This document outlines the syllabus for a course on structural health monitoring and auditing. The syllabus covers factors affecting structural health, concepts of structural health monitoring, how to assess structural health and investigate issues, non-destructive testing methods, static and dynamic field testing, and case studies of structure repairs and rehabilitation. The first unit defines factors that can cause deterioration in structures like design flaws, environmental effects, and changes in loading. It also defines defects, distress, and deterioration in structures.

1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society’s
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
(An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune)
NAAC ‘A’ Grade Accredited , ISO 9001:2015 certified
Subject: Structural Audit and Health Monitoring
FY Mtech
Introduction
Presented By,
Miss. Shinde Bharti M. (Assistant Professor)
Department of Civil Engineering
Email- shindebharticivil@sanjivani.org.in
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2. Syllabus
• Unit 1: Structural Health
• Factors affecting Health of Structures, Causes of Distress, Regular Maintenance.
• Unit 2: Structural Health Monitoring
• Concepts, Various Measures, Structural Safety in Alteration.
• Unit 3: Structural Audit
• Assessment of Health of Structure, Collapse and Investigation, Investigation Management, SHM Procedures. Non-
destructive testing of concrete, steel structures, Various NDT tests, codal provisions, Proof Load testing.
• Unit 4: Static Field Testing
• Types of Static Tests, Simulation and Loading Methods, sensor systems and Hardware requirements, Static Response
Measurement.
• Unit 5: Dynamic Field Testing
• Types of Dynamic Field Test, Stress History Data, Dynamic Response Methods, Hardware for Remote Data Acquisition
Systems, Remote Structural Health Monitoring.
• Unit 6: Introduction to Repairs and Rehabilitations of Structures
• Case Studies (Site Visits), piezo–electric materials and other smart materials, electro–mechanical impedance (EMI)
technique, adaptations of EMI technique.

3. Unit 1: Structural Health

4. Factors affecting Health of Structures
The deterioration of structure may be due to various factors,
•Design and Construction Flows
•Environmental effects
•Poor quality material used
•Quality of supervision
•Deterioration due to corrosion- spalling of concrete cover,
cracks parallel to reinforcement, spalling at edges, swelling of
concrete, dislocation, internal cracking and reduction in area of
steel reinforcement.
•Change in loading conditions

5. • Defects
The defects are the flaws those creeps into structure because of design mistakes
or poor workmanship during manufacturing, fabrication and construction,
before it begins its service life, or by inappropriate operation and maintenance
during its service life. The flaw that has a potential to lead to a failure,
becomes a defect.
• Distress
It is a collective term for the physical manifestation of problems such as cracks,
spalls, pop-outs, staining, decay or corrosion. Distress can be thought of as
the symptoms indicating that the defects are present.
• Deterioration
It is the gradual loss of the desired material properties due to different
degradation factors. Deterioration unlike defects, may not surface at the
beginning of the service life of a structure, but is rather time-dependent.
However, some forms of deterioration may develop early in the service life of
structure and others manifest later.

7. Disintegration two terms generally used to mark this they are Scaling-
Localized flaking or peeling away of the near surface portion of the hardened
concrete due to freeze thaw, Dusting- White powdery formation on the
surface of hardened concrete that receives excessive traffic.
Cracking- Cracking in concrete is inherent. Type of structure and nature of
cracking is the major concern. Cracks in the concrete does not always mean
that the structure is unusable.
Structural Cracks- Structural cracks are those that may occur due to
deficient designs, overloading, abnormal vibrations, use of inferior quality
materials, foundation placed on uncompacted/loose soils, adoption of
improper construction practices, poor workmanship, etc.

8. Types of Distress
Blow holes- sometimes also bug-holes, are individual rounded or irregular
cavities that are formed against the formwork and become visible on
stripping of the formwork.
Cold joints- These are created when new concrete is poured against the
concrete that has just hardened.
Honey Combing- It refers to voids caused by the mortar not filling the
spaces between the coarse aggregate particles.
Crazing- It is the network of fine random cracks that are formed due to the
shrinkage of the layer relative to the base concrete. It does not pose any
structural or Serviceability problem.
Pop-outs- Rough conical depressions in the concrete surface caused by the
expansion of the deleterious aggregate particles near the surface or expansion
due to freezing are called pop-outs.

10. Non-Structural Cracks- These cracks occur due to the internally
induced stresses in building material or due to the temperature induced
movement of the materials. These cracks mar the appearance of the
structure and at time may give a feeling of instability.
Settlement Cracks Spalling

11. Stain- It is white powdery surface which may be caused by alkali-
aggregate reactions. The stain may sometimes be colored due to
corrosion of reinforcement.
Erosion- It could be due to abrasion, erosion which is marked by
smooth, well-worn abraded surface of concrete, while in
cavitation- erosion concrete appears to be very rough and pitted.
Corrosion- Rusting of steel in concrete, this results in cracking or
spalling.
Deflection-It is the bending or sagging of the reinforced concrete
structural elements like beams, slabs, columns, etc., which can be
due to overloading, corrosion, or by creep in concrete.
Scaling of

12. Scaling of Concrete

15. Maintenance
Maintenance Engineering is defined as the work done to keep the civil
Engineering structures and work in conditions so as to enable them to carry
out the functions for which they are constructed. It needs for,
• The avoidance of accidents, which may harm people or plant
• The continued operation of a facility
• The protection of the capital investment in the asset
• Preventive maintenance
• Remedial maintenance
• Routine maintenance
• Special maintenance

16. Preventive maintenance
The maintenance work done before the defects occurred in the structure
Remedial maintenance
It is the maintenance done after the defects in the structure. It involves the following basic
steps.
• Finding the deterioration
• Determining the clause
• Evaluating the strength of the existing structures
• Evaluating the need of the structures
• Selecting and implanting the repair procedure
Routine maintenance
It is the service maintenance attended to the structure periodically. It is depends upon
specifications and materials of structure, purpose, intensity and condition of use.
Special maintenance
It is the work done under special condition and requires sanction and performed to rectify
heavy damage.

17. Importance of Maintenance various aspects of Inspection
• Improves the life of structure
• Improved life period gives better return on investment
• Better appearance and aesthetically appealing
• Leads to quicker detection of defects and hence remedial measures
• Prevents major deterioration that leads to collapse
• Ensures safely to occupants
• Ensures feeling of confidence by the user

18. Stages of inspection
• Inspection
• Analysis
• Action possibilities
Necessitation of the maintenance
• Atmospheric Agencis
• Normal wear and tear
• Failure of structure

19. Inspection periods
• Pre-monsoon Period
• Monsoon Period
• Post-monsoon Period
Inspection of building
• Condition of wall paint
• Condition of paint on woodwork and grill
• Condition of flooring
• Roof leakage, leakage etc
• Condition of service fittings
• Drainage from terrace
• Growth of vegetation
• Structural defects like Crack, Settlement, and Deflection