in the north and the relatively few
number of blacks living there, compared with a burgeoning
white population, led to greater sympathy for escaped slaves
05/19/11
*
Fugitive Slaves (cont’d) The Battle at Christina
1851: armed blacks, whites battle, kill slave owner
Fillmore sends Marines, men acquitted, charges dropped
05/19/11
* After killing of Gorsuch, slaves’ owner, runaway slaves flees
to Canada Thirty-six black men and five white men were
arrested and indicted for treason by a federal grand jury and
acquitted

Fugitive Slaves (cont’d)Anthony Burns
Fugitive slave recaptured
Abolitionists storm courthouse, U.S. Marshall killed
President Pierce sends hundreds of troops
Sole black men taken from freedom to slavery
Government indicted rioters, charged dropped
05/19/11
*No fugitive slave case elicited more support or sorrow than
that of Anthony Burns, 1854Several months later, black
Bostonians led by the Rev. Grimes purchased Burns for
$1,300Burns moves to Ontario, Canada
The “trial” and subsequent return of Anthony Burns to slavery
in 1854 resulted in the publication of a popular pamphlet in
Boston. Documents like this generated increased support—and
funds—for the abolitionist cause.
The focus on escaped slaves such as Anthony Burns raised the
issue of their depiction as victims, in need of assistanceMore
activist abolitionists strongly argued that slaves, both escaped
and those still in bondage, should actively resist and rise up in
violent rebellion
05/19/11
*
Fugitive Slaves (cont’d)Margaret Garner
Escaped to Cincinnati in 1856 with other slaves
Before arrested, she slits her daughter’s throat
Garner was disarmed before killing her two sons

Basis of Tony Morrison’s novel Beloved
05/19/11
*
Garner returned to Kentucky and then sent to Arkansas with her
surviving children to be sold Youngest son drowned in
shipwreck returning south to be sold Garner sold at slave
market in New Orleans
Fugitive Slaves (cont’d)The Rochester Convention, 1853
Called for greater unity among black people
Sought ways to improve their economic prospects
Asserted claims to citizenship
Equal protection
Frederick Douglass
Called for vocational training
05/19/11
* In 1853, while northern communities grappled with the
consequences of the fugitive slave law, African-American
leaders gathered for a national convention Delegates warned
that black Americans were not prepared to submit to a
government more concerned about the interests of slave owners
than people seeking to free themselves from bondage
Fugitive Slaves (cont’d)The Rochester Convention, 1853
(cont'd)
Rochester Convention, 1853
African-American leaders assembled in Rochester, New York,
to discuss slavery, abolition, the recently passed Fugitive Slave

Law, and their prospects for life in America
05/19/11
*
Beginning in 1830 and continuing until the end of the 19th
century, black leaders held a series of national
conventionsThose that were held prior to the Civil War focused
on the abolition of slavery and met in Northern cities such as
Philadelphia, Cleveland, and RochesterFollowing the war, the
gatherings occurred in Washington and Nashville among other
places with the emphasis on the rights and opportunities of
African Americans
Fugitive Slaves (cont’d)
f
LO 10-2. After the Battle at Christiana, forty one men were
indicted for treason because they .
A: killed escaped slaves
B: raided Pennsylvania to recover escaped slaves
C: violently resisted the recovery of escaped slaves
D: killed U.S. Marshalls while hunting escaped slaves
05/12/11
*

f
LO 10-2. After the Battle at Christiana, forty one men were
indicted for treason because they .
A: killed escaped slaves
B: raided Pennsylvania to recover escaped slaves
C: violently resisted the recovery of escaped slaves
D: killed U.S. Marshalls while hunting escaped slaves
05/12/11
*
LO 10-2. Before she was recaptured, escaped slave Margaret
Garner slit the throat of her daughter rather than see the child
returned to slavery.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 10-2. Before she was recaptured, escaped slave Margaret

Garner slit the throat of her daughter rather than see the child
returned to slavery.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
Nativism and the Know-NothingsRising anti-immigrant feeling
Roman Catholic Irish and German immigrantsAlarmed native-
born white ProtestantsFears of Catholic conspiracyAdded to
political turmoilAttacks on Catholic churches and
conventsKnow-Nothing Party, founded 1854Some political
successParty split into northern, southern factions
05/19/11
*Hundreds of thousands of Europeans arrived in the 1840s and
1850s; in one year, 1854, 430,000 people arrived on American
shoresMass starvation that accompanied the potato famine of
the 1840s in Ireland drove thousands of Irish people to the
United States
Nativism and the Know-Nothings (cont’d)Nativism and the
Know-Nothings (cont'd)
“Know-Nothing Party”
The nickname applied to members of the American Party, which
opposed immigration in the 1850s

05/19/11
* Party was strong in Kentucky, Texas, Massachusetts,
elsewhere Although Know-Nothings opposed immigrants and
Catholics, they disagreed among themselves over slavery and its
expansion
Nativism and the Know-Nothings (cont’d)Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Sold 300,000 copies in a year
Made brutality of slavery personal
Infuriated southerners
False depiction of their way of life
Stowe had never visited the Deep South
05/19/11
*
No one contributed more to the growing opposition to slavery
among white northerners than Harriet Beecher Stowe Stowe
developed a hatred of slavery that she converted into a
melodramatic but moving novel about slaves and their lives
Uncle Tom’s Cabin moved northerners to tears and made
slavery more emotional to readers
MyLab Media
Video: Harriet Beecher Stowe and the Making of Uncle Tom's
Cabin
http://www.mathxl.com/info/MediaPopup.aspx?origin=1&discip
lineGroup=5&type=Video&[email protected]/ph/hss/SSA_SHA

