ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Study of Lipid Profile in Patients of Coronary Artery Disease among Rural Pop...iosrjce
India and other developing countries in South Asia are progressively facing alarming proportions of
morbidity and mortality caused by coronary artery disease. There are a number of studies on dyslipidemia in
coronary artery disease patients in Indian subcontinent, mostly in urban population in different geographical
territories of the country. There was no such community-based study in rural population of Bihar. Hence this
case control study was undertaken to study dyslipidemia among the rural patients admitted to hospital with
coronary artery disease. 100 consecutive cases diagnosed as coronary artery disease aged 30 to 90 years were
compared to 50 ages and sex matched healthy controls. Age, gender, blood pressure, history of smoking and
diabetes mellitus, waist-hip ratio and Body Mass Index were recorded in each subject. Blood samples for
investigations of lipid profile i.e. serum cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein–
cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were collected from cases. It was found
that high prevalence of dyslipidemia i.e. elevated serum cholesterol and TG and low HDL cholesterol were
significant in all the age groups above 40 years. Interestingly our study in rural population is not associated
with increased risk of coronary artery disease with LDL levels. In order to implement preventive approach to
CAD, our findings suggest that early detection of abnormal lipid profile and modification of lifestyles are important
Current trends in cardiovascular assessmentAlfred Bett
This paper describe the emerging trends of assessing cardiovascular in health care setting with the aim of improving the quality of service delivery to patient. It considers the increased case of people affected by heart attack
Diabetes and heart two sides of the same coinSunil Wadhwa
This ppt presented in a CME of doctors in March 2017 discusses-if all Diabetics should be treated aggressively for prevention of coronary artery disease & SHOULD IT BE PRESUMED AS IF THEY ARE ALREADY PATIENTS OF CAD?
This presentation is updated till March 2017
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Study of Lipid Profile in Patients of Coronary Artery Disease among Rural Pop...iosrjce
India and other developing countries in South Asia are progressively facing alarming proportions of
morbidity and mortality caused by coronary artery disease. There are a number of studies on dyslipidemia in
coronary artery disease patients in Indian subcontinent, mostly in urban population in different geographical
territories of the country. There was no such community-based study in rural population of Bihar. Hence this
case control study was undertaken to study dyslipidemia among the rural patients admitted to hospital with
coronary artery disease. 100 consecutive cases diagnosed as coronary artery disease aged 30 to 90 years were
compared to 50 ages and sex matched healthy controls. Age, gender, blood pressure, history of smoking and
diabetes mellitus, waist-hip ratio and Body Mass Index were recorded in each subject. Blood samples for
investigations of lipid profile i.e. serum cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein–
cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were collected from cases. It was found
that high prevalence of dyslipidemia i.e. elevated serum cholesterol and TG and low HDL cholesterol were
significant in all the age groups above 40 years. Interestingly our study in rural population is not associated
with increased risk of coronary artery disease with LDL levels. In order to implement preventive approach to
CAD, our findings suggest that early detection of abnormal lipid profile and modification of lifestyles are important
Current trends in cardiovascular assessmentAlfred Bett
This paper describe the emerging trends of assessing cardiovascular in health care setting with the aim of improving the quality of service delivery to patient. It considers the increased case of people affected by heart attack
Diabetes and heart two sides of the same coinSunil Wadhwa
This ppt presented in a CME of doctors in March 2017 discusses-if all Diabetics should be treated aggressively for prevention of coronary artery disease & SHOULD IT BE PRESUMED AS IF THEY ARE ALREADY PATIENTS OF CAD?
This presentation is updated till March 2017
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
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Serum Total Bilirubin levels in Diabetic Retinopathy - A case control studyiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Albuminuria has been recognized as a marker for prognosis of renal and cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Role of microalbuminuria in cardiac disease and nephropathy has not been surveyed in Pakistani population and its foretelling importance in diabetic individuals is undetermined. In this study we examined the relation between microalbuminuria, HbA1c and serum albumin levels in association with diabetes in population of Pakistan based on equal number of male and female subjects with and without prevalent baseline diabetes. We found that increased levels of micro albuminuria are associated with cardiovascular disease, HbA1c with nephropathy and serum albumin with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and hypertension in the diabetic patient.
Clinical Question: Does meat consumption affect mortality?
Evidence: All-cause mortality is higher for increased daily consumption of red meat, especially processed meat. However, the compiled evidence does not link other meat products to all-cause mortality.
