This document provides instructions on installing a boot manager in Linux. It discusses both LILO and GRUB as options. It describes how LILO works, including creating the /etc/lilo.conf configuration file, running /sbin/lilo to install it, and some common configuration options in lilo.conf like boot devices, timeouts, default boots, and dual booting with other operating systems. The document also provides a long example lilo.conf file with explanations of each setting.
Have a quick overview of most of the embedded linux components and their details. How ti build Embedded Linux Hardware & Software, and developing Embedded Products
Have a quick overview of most of the embedded linux components and their details. How ti build Embedded Linux Hardware & Software, and developing Embedded Products
ERP System Implementation Kubernetes Cluster with Sticky Sessions Chanaka Lasantha
ERP System Implementation on Kubernetes Cluster with Sticky Sessions:
01. Security Features Enabled in Kubernetes Cluster.
02. SNMP, Syslog and audit logs enabled.
03. Enabled ERP no login service user.
04. Auto-scaling enabled both ESB and Jboss Pods.
05. Reduced power consumption using the scale in future during off-peak days.
06. NFS enables s usual with ERP service user.
07. External Ingress( Load Balance enabled).
08. Cluster load balancer enabled by default.
09. SSH enabled via both putty.exe and Kubernetes management console.
10. Network Monitoring enabled on Kubernetes dashboard.
11. Isolated Private and external network ranges to protect backend servers (pods).
12. OS of the pos is updated with the latest kernel version.
13. Core Linux OS will reduce security threats.
14. Lightweight OS over small HDD space
15. Less amount of RAM usage has been enabled.
16. AWS ready.
17. Possible for exporting into Public cloud ENV.
18. L7 and L4 Heavy Load Balancing Enabled.
19. Snapshot Versioning Control Enabled.
20. Many More ………etc.
Step by step I have show you how can you migrate solaris 10 UFS file system to ZFS file system. On my system I have only one disk. I have put second disk on the system. After that I label it. Then create one zpool that is rpool.
This is the opening introductory lecture for the Polis LSE Summer School course. International Journalism and Society - The Role of the Media in the Modern World
It has a lot of technical details about the course but it also includes the basic course outline and ideas. There is more detail about the course here:
ERP System Implementation Kubernetes Cluster with Sticky Sessions Chanaka Lasantha
ERP System Implementation on Kubernetes Cluster with Sticky Sessions:
01. Security Features Enabled in Kubernetes Cluster.
02. SNMP, Syslog and audit logs enabled.
03. Enabled ERP no login service user.
04. Auto-scaling enabled both ESB and Jboss Pods.
05. Reduced power consumption using the scale in future during off-peak days.
06. NFS enables s usual with ERP service user.
07. External Ingress( Load Balance enabled).
08. Cluster load balancer enabled by default.
09. SSH enabled via both putty.exe and Kubernetes management console.
10. Network Monitoring enabled on Kubernetes dashboard.
11. Isolated Private and external network ranges to protect backend servers (pods).
12. OS of the pos is updated with the latest kernel version.
13. Core Linux OS will reduce security threats.
14. Lightweight OS over small HDD space
15. Less amount of RAM usage has been enabled.
16. AWS ready.
17. Possible for exporting into Public cloud ENV.
18. L7 and L4 Heavy Load Balancing Enabled.
19. Snapshot Versioning Control Enabled.
20. Many More ………etc.
Step by step I have show you how can you migrate solaris 10 UFS file system to ZFS file system. On my system I have only one disk. I have put second disk on the system. After that I label it. Then create one zpool that is rpool.
This is the opening introductory lecture for the Polis LSE Summer School course. International Journalism and Society - The Role of the Media in the Modern World
It has a lot of technical details about the course but it also includes the basic course outline and ideas. There is more detail about the course here:
High Impact on a Low Budget: Using Social Media to Stretch Your Marketing Dol...Ansley Sudderth
As a smart marketer, you've aced Cost Savings 101 and have learned the tricks of the trade in making your dollars stretch! Even with your budget-conscious efforts, you may find it a bit daunting when you don't have the marketing dollars to host swanky resident events or shower your prospects with pricey gifts to incentivize them to sign.
Online engagement may be at the top of your social initiatives, but it may not be supported by budgetary priorities. Join Ansley Sudderth, Social Media Training & Communications Coordinator with For Rent Media Solutions™, as she shares ways you can connect your brand to your audience without breaking the bank!