RED_MEDIA_1/history/MHL/US/videos/hbs-
large.html&width=850&height=680&autoh=yes&centerwin=yes
Nativism and the Know-Nothings (cont’d)The Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Stephen Douglas introduces bill, 1854
Transcontinental railroad
Divided territory
Popular Sovereignty
Repeal of Missouri Compromise
Won southern support
Destroyed Whig party
Divided North and South
05/19/11
* Bill in Congress to organize the Kansas and Nebraska
Territories provokes white settlers in Kansas to kill each other
over slavery Douglas’s primary concern was to secure Kansas
and Nebraska for construction of a transcontinental railroad
Congress passes the bill, but its enactment destroyed an already
divided Whig Party
Act (cont'd)
Anti-Nebraska parties form
Violence erupted in Kansas and Congress
“Bleeding Kansas”
Popular sovereignty
The residents of a territory (such as Kansas) would vote to
legalize or prohibit slavery in that territory

05/19/11
* Kansas-Nebraska Act would repeal the limitation of Missouri
Compromise of 1820 and allow settlers in Kansas to vote on
slavery there “Border ruffians” from Missouri invaded Kansas
to attack antislavery settlers and to vote illegally
Act (cont'd)
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Legislation introduced by Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas
to organize the Kansas and Nebraska territories. It provided for
“popular sovereignty,” whereby settlers would decide whether
slavery would be legal or illegal
05/19/11
* More than 200 people died in the escalating violence
Abolitionist John Brown and four of his sons sought revenge for
Border ruffian invasion by hacking five proslavery men to death
in Pottawattamie
The passions ignited by the fight over “bloody Kansas” can be
viewed as a precursor to the beginning of the Civil War less
than a decade laterArmed groups fought a series of vicious
skirmishes in pursuit of their goals
05/19/11
*

Act (cont'd)
Border ruffians
Pro-slavery advocates and vigilantes from Missouri who crossed
the border into Kansas in 1855–1857 to support slavery in
Kansas by threatening and attacking antislavery settlers
05/19/11
*
Some 500 border ruffians attacked the antislavery town of
Lawrence, damaging businesses and killing one person Civil
war erupted in Kansas—prompting the press to label the
territory “Bleeding Kansas”
Nativism and the Know-Nothings (cont’d)Preston Brooks
Attacks Charles Sumner
Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner
In 1856 he denounces “Crime Against Kansas”
Denounces South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler
South Carolina Congressman Preston Brooks
Beats Sumner unconscious on Senate floor
“Defends Southern honor”
05/19/11
*
Sumner accused South Carolina Senator Andrew P. Butler of
keeping slavery as his lover Brooks resigned from the House of
Representatives, paid a $300 fine, and went home to South
Carolina a hero

Nativism and the Know-Nothings (cont’d)
f
LO 10-3. No one contributed more to the growing opposition to
slavery among white northerners than .
A: the Know-Nothing Party
B: the Whig Party
C: Harriet Beecher Stowe
D: Anthony Burns
05/12/11
*
f
LO 10-3. No one contributed more to the growing opposition to
slavery among white northerners than .
A: the Know-Nothing Party
B: the Whig Party
C: Harriet Beecher Stowe
D: Anthony Burns
05/12/11
*

LO 10-3. The Kansas-Nebraska act based on “popular
sovereignty” drew the support of northerners because it
eliminated the possibility that slavery might expand to areas
where it had been prohibited.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 10-3. The Kansas-Nebraska act based on “popular
sovereignty” drew the support of northerners because it
eliminated the possibility that slavery might expand to areas
where it had been prohibited.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*

The Dred Scott DecisionDred Scott, slave, sued for
freedomTaken to state where slavery illegal, claimed he was
freeLost first case, won second, lost again on appeal
05/19/11
* In 1856, Dred Scott was in his fifties and had been entangled
in the judicial system for more than a decade Scott was born in
Virginia, but by the 1830s he belonged to John Emerson, an
army doctor in Missouri
MyLab Media
Document: The Supreme Court Rules in Dred Scott v.
Sandford, 1857
The Dred Scott Decision (cont’d)The Dred Scott Deci sion
(cont'd)
Questions for the court
Could a black man sue in federal court?
Did taking a slave to a state or territory where bondage was
prohibited free the slave?
Roger Taney
Blacks not citizens
No rights the white man bound to respect
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

05/19/11
*After Emerson’s death and with the support of white friends,
Scott and his wife filed separate suits for their freedom
The Dred Scott Decision (cont'd)Dred Scott v. SanfordThe 1857
U.S. Supreme Court case that ruled against Missouri slave Dred
Scott by declaring that black people were not citizens, that they
possessed no constitutional rights, and were considered to be
property.
05/19/11
*
Scott, according to the Supreme Court majority was slave
property—and the slave owner’s property rights took
precedence over other laws The Court also ruled that Congress
could not pass laws—including the Missouri Compromise or the
Kansas-Nebraska Act—that prevented slave owners from taking
their property into any territory
The Dred Scott case was front-page news on Frank Leslie’s
Illustrated Newspaper in 1857. Harriet and Dred with their two
daughters are depicted sympathetically as members of the
middle class rather than as abused and mistreated slaves.
.
One of the key decisions of the Supreme Court in U.S. history,
the Dred Scott case made it clear that the answer to whether the
nation would remain half-slave and half-free would have to be
resolved through either political compromise or militarily if the
South were to secede.