Recommendation: Physicians should encourage patients to limit animal products when possible, and substitute red meat and processed red meat with plant-based foods. Patients may supplement a plant-based diet with moderate amounts of fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy if desired.
A comparative analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters in diabeti...amsjournal
This study evaluated the biochemical and the hematological parameters in diabetic and non- diabetic patients. The measured biochemical parameters were fasting blood sugar, serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT/ALT), total cholesterol, urea, creatinine and hematological parameters were hemoglobin, total white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte,monocyte, eosinophil and ESR. There were 403 diabetic and 320 non-diabetic subjects included in this study and the study was carried out in BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) General Hospital). It was observed that the mean values of SGPT/ALT (p<0.001),><0.001)><0.001)><0.001),><0.004),><0.001) of hematological parameters were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic patients. In univariate analysis, all biochemical parameters and only four hematological parameters were found significantly associated with fasting blood sugar after adjusted with age and sex. The fasting blood sugar correlates highly with the other biochemical parameters but less or none with the hematological parameters. Our findings demonstrated that control of increased biochemical parameters and abnormal hematological levels in the early stage of diabetes mellitus may help the patients to raise quality of life.
Goal attainments and their discrepancies for low density lipoprotein choleste...Paul Schoenhagen
Purpose: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is primary treatment target for patients with dislipidemia. The apolipoprotein B (apo B), an emerging biomarker for cardiovascular risk prediction, appears to be superior to the LDL-C. However, little is known about goal attainments and their discrepancies for LDL-C and apo B in Chinese patients with known CAD or DM.
The ApoB/A-1 ratio is independently associated with subclinical arteriosclero...eshaasini
The ApoB/ApoA-1 (ApoB/A1) ratio is a pre- dictor of atherosclerotic vascular disease. In this study, we aimed to explore whether ApoB/A1 ratio is related to arteriosclerosis parameters, including subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiff- ness, in type 2 diabetic patients.
The ApoB/A-1 Ratio is Independently Associated with Subclinical Arteriosclero...semualkaira
The ApoB/ApoA-1 (ApoB/A1) ratio is a predictor of atherosclerotic vascular disease. In this study, we aimed
to explore whether ApoB/A1 ratio is related to arteriosclerosis
parameters, including subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness, in type 2 diabetic patients.
The ApoB/A-1 ratio is independently associated with subclinical arteriosclero...semualkaira
The ApoB/ApoA-1 (ApoB/A1) ratio is a pre- dictor of atherosclerotic vascular disease. In this study, we aimed to explore whether ApoB/A1 ratio is related to arteriosclerosis parameters, including subclinical atherosclerosis and arterial stiff- ness, in type 2 diabetic patients.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Post-diagnosis hemoglobin change associates with overall survival of multiple...Enrique Moreno Gonzalez
Anemia refers to low hemoglobin (Hb) level and is a risk factor of cancer patient survival. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network recently suggested that post-diagnosis Hb change, regardless of baseline Hb level, indicates the potential presence of anemia. However, there is no epidemiological study evaluating whether Hb change has direct prognostic values for cancer patients at the population level.
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Importance of measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended for
the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes. However, various epidemiological studies conducted different parts of the
universe have shown significant discordance between HbA1c and glucose-based tests. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is
assumed to be the gold standard for monitoring glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus disorder. The Glycated
hemoglobin (HbA1c) assay provided an accurate, precise measure of chronic glycemic levels, and associates with the risk
of diabetes complications.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional prospective study. A total of 868 individuals attended to the medicine
outpatient clinic at Lord Buddha Koshi Medical College, Saharsa, Bihar between Jan 2016 to Dec 2016 were selected for
the study after screening a large cohort visited OPD. The results of FPG, OGTT, and HbA1c for 868 individual were
analyzed as well as all grouped as diabetic patients, glucose intolerant (pre-diabetes) patients, and non-diabetic patients
according to new ADA criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes.
Results: Diagnostic sensitivity of all diabetic criteria were 80.33% for A1c; 75% for OGTT and only 41.87% for FPG
respectively.
Conclusion: The proposed A1c diagnostic criteria have greater diagnostic than FPG and 2-h OGTT regarding a diagnosis
of diabetes mellitus disorder.
Key-words- Glycated Hemoglobin, Fasting Plasma Glucose, Oral glucose tolerances test (OGTT), Diabetes Mellitus,
and Pre- diabetes
ABSTRACT- Introduction: Blood group antigens have been reported to be associated with many diseased conditions
severally. Studies have suggested that ABO blood groups have an impact on infection status of the individuals
possessing a particular blood group due to the significant associations observed when analyzed. However there is
limited information on the relationship between these blood group antigens with haemoglobin genotype and CD4 cell
count in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, hence the need for this study.