Listen along to the recording: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cLpSixLJM4&feature=youtu.be
Fanning The Flames: Reporting on terror in the a networked worldPOLIS LSE
Presentation based on my report for the Tow Center at Columbia published in Spetember 2016 looking at how western media reports on terror. The practical, ethical and political challenges facing news organisations and the role of the digital platforms and social media.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Install a Boot Manager
LILO is (almost) the original LInux LOader.
does not depend on you using specific filesystem, can boot Linux kernel images from floppy
disks, can act as a bootmanager for other operating systems.
LILO or LInux LOader
3
LILO works something like this:
1.You create the configuration file /etc/lilo.conf
2.You run /sbin/lilo
3. /sbin/lilo maps out sectors on disk with data needed for booting (kernel, config options)
4. /sbin/lilo maps out locations of disk with data needed for booting (kernel, config options).
This map is stored in /boot/map.
5. /sbin/lilo installs the boot loader on disk, configures it with location of /boot/map.
location of data on disk may not change after /boot/map has been created.
- if you modify configuration in /etc/lilo.conf; - install kernel upgrade; - rename files and directories;
you need to run /sbin/lilo again.
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Install a Boot Manager
1st
part of file contains items which apply to the entire LILO configuration:
File lilo.conf
5
• Prompt: LILO presents the boot up menu, even if nobody presses the Shift key during booting up.
• timeout=50: 50 tenths of second10
, or 5 seconds. 5 seconds to choose menu item, or to change the
kernel command line.
• default=linux: if there’s no response for 5 seconds, kernel image defined with the parameter
“label=linux” is loaded into memory.
• boot=/dev/hda: first stage boot loader is installed here (as MBR on the first IDE disk).
If this is replaced with /dev/fd0 then /sbin/lilo installs first stage loader on boot sector of floppy disk.
This option can be overridden running /sbin/lilo as lilo -b /dev/fd0.
• Linear: causes LILO to use linear sector addresses instead of sector/head/cylinder addresses to
pinpoint the location of the data files.
Reliable with older hardware, system may not boot if you install the disk in different computer with different BIOS.
For large disks in combination with older BIOS, /sbin/lilo may generate references to parts of disk that are inaccessible.
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Install a Boot Manager
2st
part of file contains global parameters, unchanged from default settings:
File lilo.conf
6
• message=/boot/message: contents of this file are displayed when the system boots.
In more recent versions of LILO, this file contains instructions for graphical boot menus used by distros.
• map=/boot/map: file in which the locations of kernel, and LILO are stored. Generally no change.
• install=/boot/boot.b: This file contains the data which /sbin/lilo installs in the boot sector.
Part of the file:
• image=/boot/vmlinuz2.4.1814: file contains a kernel image to be loaded into memory by LILO.
• Label=linux: this is what you can choose on booting to load kernel image from /boot/vmlinuz2.4.1814
• initrd=/boot/initrd2.4.1814.img: the initial root disk.
initially runs using a memory disk (file system) loaded from file specified. After necessary kernel modules are loaded,
booting continues as normal.
• Read-only: option added to kernel cmdline. Instructs start with root file system mounted read-only.
• append="root=LABEL=/“: text “root=LABEL=/” is added to kernel.
tells kernel to use partition labelled as “LABEL=/” as the root partition
can see the parameters with which your kernel was booted with cat /proc/cmdline.
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-14
label=linux
initrd=/boot/initrd-2.4.18-14.img
read-only
append="root=LABEL=/"
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Install a Boot Manager
Complete /etc/lilo.conf generated exemple
Originally generated by liloconfig - modified
# This allows booting from any partition on disks with more than 1024
# cylinders.
Lba32
# Specifies the boot device (floppy)
boot=/dev/fd0
# Specifies the device that should be mounted as root.
# If the special name CURRENT is used, the root device is set to the
# device on which the root file system is currently mounted. If the root
# has been changed with -r , the respective device is used. If the
# variable ROOT is omitted, the root device setting contained in the
# kernel image is used. It can be changed with the rdev program.
root=/dev/sda7
# Bitmap configuration for /boot/coffee.bmp
bitmap=/boot/coffee.bmp
bmp-colors=12,,11,15,,8
bmp-table=385p,100p,1,10
bmp-timer=38,2,13,1
.. // ..
Ex.
Part 1:
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Install a Boot Manager
Complete /etc/lilo.conf generated exemple
.. // ..