05/19/11
*
The Dred Scott Decision (cont'd)Reaction to the Dred Scott
Decision
Whites were divided
White southerners delighted with Taney’s decision
Blacks discouraged, disgusted, defiant
Frederick Douglass believed decision would help destroy
slavery
05/19/11
* Instead of earning the acceptance—let alone the approval—of
most Americans, the case further inflamed the controversy over
slavery Black Americans were discouraged, disgusted, and
defiant
The Dred Scott Decision (cont'd)White Northerners and Black
Americans
Racism
Most white northerners fearful, hostile toward blacks
Ohio, Illinois, Indiana white people
Supported Fugitive Slave Law
Opposed slavery expansion
Free blacks in Northern states
Indiana, Iowa banned blacks, free or slaves, 1851
Illinois, 1853
05/19/11
* By the 1850s, 200,000 black people lived in the northern

states, and many white people there were not pleased with their
presence The same white northerners who opposed the
expansion of slavery to California or Kansas also opposed the
migration of free black people to northern states and
communities In 1851-1853 Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa outlawed
the emigration to their territory of black people, slave or free
The Dred Scott Decision (cont'd)
f
LO 10-4. Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland framed two
questions for the Court to decide in the Dred Scott case: Could
Scott, a black man, sue in a federal court? And
?
A: was Scott forever a slave because he was born one
B: was Scott free because he had been taken to a state
where slavery was prohibited
C: was Scott a slave because he presently resided in a
slave state
D: was slavery unconstitutional
05/12/11
*
f

LO 10-4. Chief Justice Roger Taney of Maryland framed two
questions for the Court to decide in the Dred Scott case: Could
Scott, a black man, sue in a federal court? And
?
A: was Scott forever a slave because he was born one
B: was Scott free because he had been taken to a
state where slavery was prohibited?
C: was Scott a slave because he presently resided in a
slave state?
D: was slavery unconstitutional?
05/12/11
*
LO 10-4. Following the Supreme Court decision, a new owner
freed Dred and Harriet Scott.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*

LO 10-4. Following the Supreme Court decision, a new owner
freed Dred and Harriet Scott.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
The Lincoln-Douglas DebatesMain issues slavery and
raceDouglas’s positionDefended Dred ScottPopular
sovereigntySlave owners could take slaves where they pleased
05/19/11
* 1858 - Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, a Democrat, ran
for reelection to the Senate against Republican Abraham
Lincoln In carefully reasoned speeches and responses, these
experienced and articulate lawyers focused almost exclusively
on slavery’s expansion and its future Douglas wants to be
president, argues that states’ populations will decide on slavery
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (cont’d)Abraham Lincoln and
Black People
Democrats’ image of Republicans
Believed Republicans promoted image of blacks over whites
Lincoln did not believe in racial equality
Opposed slavery but did not support equality

05/19/11
* The debates sometimes degenerated into crude exchanges
about which candidate favored white people more and black
people less—Douglas goaded Lincoln as promoting black
interests Lincoln: “I am not, nor ever have been in favor of
bringing about in any way the social and political equality of
the white and black races.... “ Lincoln may have won the debate
in the minds of many, but Douglas won the election
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (cont’d)Abraham Lincoln and
Black People (cont'd)
Lincoln-Douglas debates
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas debated seven times in
the 1858 U.S. Senate race in Illinois. They spent most of their
time arguing over slavery, its expansion, the Dred Scott
decision, and the character of African Americans. Douglas won
the election.
05/19/11
* Lincoln, while losing the election, made a name for himself
that would work to his political advantage in the near future
Douglas, despite his best efforts, had thoroughly offended many
southerners
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (cont’d)
f
LO 10-5. In the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Stephen Douglas

argued .
A: in support of popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott
decision
B: against popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott
decision
C: against slave owners taking slaves to free states
D: that African Americans had equal rights
05/12/11
*
f
LO 10-5. In the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Stephen Douglas
argued .
A: in support of popular sovereignty and the Dred
Scott decision
B: against popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott
decision
C: against slave owners taking slaves to free states
D: that African Americans had equal rights
05/12/11
*

LO 10-5. Abraham Lincoln explained that merely because he
opposed slavery did not mean he believed in equality.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 10-5. Abraham Lincoln explained that merely because he
opposed slavery did not mean he believed in equality.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers FerryBrown began to plan
the overthrow of slavery in South

05/19/11
* Brown was determined to invade the South and end slavery;
he hoped to attract legions of slaves as his “army” moved down
the Appalachian Mountains
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry (cont’d)Planning the
Raid
John Brown staunchly religious
Plans to attract and arm slaves
Turned down by Douglass, Tubman, and other leaders
Incite insurrection and end slavery
Financial support from white abolitionists
05/19/11
*By the summer of 1859, at a farm in rural Maryland, Brown
had assembled an “army” consisting of 17 white men and five
black men
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry (cont’d)The Raid
October 16th, 1859 raid at Harpers Ferry, VA
Utter failure
U.S. Marines wounded and captured Brown
150 slaves joined in the raid
05/19/11
*
Brown hoped to secure weapons and then advance south, but
the operation went awry from the start First person Brown’s