Materials and Method: Exactly 240 newly enrolled seropositive patients attending the HIV Clinic of LAUTECH
Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria and 120 healthy blood donors were recruited for this study. Antibodies to HIV
were determined using determine rapid HIV 1/HIV 2 test kit (Abbott), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
(GenScreen plus HIV Ag-Ab test kit, Paris) and Western blot (New-LAV Blot 1, BioRad, France) for confirmatory test.
ABO and Rhesus blood grouping was determined by standard tile and tube techniques. Haemoglobin genotype
determined by alkaline cellulose acetate haemoglobin electrophoresis while CD4 cell count was estimated with Partec
Cyflow analyser.
Result: There is no significant association between the ABO/Rh antigens and haemoglobin genotypes of the test and
control groups (P<0.05). All participants in the control group had CD4 count >200cells/mm3 while 198 (55%) HIV
infected subjects had CD4 count ≥200cells/mm3 and 42 (11.7%) had CD4 count <200cells/mm3. A significant
association was observed between the CD4 cell count of the patients and their ABO blood group antigens (P<0.05) with
blood group A and AB having the highest CD4count.
Conclusion: The outcome of this study reiterates the fact that blood group antigens are involved in immune protection
against infectious disease. Blood group A which has been implicated to confer susceptibility in some diseased condition
has been observed to confer immunity in this study.
Key-words- CD4 cells, Blood Group Antigens, HIV and Haemoglobin Genotype
Novel Approach Of Diabetes Disease Classification By Support Vector Machine W...IJARIIT
Early diagnosis of any disease with less cost is always preferable. Diabetes is one such disease. It has become the fourth leading cause of death in developed countries and is also reaching epidemic proportions in many developing and newly industrialized nations. Diabetes leads to increase in the risks of developing kidney disease, blindness, nerve damage, blood vessel damage and heart disease also. In this study, we investigate an automatic approach to diagnose Diabetes disease based on Bacterial Foraging Optimization and Artificial Neural Network .firstly, we applied Bacterial Foraging Optimization for features selection and then we implement artificial neural network for finding out the classification accuracy. The proposed SVM method obtains 87.23% accuracy on UCI diabetes dataset which is better than other models.
Secondly, we applied again Bacterial foraging optimization for features selection and then we applied support vector machine for finding out the classification accuracy .The proposed Correlation with SVM method obtains on UCI dataset.
Diabetic is a well known public health problem of today. There are many risk factors of it, which can be identified in pre-diabetic state. So the present study was conducted with the aim to know the status of anthropometric and haematological parameters in pre-diabetic states. For this hospital based study pre-diabetic subjects were identified from first degree relatives of type 2 DM Patients, enrolled in diabetic research centre P.B.M. hospital Bikaner. Relevant investigations were done. Data thus collected on semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using content analysis. Data analysis revealed that although mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was within normal range but Waist circumference (WC), West Hip (W/H) Ratio, Systolic blood pressure were higher than the normal range accepted for that parameter. But mean value of all the studied haematological parameter were within the normal range accepted for that parameter. So it can be conclude that anthropology of an individual may be associated with the pre-diabetic state. Hypertension was found in 25.35% of pre-diabetics. Further researches are necessary to find out this possible association of anthropologic parameter and pre-diabetic state.
In this presentation, we have researched and explained the association of the ABO blood group with Diseases. The slides included original research data, and replicating the slides must need pre-author permission.
This presentation may help students of medical, master's, Ph.D. research scholars, project fellows, and teachers.
https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=niEQkmkAAAAJ&citation_for_view=niEQkmkAAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC
Analysis of ABO blood group association with epilepsy disease
Authors
Nagaraj K Madhan S, Milan R, Kumar T M
Publication date
2012
Book
Diversity and Physiological Processes
Pages
46-56
Publisher
Goa University
1. ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 11, 1561 – 1565
1561
Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF ADVANCED RESEARCH
RESEARCH ARTICLE
The Distribution of the ABO and Rh (D) Blood Types in Patients with
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Bhuvan Nagpal and Usha Hegde
Dept. of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, JSS Dental College & Hospital, JSS University, Mysuru,
Karnataka, India
Manuscript Info Abstract
Manuscript History:
Received: 15 September 2015
Final Accepted: 22 October 2015
Published Online: November 2015
Key words:
ABO, Rh, blood groups, diabetes
mellitus, association
*Corresponding Author
Bhuvan Nagpal
Objective: To find out the association of type II diabetes mellitus (DM) with
different ABO and Rh blood groups.