# Enables map compaction:
# Tries to merge read requests for adjacent sectors into a single
# read request. This drastically reduces load time and keeps the map
# smaller. Using COMPACT is especially recommended when booting from a
# floppy disk.
Compact
# Install the specified file as the new boot sector.
# LILO supports built in boot sectors, you only need
# to specify the type, choose one from 'text', 'menu' or 'bitmap'.
# new: install=bmp old: install=/boot/boot-bmp.b
# new: install=text old: install=/boot/boot-text.b
# new: install=menu old: install=/boot/boot-menu.b or boot.b
# default: 'menu' is default, unless you have a bitmap= line
# Note: install=bmp must be used to see the bitmap menu.
# install=menu
install=bmp
# Specifies the number of _tenths_ of a second LILO should
# wait before booting the first image. LILO
# doesn't wait if DELAY is omitted or if DELAY is set to zero.
# delay=20
.. // ..
Ex.
Part 2:
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Install a Boot Manager
Complete /etc/lilo.conf generated exemple
.. // ..
# Prompt to use certain image. If prompt is specified without timeout,
# boot will not take place unless you hit RETURN. Timeout is in tenths of
# a second.
prompt
timeout=200
# Enable large memory mode.
large-memory
# Specifies the location of the map file. If MAP is
# omitted, a file /boot/map is used.
map=/boot/map
# Specifies the VGA text mode that should be selected when
# booting. The following values are recognized (case is ignored):
# NORMAL select normal 80x25 text mode.
# EXTENDED select 80x50 text mode. The word EXTENDED can be
# abbreviated to EXT.
# ASK stop and ask for user input (at boot time).
# <number> use the corresponding text mode. A list of available modes
# can be obtained by booting with vga=ask and pressing [Enter].
vga=normal
.. // ..
Ex.
Part 3:
11
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Install a Boot Manager
Complete /etc/lilo.conf generated exemple
.. // ..
# Defines non-standard parameters for the specified disk.
#disk=/dev/sda
# bios=0x80
# If you are using removable USB drivers (with mass-storage)
# you will need to tell LILO to not use these devices even
# if defined in /etc/fstab and referenced in /proc/partitions.
# Adjust these lines to your devices:
##
disk=/dev/sda inaccessible
# disk=/dev/sdb inaccessible
# These images were automagically added. You may need to edit something.
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31-14-generic
label="Lin 2.6.31-14"
initrd=/boot/initrd.img-2.6.31-14-generic
read-only
image=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.31-20-generic
label="Lin 2.6.31-20"
initrd=/boot/initrd.img-2.6.31-20-generic
read-only
.. // ..
Ex.
Part 4:
12
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Install a Boot Manager
/boot/grub/menu.lst GRUB configuration
17
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
##
Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You do not have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /, eg.
default=1
timeout=10
splashimage=(hd0,2)/boot/grub/fig1x.xpm.gz
foreground=23334c
background=82a6bc
password --md5 $1$H8LlM1$cI0Lfs5.C06xFJYPQ8Ixz/
title Red Hat Linux (2.4.20-31.9)
root (hd0,6)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-31.9 ro root=LABEL=RH9 hdd=ide-scsi
initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.20-31.9.img
savedefault
boot
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS A (2.4.21-40.EL)
root (hd0,10)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.21-40.EL ro root=LABEL=RHEL3 hdd=ide-scsi
initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.21-40.EL.img
title Win/XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
chainloader +1
Ex:
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Install a Boot Manager
•GRUB provides menu interface instead of LILO's prompt.
•Can use password encrypted MD5 algorithm LILO use’s plain text password.
•changes made to GRUB config file do not require GRUB to be reinstalled in MBR.
GRUB or GRand Unifood Boot loader
18
GRUB does not require a partition to be mounted just needs a boot entry for it.
entries such as root (hd0,6) and splashimage=(hd0,2)/boot/grub/fig1x.xpm.gz.
Because GRUB refers to hard disks as hdn, n is an integer starting from 0.
Partitions on disk are similarly numbered starting from 0.
On prior exemple:
(hd0,2) is the primary partition /dev/hda3; (hd0,6) represents logical partition /dev/hda7.
Floppy drive is usually (fd0).
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Install a Boot Manager
1st
set of options in grub file control how GRUB operates.
called menu commands, and they must appear before other commands.
Remaining sections give per-image options for the operating systems to boot.