band killed was ironically a free black man, Heyward Shepard,
who was a baggage handler Several slaves managed to flee to
freedom in the NorthPerhaps a dozen black men—in addition to
those who accompanied Brown—died during and after the raid
John Brown was captured in the Engine House at Harpers Ferry
on October 18, 1859. He was quickly tried for treason and
convicted. On December 2, 1859, he was hanged. His raid
helped catapult the nation toward civil war.
John Brown’s raid was a key event which signaled the
hardening positions of Northerners and SouthernersWhile many
in the North saw Brown as a heroic defender of liberty, most
Southerners viewed him as a criminal madman
05/19/11
*
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry (cont’d)The
Reaction
Increased tensions, North and South
Southerners traumatized and terrified
Northern approbation enraged southerners
Justified long-held beliefs about northern agitation
Brown executed, becomes a Northern hero
Moved South closer to secession and end to slavery
05/19/11
*
Brown and his men succeeded in intensifying the deep
emotions of those who supported and those who opposed
slavery The dignity and assurance that Brown, Green, and

Copeland displayed as they awaited the gallows impressed many
black and white northerners A wave of hysteria and paranoia
swept the South as incredulous white people wondered how
northerners could admire a man who sought to kill slave owners
John Brown and
the Raid on Harpers Ferry (cont'd)John Brown’s raidBrown’s
raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859 failed to lead
to a major slave insurrection, but it inflamed the controversy
over slavery in the North and South
05/19/11
*
Although neither he nor anyone else realized it at the time,
Brown and his “army” had propelled the South toward secession
from the Union
“Border ruffians” were armed men from Missouri who crossed
the border to support proslavery forces in the Kansas territory.
These men sought the legalization of slavery in Kansas. They—
as well as the opponents of slavery—were willing to resort to
violence to achieve their aims.
Border ruffians were precursors of Confederate groups who
fought on the frontiers of the main Civil War conflicts after
1861Often loosely affiliated with local Confederate forces,
these militias were known for their ferocity and brutality
05/19/11
*

Slaves were a majority or near-majority of many lower South
states, while border states such as Tennessee and Kentucky had
many fewer slavesRestrictions on slave movements tended to be
greater in the lower South
05/19/11
*
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry (cont’d)
f
LO 10-6. After his attack on a Kansas town, John Brown began
to plan to .
A: raid Alabama in hopes of inspiring an slave uprising
B: invade the South, starting with a raid on a federal
arsenal
C: take slave-owners as hostages in border states
D: kill as many slave-owners as possible
05/12/11
*
f
LO 10-6. After his attack on a Kansas town, John Brown began
to plan to .

A: raid Alabama in hopes of inspiring an slave uprising
B: invade the South, starting with a raid on a federal
arsenal
C: take slave-owners as hostages in border states
D: kill as many slave-owners as possible
05/12/11
*
LO 10-6. John Brown and his supporters were viewed as crazed
zealots and insane fanatics even by black and white northerners
after he was executed.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 10-6. John Brown and his supporters were viewed as crazed
zealots and insane fanatics even by black and white northerners
after he was executed.

A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
The Election of Abraham LincolnFour candidates ran for
president in 1860John Bell, John C. BreckenridgeJohn Bell,
Abraham LincolnCandidacy based on Republican opposition to
slavery expansionSoutherner’s believed Lincoln would abolish
slavery
05/19/11
* The Democrats split into a northern faction, which nominated
Stephen Douglas, and a southern faction, which nominated John
C. Breckenridge The breakup of the Democratic Party assured
victory for the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln’s name was not even on the ballot in most southern
states because his candidacy was based on the Republican
Party’s adamant opposition to the expansion of slavery
Points to consider: Lincoln, a Republican, was a long-shot
candidate to win in 1860, but the Democrats became thoroughly
divided over the issue of the spread of slavery to the western
territories. Moreover, a third party, the Constitutional Union
Party, also took votes away from the Democratic Party. Finally,
Lincoln won the northern states, the most densely populated
portion of the country which therefore provided the most
popular and electoral college votes of any region of the nation.

The overwhelming majority of electoral votes accumulated by
Lincoln pointed to the overwhelming increase in northern
population by 1860, which would have resulted in future anti -
slavery electoral victories had the South not seceded
05/19/11
*
The timeline highlights the increasing momentum of the anti-
slavery movement and increasing resistance of the South toward
any compromise that would limit slavery
05/19/11
*
The Election of Abraham Lincoln (cont’d)Black People Respond
to Lincoln’s Election
Black northerners, white abolitionists not enthusiastic
Dismayed by Lincoln’s opposition and tolerance of slavery
Lincoln condemned African Americans as inferior
Abolitionists felt Lincoln too tolerant of slaveholders interests
05/19/11
* After Lincoln’s election, black leaders almost welcomed the
secession of southern states Frederick Douglass wrote,
“Lincoln’s election will indicate growth in the right direction”
Southern whites did not heed him; slavery was too essential to

give up merely to preserve the Union
The Election of Abraham Lincoln (cont’d)DisunionSouth
Carolina secedes December 20th, 1860By February, seven Deep
South states seceded
05/19/11
*By February 1861 seven states seceded—South Carolina,
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, and Texas
The Election of Abraham Lincoln (cont’d)Disunion (cont'd)
Lincoln tried to calm southern fears
“Only” dispute was over the expansion of slavery
Promised to enforce the Constitution
Not interfere with slavery where it existed
Not tolerate secession
05/19/11
* Abraham Lincoln tried to persuade the seceding states to
reconsider in his inaugural address Southern whites did not
heed him; slavery was too essential to give up merely to
preserve the Union
The Election of Abraham Lincoln (cont’d)
f
LO 10-7. After the secession of seven states before his