Materials & Methods: The study involved 253 patients who reported to
Haematology Laboratory for blood investigations over a period of 6 months.
Based on their hematological findings i.e. Random & Fasting Blood Sugar
levels, two groups were created; Group I (Diabetic patients) & Group II
(Healthy controls). Both the groups were screened for ABO & Rh blood
grouping.
Results: Blood groups AB & B showed less common association, whereas
patients with blood group A were associated more with diabetes mellitus
(DM), as compared to controls. Blood group O showed similar distribution
among both groups. Higher percentage of diabetics than controls had Rh
positive blood group (97.3% vs 93.9%), whereas less percentage of diabetics
showed Rh negative blood group (6.1% vs 2.7%). Higher percentage of
diabetics with blood group B, AB and O were positive, whereas it was same
in blood group A.
Conclusion: The results obtained revealed an association between Rh
positive blood groups and DM and a negative association between blood
groups B & AB, as these groups were less common in diabetics.
Copy Right, IJAR, 2015,. All rights reserved
Introduction
From the discovery of blood groups since 1900, efforts have been made to discover a possible association between ABO
and Rh blood groups and different diseases. The data extracted from various studies on patients with gastric cancer,
salivary gland tumors, duodenal ulcer, colorectal cancer, thyroid disorders, ovarian tumors, small cell carcinoma of lung
and coronary heart disease have shown association with ABO blood groups.1-6
This information has made investigators
to assume that some other diseases might also be associated with ABO and Rh blood groups. The significance of such
associations may help in identifying possible susceptibility to diseases and adopt possible preventive measures to
decrease the prevalence.
Diabetes mellitus is a common emerging medical problem worldwide, having significant morbidity and mortality.
According to ICMR-INDIAB national study, in India, there are 62.4 million people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus7
and
the numbers are expected to increase to 101 million by year 2030.8
The etiopathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is multi-factorial & complex and appears to involve interactions of various
immunological, genetic and environmental factors.9
It has a genetic predisposition, although environmental factors do
play their role in its genetic expression.10
Infact, human chromosome 1q21-q23 has shown well replicated linkage to
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.11
The ABO blood group genes are mapped at 9q34.2 region in which genetic alteration is
common.12
Like many other inherited traits, blood groups are also genetically predetermined and therefore may have an
2. ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 11, 1561 – 1565
1562
association with diabetes mellitus. Hence, identification of a positive association with blood groups might reflect
increased susceptibility and a negative association to protection against diabetes mellitus.
Based on this hypothesis, we conducted the present study to find out a possible association between type II diabetes
mellitus (DM) and ABO & Rh blood groups.
Materials & Methods
All the patients reporting to Haematology Laboratory for blood investigations over a period of 6 months were included in
the study, which involved a total of 253 patients. Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals and they
were enrolled irrespective of their age, sex or socio-economic status. Based on their history and hematological findings
of Random Blood Sugar (RBS) levels and Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) levels, two groups were created; Group I (Diabetic
patients; RBS > or = 200 mg/dl & FBS > or = 126 mg/dl) & Group II (Healthy controls). Both the groups were screened
for ABO & Rh blood grouping. The blood samples were collected by veni-puncture in 4 ml K2EDTA vacutainers and
labeled for determination of blood groups. ABO and Rh (D) blood grouping were performed simultaneously using slide
agglutination method. Standard technique of serology and manufacturer’s directions enclosed with the different blood
grouping reagents were followed. All information was recorded on a proforma and saved for record. Analysis of the
findings were done to arrive at conclusions. The data entry and statistical analysis was done using statistical package for
social sciences (SPSS) version 14 for windows. Contingency Coefficient (CC) analysis was done to prove any
association between DM and ABO-Rh blood groups.
Results
Out of 253 patients reporting to the laboratory, only 73 were diabetics (group I) and the rest were healthy individuals
(group II). The distribution of ABO and Rh blood group among healthy individuals and diabetic patients were recorded.
Frequency of blood groups AB & B were less common in diabetics, whereas blood group A & O were more common, as
compared to controls. But on the same side, blood group O showed similar distribution among both the groups.
