This document summarizes research on teachers' perceptions and use of iPads in a K-5 elementary school during the first and second years of a 1:1 iPad implementation program. In the second year, teachers felt more confident using iPads but actual iPad use decreased across subjects. While technical and administrative support improved, professional development was still lacking. Overall, the results suggest that sustaining meaningful educational technology integration requires ongoing training and support as teachers develop experience over multiple years.

1. 1:1 IN THE ELEMENTARY SETTING:
ONE YEAR LATER
Denise Frazier, Ph.D.
Staci Trekles, Ph.D.
Purdue University Northwest
School of Education and Counseling

2. The Purpose
• Share an overview of the research results
• Describe K-5 teacher perceptions and use of iPads during Year
One and Two
• Discuss key issues related to Year One iPad implementation in an
elementary setting
• Provide 1:1 lessons and strategies

3. Our Method
• Mixed-methods case study as a follow-up to Year One, which
included focus groups (K-2, and 3-5) and survey data looking at
the first year of adoption of 1:1 in an elementary school
• Year Two Survey – Likert items and one short response item
• Compared survey responses from Year One to Year Two

4. The Setting
• Small suburban-rural elementary
school
• Approximately 600 students,
balanced calendar
• 26 teachers K-5
• Relatively affluent community,
limited diversity
• Why this school?
• Access to teachers and school
• Recently started program (good
timing)
• 1:1 implemented in all grades,
including kindergarten

5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• How are elementary teachers using iPads in their classrooms during the
second year of implementation as compared to year one?
• What issues are occurring during year two of 1:1 iPad adoption?
• What benefits and challenges of 1:1 iPads are perceived by elementary
teachers who have more than one year of experience with them?
• How do elementary teachers’ perceptions change between the first year and
the second year of 1:1 iPad adoption?

6. A little background: First year info
• Decision to go 1:1 came at the
end of the previous school year
under a new superintendent
(Apple iPad chosen as device, no
LMS)
• Teachers had minimal time to
prepare for the change, little PD
provided
• Many teachers felt “rushed” into
the new 1:1 environment, but
anticipated using the iPads a
great deal during the year

7. Teachers and Students using the iPads: Year One
Advantages
• Differentiation
• Groups and centers
• Access to more information more
easily
• Multimedia and apps that help with
learning
• Improved teacher confidence in
using iPads in the classroom*
Disadvantages
• Lack of professional development
• Classroom management problems*
• No district-wide digital citizenship
program
• Technology not always working as
promised
• High administrative expectations
put pressure on teachers

8. Going Beyond Year One
• A follow-up survey of similar questions from Year One was sent out in the end
of Year Two to find out how teachers were doing with their iPads, and the data
were compared from last year to the new year
• Some interesting comparisons were found, including:
• Professional development is still lacking and in fact, opinions of the benefits of Late Start
Wednesday PD have decreased from 74% to 94% disagreement
• More teachers are feeling confident with their iPads in the classroom, from 66% to 88%
agreement
• Perceptions of having administrative support improved (52% to 65% agreement) as well as
technical support (a dramatic increase from 39% to 92% agreement)
• Interestingly, despite more support, anticipated increased use of iPads in the classroom has
gone down in Year Two as opposed to Year One (from 83% to 59%)

9. Keyword: Balance
• Adopting 1:1 devices does not inherently change the classroom – teachers
must make the conscious effort to change how they teach
• Teachers don’t just “pick up” tech integration skills on their own
• Time and training are needed, and teachers must also learn through
experience
• After two years, many teachers have struck a balance, and iPad usage went
down in many categories

10. Comparisons: Using iPads to Teach Subjects
• Usage in subjects overall went down
dramatically from the first to the
second year
• Highest level of significant
difference: Language, Math, Social
Studies, and Comprehension
• Lowest level of difference: Word
Study, Fine Arts, Writing, and “Other”
• No statistical relationship amongst
11 categories between year 1 and 2
– drop was overall relatively uniform

11. Other statistically significant Year Two trends in the data
• Positive trends:
• I feel confident using the iPad in my
classroom (88%)
• Using iPads for assessment (77%)
• The district has provided adequate
applications (apps.) for student use
(82%)
• Negative trends:
• Late Start Wednesdays providing
beneficial PD (94%) for classroom
iPad use
• technical issues with iPads in my
classroom (88%)
• Stable (unchanging):
• use of iPads to differentiate instruction
(to support and to challenge students)
(71%)
• plans to increase iPad use during the
succeeding school year (59%)

12. Why the change?
• We might assume iPad usage
would increase as teachers
became more comfortable
• Instead, usage went down
significantly – why?
• Gartner’s Hype Cycle – trough of
disillusionment or plateau of
productivity?
• Fullan’s change knowledge –
technology and pedagogy must work
together to create lasting change
• Early learning – excessive screen
time concerns for grades K-3

13. Discussion
• Think-Pair-Share: What is your experience with 1:1?
• Whole Group: What are your major takeaways from 1:1 implementations
during the first year and beyond?
• What similar/dissimilar experiences have you had compared to our case
study?

14. Selected References
• Clark, R.E. (2001). Media are “mere vehicles”: The opening argument. In R.E. Clark (Ed.),
Learning from media: Arguments, analyses, and evidence (pp. 1-12). Charlotte, NC:
Information Age Publishing.
• Darling-Hammond, L., Wei, R.C., Andree, A., Richardson, N., & Orphanos, S. (2009).
Professional learning in the learning profession: A status report on teacher development in the
United States and abroad. Dallas, TX: National Staff Development Council.
• Donovan, L., Hartley, K., & Strudler, N. (2007). Teacher concerns during initial implementation
of a one-to-one laptop initiative at the middle school level. Journal of Research on Technology
in Education, 39(3), 263-286.
• Freeman, A., Adams Becker, S., Cummins, M., Davis, A., and Hall Giesinger, C. (2017).
NMC/CoSN Horizon Report: 2017 K–12 edition. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium.
• Fullan, M. (2013). Stratosphere: Integrating technology, pedagogy, and change knowledge.
Toronto, Canada: Pearson.
• Lei (2010). Conditions for ubiquitous computing: What can be learned from a longitudinal
study. Computers in the Schools, 27(1), 35-53. DOI:10.1080/07380560903536264
• Swallow, M. (2015). The year-two decline: Exploring the incremental experiences of a 1:1
technology initiative. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 47(2), 122-137. doi:
10.1080/15391523.2015.999641

15. Questions
• Contact us!
• Denise: frazierd@pnw.edu
• Staci: atrekles@pnw.edu, @instruct_tech, @iceindiana
• Slides available: http://slideshare.net/andella