inauguration, Lincoln .
A: began planning offensive military campaigns against
the South
B: tried to limit secession to only seven states
C: immediately called for the end of slavery nationwide
D: tried to calm white southerners but said he would
not tolerate withdrawal from the Union
05/12/11
*
f
LO 10-7. After the secession of seven states before his
inauguration, Lincoln .
A: began planning offensive military campaigns against
the South
B: tried to limit secession to only seven states
C: immediately called for the end of slavery nationwide
D: tried to calm white southerners but said he would
not tolerate withdrawal from the Union
05/12/11
*

LO 10-7. Black northerners and white abolitionists were eager
to see Abraham Lincoln become president.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 10-7. Black northerners and white abolitionists were eager
to see Abraham Lincoln become president.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
ConclusionEvery minor, major events 1846-1861 involves
slavery Increasingly polarized AmericansNo secession and no
Civil WarWithout the agitation over slavery in the territories

05/19/11
* White Americans were increasingly perplexed about how the
nation could remain half slave and half free Without the
presence of black people in America, neither secession nor civil
war would have occurredYet the Civil War began because white
Americans had developed contradictory visions of the future
This timeline illustrates the increasing disunion within the
United States over the issue of slavery with African-American
efforts to end slavery compared to national political and cultural
events
05/19/11
*
05/19/11
*
05/19/11
*

05/19/11
*
If you were a black person—either slave or free--what would
your attitude be toward the secession of the southern states?
Why?
05/12/11
*
Resources1. The Underground
Railroadhttp://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/underground/This
National Park Service site provides locations, documents, and
stories surrounding the operations of the Underground Railroad
during the first half of the 1800s. 2. The Abolitionists
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/inte
ractive-map/abolitionists-map/In conjunction with the PBS
production The Abolitionists, several museums provided data to
create an interactive map on the PBS website of abolitionist
places and people plotted by location throughout the U.S. for
the first half of the 1850s.3. WPA Slave Narratives
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/wpa/wpahome.htmlThi

s site maintained by the University of Virginia contains a
selection of WPA interviews with ex-slaves in the 1930s, a
wealth of information dealing with the underground railroad,
the Civil War, and life as slaves.4. Supreme Court documents
on Dred Scott Case
http://www.oyez.org/oyez/frontpageThis media site
examines issues and documents associated with the U.S.
Supreme Court. It provides links to primary documents dealing
with the Dred Scott case.
African Americans:
Chapter 8
Opposition to Slavery
1730–1833
This drawing, known as “Nat Turner Preaches Religion,”
portrays Turner telling “friends and brothers” in August 1831
that God has chosen them to lead a violent “struggle for
freedom.”
Nat Turner’s rebellion in Virginia, along with the Denmark
Vesey conspiracy in South Carolina, spread a fear of slave
revolts throughout the South Heightened restrictions on slaves

and free blacks resulted, as depicted in literature such as the
drawing above warning of the dangers of slave conspiracies
05/19/11
*
Learning Objectives
8-1 Why and how did abolitionism begin in
America?
8-2 What forces and events fueled the antislavery
movement?
8-3 What were the goals of the American
Colonization Society?
8-4 What role did black women play in the abolition
movement?
8-5 Why was Walker’s Appeal important?
05/12/11
*
Antislavery Begins in AmericaAntislavery movements arose in
South, North
Southern movement founded by slaves, those sympathetic to
themMovement in North, advanced by white and black
abolitionistsQuakers organized first antislavery society, 1730s
05/19/11

* Antislavery movements reflected economic, intellectual, and
moral changes that affected the Atlantic world during Age of
Revolution beginning in 1760s Northern movements much
larger than southern In the Upper South, African Americans
could not openly establish or participate in antislavery
organizations
Antislavery Begins in America (cont’d)Quakers remain
prominent in movement Movement had several
limitationsBlacks, whites worked in different
organizationsQuakers expected slavery to be abolished
peacefully and graduallyWhites did not advocate equal rights
for blacksNorthern abolitionists did little to end Southern
slaveryTwo movements influenced each other
05/19/11
* The revolutionary doctrine that all men had a natural right to
life, liberty, and property expanded antislavery movement Even
white Quaker abolitionists rarely mixed socially with African
Americans or welcomed them to their meetings Except in parts
of New England, northern abolitionists supported gradual
emancipation
Antislavery Begins in America (cont’d)From Gabriel to
Denmark Vesey
Gabriel’s abortive slave revolt influenced revolutionary spirit
Gabriel’s revolt worsened conditions for antislavery
organizations in the Chesapeake region
Revolt caused fear of race war among whites

