Estimation of Cu(II) in copper sulphate, idometricallyMithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for determining the concentration of copper (II) ions through titration. It involves standardizing a sodium thiosulfate solution against potassium dichromate to determine its exact normality. Then, copper (II) ions are reacted with excess iodide ions to liberate iodine, which is then titrated with the standardized sodium thiosulfate solution. By comparing the volumes of thiosulfate used in the two titrations, the amount of copper in the sample can be calculated. The procedure is described in two steps - first the standardization of sodium thiosulfate, then the titration of a copper (II) sample against the standardized thiosulfate to determine the
A Project file on Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids.
Useful for class 12th investigatory project of chemistry.
All the reading are actually performed,
Estimation of water of crystallization in mohr’s salt by titrating with stand...Mithil Fal Desai
The document describes an experiment to determine the water of crystallization in Mohr's salt, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.XH2O, by titrating a solution of the salt with standardized potassium manganate(VII). The experiment involves standardizing the KMnO4 solution using sodium oxalate, then titrating samples of Mohr's salt solution and calculating the iron content. Based on comparing the experimental iron percentage to theoretical percentages for different values of X, the water of crystallization is determined to be 6 moles, giving the formula (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
This document provides instructions for an experiment to determine water hardness using EDTA titration. Students will titrate a water sample and a blank with EDTA to find the endpoint color change. They will then use the titration data and molar concentrations to calculate the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the sample in units of mg/L calcium carbonate, which is a measure of water hardness. Safety precautions are outlined for handling the pH 10 buffer and indicator.
Estimation of Cu(II) in copper sulphate, idometricallyMithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for determining the concentration of copper (II) ions through titration. It involves standardizing a sodium thiosulfate solution against potassium dichromate to determine its exact normality. Then, copper (II) ions are reacted with excess iodide ions to liberate iodine, which is then titrated with the standardized sodium thiosulfate solution. By comparing the volumes of thiosulfate used in the two titrations, the amount of copper in the sample can be calculated. The procedure is described in two steps - first the standardization of sodium thiosulfate, then the titration of a copper (II) sample against the standardized thiosulfate to determine the
A Project file on Study of Diffusion of solids in liquids.
Useful for class 12th investigatory project of chemistry.
All the reading are actually performed,
Estimation of water of crystallization in mohr’s salt by titrating with stand...Mithil Fal Desai
The document describes an experiment to determine the water of crystallization in Mohr's salt, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.XH2O, by titrating a solution of the salt with standardized potassium manganate(VII). The experiment involves standardizing the KMnO4 solution using sodium oxalate, then titrating samples of Mohr's salt solution and calculating the iron content. Based on comparing the experimental iron percentage to theoretical percentages for different values of X, the water of crystallization is determined to be 6 moles, giving the formula (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
This document provides instructions for an experiment to determine water hardness using EDTA titration. Students will titrate a water sample and a blank with EDTA to find the endpoint color change. They will then use the titration data and molar concentrations to calculate the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the sample in units of mg/L calcium carbonate, which is a measure of water hardness. Safety precautions are outlined for handling the pH 10 buffer and indicator.
The document discusses volumetric analysis techniques for determining the concentration of acids and bases through titration. It provides examples of calculating molarity from moles and volume. An experiment is described where students determine the concentration of an unknown sodium hydroxide solution by titrating it with hydrochloric acid of a known concentration.
This document summarizes a series of experiments to analyze an unknown salt sample. Preliminary tests on the salt indicate it is likely a metal salt based on color changes. Further tests are used to identify the anion as nitrate (NO3-) based on gas evolution reactions. Additional confirmatory tests confirm the presence of nitrate ions. Cation analysis indicates the presence of ammonium (NH4+) based on gas evolution and confirmatory tests. In summary, the salt is identified as ammonium nitrate based on a series of qualitative chemical analyses to identify the constituent ions.
Determination of enthalpy of ionisation of acetic acidMithil Fal Desai
The acetic acid is a weak acid as it does not completely dissociate in dilute aqueous solutions into hydrogen (H+) and acetate (CH3COO-) ions. When acetic acid is neutralized with a strong base (NaOH), heat is evolved during the neutralization that is used in the process of dissociating the acetic acid further that will facilitate the completion of neutralization.
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O + heat
The enthalpy change associated with the neutralization of acetic acid with a strong base is lower than that of the enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base. The difference in the enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid (HCI) with a strong base (NaOH) and enthalpy of neutralization of weak acid (CH3COOH) with a strong base (NaOH) is the enthalpy of ionization of the weak acid (CH3COOH).
This document describes Lassaigne's test to detect nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens in organic compounds. Sodium fusion is used to convert elements in organic samples to soluble sodium salts. Tests are then performed on the fusion extract solution. Nitrogen is detected using ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride to form a Prussian blue or green precipitate/color. Sulfur is detected using sodium nitroprusside to form a violet color or lead acetate to form a black precipitate. Halogens like chlorine, bromine, and iodine are detected using silver nitrate to form characteristic precipitate colors soluble in ammonium hydroxide. The document provides procedures and expected observations for each elemental
The aim of this experiment is to standardize 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) which is an unstandard substance, by using standardized Hydrochloric acid (Na2CO3).