[Table 1] Hence, no association between ABO Blood Group & DM was noted. Higher percentage of diabetics were Rh
positive (97.3% vs 93.9%) whereas less percentage of diabetics were Rh negative (6.1% vs 2.7%). [Table 2] Again, no
association between Rh blood group & DM was seen. When we considered both ABO and Rh types together, a higher
percentage of diabetics with blood group B, AB and O were positive, whereas it was same in blood group A, for both the
groups. [Table 3] Even the CC & P values did not show any association between ABO & Rh blood groups and DM.
[Table 4]
Other informations inferred from this study are:
Blood group O was the most prevalent group in the whole population (40.7%), diabetics (47.9%) and controls (37.8%),
followed by blood group B. Rh positive blood group was the most prevalent in the whole population (94.9%), diabetics
(97.3%) and controls (93.9%). Although blood group O>B>A>AB (whole population), no association between ABO &
Rh blood groups with DM could be established.
Table 1: Distribution of ABO blood groups in diabetics as compared to controls
CC = 0.151 & P value = 0.117
Blood Group Diabetics % (No.) Controls % (No.)
A 30.1 (22) 24.4 (44)
B 17.8 (13) 30.6 (55)
AB 4.1 (3) 7.2 (13)
O 47.9 (35) 37.8 (68)
TOTAL 100 (73) 100 (180)
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1563
Table 2: Distribution of Rh blood groups in diabetics as compared to controls
Blood Group Diabetics % (No.) Controls % (No.)
Rh Positive 97.3 (71) 93.9 (169)
Rh Negative 2.7 (2) 6.1 (11)
CC = 0.069 & P value = 0.271
Table 3: Distribution of combined ABO & Rh blood groups in diabetics as compared to controls
Blood Group Diabetics % (No.) Controls % (No.)
A Positive 95.5 (21) 95.5 (42)
A Negative 4.5 (1) 4.5 (2)
B Positive 100 (13) 94.5 (52)
B Negative 0 (0) 5.5 (3)
AB Positive 100 (3) 92.3 (12)
AB Negative 0 (0) 7.7 (1)
O Positive 97.1 (34) 92.6 (63)
O Negative 2.9 (1) 7.4 (5)
Table 4: Contingency coefficient (CC) & P- values
Blood Group CC P value
A 0.000 1.000
B 0.104 0.389
AB 0.123 0.620
O 0.091 0.3356
Discussion
Various contradictory associations between ABO & Rh blood groups with DM have been reported. According to study
done by Kamil & his colleagues, blood group A was less commonly seen in diabetics, with the difference that they also
found negative association with blood group O.13
Another study found negative association of blood groups A & B and a
positive association with Rh negative blood group with DM.10,14,17
One more varying finding was a positive association
of blood group A and O negative and diabetes.21
Few others have found no such associations with ABO & Rh blood
groups and DM. 15- 20
However, other investigators have found equal distribution of ABO & Rh blood groups among
diabetics and non-diabetics.9, 17, 19, 22
In the present study, the highest ABO blood group in the whole population considered was blood group O in both
diabetics & controls. We found that the association with DM and blood groups, AB & B were less common and blood
group A & O more common. With regard to Rh blood group, we noted a positive association with Rh positive and a
4. ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 11, 1561 – 1565
1564
negative association with Rh negative blood groups. Combining the ABO & Rh blood groups together, we found equal
distribution in blood groups A positive & A negative, greater in B positive, AB positive & O positive and lesser in B
negative, AB negative & O negative with DM. Although, we did find some positive & negative associations of ABO &
Rh blood groups, they were not statistically significant. Hence, an association with ABO & Rh blood group could not be
established.
The possible explanation of these conflicting findings is that the racial and geographical factors have a role in genetic
expression of this disease. Moreover, most of the studies conducted have small sample size. Probably studies on larger
scale and a meta analysis of work done so far will provide a solution to this dilemma.
Conclusion
Even though an elaborate study to find out the association of type II DM with ABO & Rh blood group if any, showed
few positive associations, they were not statistically significant to draw definite conclusions. Studies with larger sample
sizes probably will strengthen and signify the findings.
Acknowledgment: Nil
Declarations:
Funding: Nil
Conflict of interest: Nil
Ethical approval: Approved by Institutional Ethical Committee
References
1. Pinkston J and Cole P. ABO blood groups and salivary gland tumors. Cancer causes control 1990;7:572-74.
2. Slater G, Itzkowitz S, Azar S and Aufses AH. Clinicopathological correlation of ABO and Rh blood types in
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