05/19/11
* The arrival of Haitian refugees in Virginia led to slave unrest
throughout the 1790s Virginia authorities had to suppress
another slave conspiracy in 1802 and periodic uprisings
thereafter Free African Americans were, slavery’s defenders
contended, a dangerous, criminal, and potentially revolutionary
class Had to be regulated, subdued, and ultimately expelled
from the country
Antislavery Begins in America (cont’d)From Gabriel to
Denmark Vesey(cont'd)
Free black, Denmark Vesey, organized slave revolt conspiracy
Revolt thwarted, organizers executed
Charleston’s AME church destroyed, assemblies banned,
patrols intensified
05/19/11
*
Vesey could read and was well aware of the revolutions that
had shaken the Atlantic world Religion had a more prominent
role in Vesey’s plot than in Gabriel’s Vesey, Bible-quoting
Methodist who conducted religious classes, resented white
authorities’ attempts in 1818 to suppress Charleston’s African
Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church To reach slaves whose
Christian convictions blended in with West African
spiritualism, Vesey relied on Gullah Jack to distribute charms
and cast spells
MyLab Media
Document: A Charleston Newspaper Reports on Denmark
Vesey’s Attempted Uprising, 1822

Major slave conspiracies and revolts illustrated in the above
map occurred in areas heavily populated by blacks, leading to
harsh measures aimed at cracking down on freedom of
movement
05/19/11
*
Antislavery Begins in America (cont’d)
f
LO 8-1. The second antislavery movement began during the
1730s by .
A: white Quakers in New Jersey and Pennsylvania
B: Tories in New England
C: Catholics in Baltimore
D: Presbyterians in Boston
05/12/11
*

f
LO 8-1. The second antislavery movement began during the
1730s by .
A: white Quakers in New Jersey and Pennsylvania
B: Tories in New England
C: Catholics in Baltimore
D: Presbyterians in Boston
05/12/11
*
LO 8-1. Northern white abolitionists often mixed socially with
African Americans and welcomed them to their meetings.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*

LO 8-1. Northern white abolitionists often mixed socially with
African Americans and welcomed them to their meetings.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
The Path Toward a More Radical Antislavery Movement
(cont’d)Expanded transportation, factories in urban areas,
disruptiveAmericans become more mobile
Families scattered, ties to local communities weakened
05/19/11
* As steamboats became common and networks of macadam
turnpikes (paved with crushed stone and tar), canals, and
railroads spread, travel time diminished Cities grew, and
increased immigration from Europe meant native blacks and
whites competed for jobs with foreign-born workers
Slavery and Politics
Democrats claimed equal rights but only for white men
Whigs opposed Democrats, supported evangelical Christianity
Slave power
A term used to indicate the control exercised by slaveholders

over the U.S. government before the Civil War
(cont’d)
05/19/11
* Democratic Party represented the interests of the South’s
slaveholding elite Democrats stood for natural rights and
economic well-being of American workers and farmers against
what they called the “money power” Democratic politicians,
North and South, favored a state rights doctrine that protected
slavery from interference by the national government
Democrats demanded the removal of Indians to the area west of
the Mississippi River—led to Cherokee “Trail of Tears”
Democrats also support subservience of women and exclusion
from public sphere
(cont’d)The Second Great Awakening
Evangelicals carried Christian morality into politics
Influenced establishment of black churches
Second Great Awakening influenced Richard Allen and
Absalom Jones’s establishment of black churches in
Philadelphia, 1790s
05/19/11
*
During the 1730s and 1740s, the revival known as the Great
Awakening used emotional preaching and hymn singing to
encourage men and women to embrace Jesus At the end of the
eighteenth century, a new emotional revivalism began, known as
the Second Great Awakening; it lasted through the 1830s Black
churches became an essential part of the antislavery movement

This print, published in Harper’s Weekly in August 1872,
depicts what Harper’s calls “A Negro Camp Meeting in the
South.” Although the print comes from a much later time, it
suggests the spirit of revival meetings during the Second Great
Awakening
The Second Great Awakening occurred almost exactly a century
after the first religious revival movement that inflamed the
British coloniesThe Second Great Awakening aided the
expansion of free black churches in the North, as well as rural
camp meetings in the South, as seen above
05/19/11
*
This chart highlights the rapid expansion of the Baptist,
Methodist, and Presbyterian churches involved in the Second
Great Awakening
05/19/11
*
(cont’d)The Benevolent Empire
Church-related organizations designed to fight sins, rescue
souls
Evangelicals emphasized “practical Christianity
Black evangelicals formed antislavery societies
Abolitionists wanted end of slavery

05/19/11
* Black evangelicals called for “a liberating faith” applied in
ways that advanced material and spiritual well-being Centered
in the Northeast, this broad social movement flourished through
the 1850s Among causes embraced by social organizations are
public education, self-improvement, limiting or abolishing
alcohol consumption, prison reform, and aid to the intellectually
and physically challenged
Classroom Activity: Use the Internet to access primary
documents from the state of Virginia’s website on the abolition
movement
(http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/DeathLiberty/natturner/).
(cont’d)The Benevolent Empire (cont'd)
Benevolent Empire
A network of church-related voluntary associations designed to
fight sin and save souls; it emerged during the 1810s in
relationship to the Second Great Awakening
05/19/11
* The most important of these reform associations addressed the
problem of African-American bondage
(cont’d)The Benevolent Empire (cont'd)
Abolitionists
Those who sought to end slavery within their colony, state,
nation, or religious denomination; by the 1830s, the term best

applied to those who advocated immediate rather than gradual
emancipation
05/19/11
*
Most abolitionists were located in Northern states
(cont’d)
f
LO 8-2. Beginning in the 1790s, adherents of the
sought to impose moral order on a turbulent society and
influenced the antislavery movement.
A: Democratic Party
B: Whig Party
C: Second Great Awakening
D: Great Awakening
05/12/11
*
(cont’d)
f
LO 8-2. Beginning in the 1790s, adherents of the
sought to impose moral order on a turbulent society and

influenced the antislavery movement.
A: Democratic Party
B: Whig Party
C: Second Great Awakening
D: Great Awakening
05/12/11
*
(cont’d)
LO 8-2. An emphasis on practical Christianity led during the
1810s and 1820s to the Benevolent Empire, a network of
church-related organizations
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
(cont’d)
LO 8-2. An emphasis on practical Christianity led during the