Condensation occurs when moisture in the air condenses into water droplets on a cool surface whose temperature is below the dew point. The quantity of condensate depends on factors like the temperature of chilled water entering air handling units, relative humidity of fresh and return air, air handling unit capacity and airflow volume. In Hyderabad, relative humidity ranges from 70-85% during monsoons, 50-70% in summer, and 25-50% in winter. At one building (B7), approximately 10-12 kiloliters of condensate is collected daily when 37 air handlers are running, and an estimated 15-18 kiloliters when all 62 are operating. This condensate water can be treated
This document discusses acid-base titration and provides examples. It explains that acid-base titration is used to calculate the concentration of an acid or base of a known volume. It describes the setup and process for titrating an acid with a base, including using an indicator that changes color at the endpoint. Sample problems are worked through to calculate the concentration of an unknown acid or base by determining the moles of titrant used and applying stoichiometry to the balanced reaction.
1. The document describes an experiment to prepare and characterize the coordination compound potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trihydrate (K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O).
2. Ammonium ferrous sulfate and oxalic acid are reacted to form ferrous oxalate, which is then oxidized to ferric oxalate using hydrogen peroxide.
3. Potassium oxalate is added and the solution is heated to precipitate the desired compound.
Surface tension of liquids using capilary tubeMidoOoz
This document describes an experiment to measure the surface tension of liquids using capillary rise. It provides theoretical background on surface tension and how it can be measured using the height of liquid rise in a capillary tube. The experiment involves carefully measuring the capillary rise of liquids in a sealed apparatus submerged in a temperature-controlled water bath. Multiple measurements are taken after disturbing and re-equilibrating the system to obtain an average capillary height for calculating the surface tension based on established equations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses volumetric analysis techniques for determining the concentration of acids and bases through titration. It provides examples of calculating molarity from moles and volume. An experiment is described where students determine the concentration of an unknown sodium hydroxide solution by titrating it with hydrochloric acid of a known concentration.
This document summarizes a series of experiments to analyze an unknown salt sample. Preliminary tests on the salt indicate it is likely a metal salt based on color changes. Further tests are used to identify the anion as nitrate (NO3-) based on gas evolution reactions. Additional confirmatory tests confirm the presence of nitrate ions. Cation analysis indicates the presence of ammonium (NH4+) based on gas evolution and confirmatory tests. In summary, the salt is identified as ammonium nitrate based on a series of qualitative chemical analyses to identify the constituent ions.
Determination of enthalpy of ionisation of acetic acidMithil Fal Desai
The acetic acid is a weak acid as it does not completely dissociate in dilute aqueous solutions into hydrogen (H+) and acetate (CH3COO-) ions. When acetic acid is neutralized with a strong base (NaOH), heat is evolved during the neutralization that is used in the process of dissociating the acetic acid further that will facilitate the completion of neutralization.
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O + heat
The enthalpy change associated with the neutralization of acetic acid with a strong base is lower than that of the enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid with a strong base. The difference in the enthalpy of neutralization of a strong acid (HCI) with a strong base (NaOH) and enthalpy of neutralization of weak acid (CH3COOH) with a strong base (NaOH) is the enthalpy of ionization of the weak acid (CH3COOH).
This document describes Lassaigne's test to detect nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens in organic compounds. Sodium fusion is used to convert elements in organic samples to soluble sodium salts. Tests are then performed on the fusion extract solution. Nitrogen is detected using ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride to form a Prussian blue or green precipitate/color. Sulfur is detected using sodium nitroprusside to form a violet color or lead acetate to form a black precipitate. Halogens like chlorine, bromine, and iodine are detected using silver nitrate to form characteristic precipitate colors soluble in ammonium hydroxide. The document provides procedures and expected observations for each elemental
The aim of this experiment is to standardize 0.1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) which is an unstandard substance, by using standardized Hydrochloric acid (Na2CO3).
Condensation occurs when moisture in the air condenses into water droplets on a cool surface whose temperature is below the dew point. The quantity of condensate depends on factors like the temperature of chilled water entering air handling units, relative humidity of fresh and return air, air handling unit capacity and airflow volume. In Hyderabad, relative humidity ranges from 70-85% during monsoons, 50-70% in summer, and 25-50% in winter. At one building (B7), approximately 10-12 kiloliters of condensate is collected daily when 37 air handlers are running, and an estimated 15-18 kiloliters when all 62 are operating. This condensate water can be treated
This document discusses acid-base titration and provides examples. It explains that acid-base titration is used to calculate the concentration of an acid or base of a known volume. It describes the setup and process for titrating an acid with a base, including using an indicator that changes color at the endpoint. Sample problems are worked through to calculate the concentration of an unknown acid or base by determining the moles of titrant used and applying stoichiometry to the balanced reaction.
1. The document describes an experiment to prepare and characterize the coordination compound potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III) trihydrate (K3[Fe(C2O4)3].3H2O).
2. Ammonium ferrous sulfate and oxalic acid are reacted to form ferrous oxalate, which is then oxidized to ferric oxalate using hydrogen peroxide.
3. Potassium oxalate is added and the solution is heated to precipitate the desired compound.
Surface tension of liquids using capilary tubeMidoOoz
This document describes an experiment to measure the surface tension of liquids using capillary rise. It provides theoretical background on surface tension and how it can be measured using the height of liquid rise in a capillary tube. The experiment involves carefully measuring the capillary rise of liquids in a sealed apparatus submerged in a temperature-controlled water bath. Multiple measurements are taken after disturbing and re-equilibrating the system to obtain an average capillary height for calculating the surface tension based on established equations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses a meeting that took place on September 23, 2008. The meeting focused on project planning and addressed key action items and next steps. Overall progress on the project was positive and the team was working well together to achieve goals and milestones.