The "title" is considered menu command.
Each instance of title is followed by one or more general or menu entry commands.
GRUB file options
19
default=1
timeout=10
splashimage=(hd0,2)/boot/grub/fig1x.xpm.gz
foreground=23334c
background=82a6bc
password --md5 $1$H8LlM1$cI0Lfs5.C06xFJYPQ8Ixz/
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux WS A (2.4.21-40.EL)
root (hd0,10)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.21-40.EL ro root=LABEL=RHEL3 hdd=ide-scsi
initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.21-40.EL.img
title Win/XP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
chainloader +1
Ex:
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Install a Boot Manager
•default: which system to load if the user does not make a choice within a timeout.
In example, default=2 load the third entry.
•timeout: seconds before booting entry. LILO uses tenths of a second for timeouts, GRUB uses seconds.
•Splashimage: background, or splash, image displayed with the boot menu.
splashimage=(hd0,6)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz uses file /boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz on partition 7 of 1st hard drive.
•password: in clear text or stored as MD5 digest.
•title: descriptive title shown as menu item when Grub boots for selection.
•root: partition that will be booted. GRUB refers to 1st hard drive as (hd0) and 1st partition on the drive as (hd0,0).
•kernel: Specifies the kernel image to load and any kernel parameters.
•Initrd: name of the initial RAM disk, which contains modules needed by kernel before file systems are mounted.
•savedefault: specified for an op system that could be default until another op system with default= overrides it.
•boot: optional parameter that instructs GRUB to boot selected system.
•lock: is will not boot the entry until a password is entered.
•rootnoverify: similar to root, except that GRUB does not attempt to mount the file system or verify its parameters.
used for file systems as NTFS that are not supported by GRUB.
Chainloader: Specifies another file loaded as stage1 file.
value "+1" is equivalent to 0+1 = load sector starting at sector 0 or load 1st
sector from device in root or rootnoverify.
GRUB options (/boot/grub/menu.lst or /boot/grub/grub.conf)
20
View GRUB manual, with command info grub.
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Install a Boot Manager
May use GRUB device name (fd0) instead of /dev/fd0,
For that enclose it in quotes to avoid shell interpretation of parentheses. grub-install '(fd0)'
Installing GRUB to floppy disk
21
Ex: yourname@yourcomp~> grub-install /dev/fd0
Installation finished. No error reported.
This is the contents of the device map /boot/grub/device.map.
Check if this is correct or not. If any of the lines is incorrect,
fix it and re-run the script `grub-install'.
(fd0) /dev/fd0
(hd0) /dev/sda
Once tested the boot floppy, to install GRUB in the MBR of the hard drive use:
yourname@yourcomp~> grub-install /dev/sda or grub-install '(hd0)'
yourname@yourcomp~> grub-install /dev/sda11 or grub-install '(hd0,10)'
To install it into partition boot record for partition 11:
Ex:
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Install a Boot Manager
GRUB 2 - default boot loader and manager for Ubuntu since 9.10 (Karmic Koala).
As computer starts, GRUB 2 presents a menu and awaits user input or automatically transfers controls
GRUB 2
26
GRUB 2 is version 1.98 or later. GRUB legacy (version 0.97)
To determine version, use grub-install -v.
Grub version 1.99 is Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal) and introduces changes
•No /boot/grub/menu.lst. It has been replaced by /boot/grub/grub.cfg
•config file, normally located in /boot/grub folder, is grub.cfg. should not be edited directly.
•grub.cfg is overwritten by certain Grub 2 package updates, whenever a kernel is added or removed, or
when the user runs update-grub
•The menu list of available Linux kernels is automatically generated by running update-grub
•primary config file for changing menu display settings is called grub located in /etc/default folder.
•multiple files for config the menu - /etc/default/grub, and files in /etc/grub.d/ directory.
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2
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Install a Boot Manager
Update tools are usually aware of the boot loader and will update config file automatically.
To use config file with a non-standard name or location, it must be edited.
System updates
27
For LILO: Run lilo command when there’s updates for the config file or changes in hard drives.
For GRUB: Edit /boot/grub/grub.conf and reboot.
There’s no need to reinstall if you add a new kernel.
But if you move partitions, and drives, you have to reinstall it.
Because:
stage1 loader is small and it has a list of block addresses for the stage2 loader (grub).
Moving the partition changes the addresses, and stage1 doesn't locate stage2.