1810s and 1820s to the Benevolent Empire, a network of
church-related organizations
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
ColonizationAmerican Colonization Society (ACS), prominent
slaveholders among foundersProposed gradual abolition of
slaveryProposed sending free Africans, emancipated slaves to
Africa
05/19/11
* ACS, founded by white elites, was the most prominent
organization of the 1810s and 1820s that claimed to be opposed
to slavery To achieve expulsion of African Americans, the
ACS—with the support of the U.S. government—in 1822
formally established the colony of Liberia on the West African
coast The ACS always had its greatest strength in the Upper
South and enjoyed the support of slaveholders
Colonization (cont’d)Black Nationalism and Colonization
Paul Cuffe took African Americans to Sierra Leone
Cuffe and many other African Americans believed that white
prejudice would never allow blacks to enjoy full citizenship,
equal protection under the law

Haiti, Liberia refuges for African Americans
Black nationalists
African Americans who believed that they must seek their racial
destiny by establishing separate institutions and, perhaps,
migrating as a group to a location (often Africa) outside the
United States
05/19/11
* American evangelicalism also led many African Americans to
embrace the prospect of bringing Christianity to African
nations. In 1815 Cuffe, who owned and commanded a ship, took
34 African-American settlers to the British free black colony of
Sierra Leone Former AME bishop Daniel Coker in 1820 led the
first 86 African-American colonists to Liberia By 1838
approximately 2,500 colonists moved to Africa Despite the
efforts of black nationalists only about 10,000 African-
American immigrants had gone to Liberia by 1860
The highly contentious issue of colonization divided African
Americans, as well as white abolitionistsThis map shows the
two colonies established for former slaves on the west coast of
Africa.
05/19/11
*
Monrovia, Liberia, c. 1830. This map shows the American
Colonization Society’s main Liberian settlement as it existed
about 10 years after its founding
The above map illustrates the design for the resettlement of

former slaves in Liberia, with the city of Monrovia’s plan based
on a European-style street grid design
05/19/11
*
Colonization (cont’d)Black Opposition to Colonization
James Forten criticized colonization and ACS
Samuel Cornish called for independent black action against
slavery
Cornish feared ACS policies of voluntary colonization
misleading
Most Black abolitionists see ACS as pro-slavery, and believed
America was their home
05/19/11
*
By the mid-1820s, many black abolitionists in cities from
Richmond to Boston had criticized colonization in general and
the ACS in particular Also by the mid-1820s, most black
abolitionists had concluded that the ACS represented a
proslavery effort to drive free African Americans from the
United States
Colonization (cont’d)
f
LO 8-3. The American Colonization Society, founded by
, was the most prominent organization of the 1810s and
1820s that was opposed to slavery.

A: former slaves
B: free blacks
C: white workingman
D: white elites
05/12/11
*
f
LO 8-3. The American Colonization Society, founded by
, was the most prominent organization of the 1810s and
1820s that was opposed to slavery.
A: former slaves
B: free blacks
C: white workingman
D: white elites
05/12/11
*
LO 8-3. By 1838, approximately 2,500 African-American
colonists had made the journey to the free black colony in
Liberia.

A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 8-3. By 1838, approximately 2,500 African-American
colonists had made the journey to the free black colony in
Liberia.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
Black Abolitionist WomenWomen not allowed in politics,
professions, businessesPhiladelphia Female Anti-Slavery
SocietyFounded by Charlotte Forten, Maria W. StewartStewart
influential as black oratorPractical abolitionists were poor,
uneducated black women, not elite

05/19/11
* The United States in the early nineteenth century had a rigid
gender hierarchy Law and custom proscribed women from
engaging in politics, the professions, and businesses Stewart’s
brief career as an antislavery orator provoked far more
controversy than other early black abolitionist women From the
revolutionary era onward, countless anonymous black women,
both slave and free, living in southern border cities risked
everything to harbor fugitive slaves
Black Abolitionist Women (cont’d)The Baltimore Alliance
Ben Lundy, white Quaker abolitionist, published antislavery
newspaper
Garrison, white abolitionist, published own antislavery
newspaper
Garrison supported radical abolitionism
05/19/11
* In 1829, Watkins, Greener, and Grice profoundly influenced
William Lloyd Garrison, who later became the most influential
American antislavery leader In 1831, when he began publishing
his abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, in Boston, Garrison
led the antislavery movement in a radical direction
MyLab Media
Document: The American Antislavery Society Declares Its
Sentiments, 1833
IA_1/history/MHL/US/documents/The_American_AntiSlavery_
Society_Declares_Its_Sentiments_1833.html

William Lloyd Garrison (1805–1879) was the leading American
abolitionist during the 1830s. He called for immediate
emancipation of American slaves, without compensation to their
masters, and led the American Anti-Slavery Society.
This picture of Garrison as an older man highlights his
continuing involvement in the abolitionist movement for four
decades leading up to the Civil WarGarrison’s crusading
journalism included creating “black lists” to highlight the
barbarities of slavery, as well as reporting on the involvement
in the slave trade of prominent northern businessmen
05/19/11
*
Black Abolitionist Women (cont’d)The Baltimore Alliance
(cont'd)
Immediatism
Refers to an antislavery movement that began in the US during
the late 1820s, which demanded that slavery be abolished
immediately rather than gradually
05/19/11
*
Garrison learned from Watkins, Greener, and others that
immediate emancipation must be combined with a commitment
to racial justice in the United States

Black Abolitionist Women (cont’d)
f
LO 8-4. The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was
founded by .
A: women who were former slaves
B: a mix of black and white women
C: elite white women
D: free black women
05/12/11
*
f
LO 8-4. The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was
founded by .
A: women who were former slaves
B: a mix of black and white women
C: elite white women
D: free black women
05/12/11
*

LO 8-4. Because of severe penalties, few black women living in
southern border cities risked everything to harbor fugitive
slaves.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 8-4. Because of severe penalties, few black women living in
southern border cities risked everything to harbor fugitive
slaves.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
David Walker and Nat TurnerBlack abolitionist Walker wrote

Appeal, shaped struggle over slaveryAppeal influenced
Garrison, others advocating immediate abolitionAppeal inspired
increasingly militant black abolitionistsAppeal caused white
southern fear of encirclement, subversion
05/19/11
* Walker and Turner were from the South, both were deeply
religious, both advocated employing violent means against
slavery Nat Turner’s contribution exceeded Walker’s in its
impact
David Walker and Nat Turner (cont'd)Nat Turner’s uprising
killed largest number of whitesBlack, White abolitionists
respected TurnerPeaceful means versus violence characterized
antislavery movement
05/19/11
*
In 1831 Turner, a privileged slave from eastern Virginia,
became the first to initiate a large-scale slave uprising since
Charles Deslondes’s revolt in Louisiana in 1811 Turner inspired
far greater fear among white southerners than Walker had
Turner began his uprising on the evening of August 21, 1831
His band, which numbered between 60 and 70, killed 57 white
men, women, and children
MyLab Media
Video: Nat Turner
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/

history/MHL/US/visual_tool/TheAntebellumSouth_3.html
This timeline charts the increasing radicalism of the abolition
movement in the late 1820sAfter a brief period of widespread
interest in African colonization of former slaves, most
abolitionists came to believe that slavery had to be ended in the
United States permanently
05/19/11
*
This recently colorized drawing of the capture of Nat Turner
dates to the 1830s. Turner avoided apprehension for nearly two
months following the suppression of his revolt. The artist
conveys how Turner maintained his dignity in surrender.
This image highlights how the antislavery movement drew
widespread public interest with periodicals and newspapers
announcing abolitionist activities, as well as more violent
events such as the Nat Turner rebellion
05/19/11
*
David Walker and Nat Turner (cont'd)
f
LO 8-5. In 1831, , a privileged slave from eastern

Virginia, became the first to initiate a large-scale slave uprising
since a revolt in New Orleans in 1811.
A: David Walker
B: Benjamin Lunday
C: William Lloyd Garrison
D: Nat Turner
05/12/11
*
f
LO 8-5. In 1831, , a privileged slave from eastern
Virginia, became the first to initiate a large-scale slave uprising
since a revolt in New Orleans in 1811.
A: David Walker
B: Benjamin Lunday
C: William Lloyd Garrison
D: Nat Turner
05/12/11
*

LO 8-5. David Walker’s Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of
the World, which he published in Boston in 1829, argued in
favor of peaceful measures to end slavery.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
LO 8-5. David Walker’s Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of
the World, which he published in Boston in 1829, argued in
favor of peaceful measures to end slavery.
A: True
B: False
05/12/11
*
ConclusionTwo antislavery movementsSlaves in South, free
blacks/whites in NorthTwo movements influenced each
otherNorthern abolitionists used peaceful means to fight

slaveryGabriel, Vesey, Turner used violenceAntislavery
movement was biracial
05/19/11
*The antislavery movement that existed in the North and
portions of the Upper South was always biracial and emphasized
peaceful means to end slavery Unlike northern abolitionists,
anti-slave Southerners like Gabriel, Vesey, and Turner had to
rely on violence to fight slavery
Conclusion (cont'd)Second Great Awakening (1790s–1830s)A
widespread religious revival, centered in the North and upper
South, that encouraged reform movements
05/19/11
*
The Chapter 8 timeline compares the activities and events of the
anti-slavery movement with national events in the early
nineteenth century
05/19/11
*

05/19/11
*
Compare the interaction of black and white abolitionists during
the early nineteenth century. How did their motives and
effectiveness differ?
05/12/11
*
Resources1. Africans in America: Brotherly Love
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/home.htmlThe accompanying
website for this PBS production provides a range of primary
source documents on several themes related to the chapter,
including resistance and colonization 2. African American
Mosaichttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.htmlThis
Library of Congress site provides a research guide to the
primary documents relating to African-American history in the
Library of Congress. The site is useful for the entire range of
black history subjects and timelines. 3. Nat Turner: A
Troublesome Property
http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/natturner/slave_rebellions.
htmlThis site accompanies a PBS documentary on the issue of
Nat Turner’s 1831 slave rebellion and provides information on
slave rebellions in U.S. history prior to 1831, including
Gabriel’s and Vesey’s rebellions. An interactive timeline and
links to further documents are also provided.

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