Agrifi is a new initiative that increases investment in smallholder agriculture and agribusiness micro/ small/medium enterprises (MSMEs) to achieve inclusive and sustainable agricultural growth.
Agrifi will be launched in 2016, together with interested parties and European Financial Institutions.
A central feature of Agrifi is that the provision of EU grants will mobilise additional public and private investment. This additional investment is needed to enhance the development impact of investment projects and achieve impact at scale.
Agrifi responds to the lack of financing mechanisms adapted to farmers and agri-entrepreneurs, particularly for smallholders and agribusiness MSMEs.
Agrifi will be backed-up by a robust component of technical assistance and value chains analysis capacity, to support decision making on investment, to enhance business development and advisory services for farmers and agri-entrepreneurs and to monitor the actions for accountability purposes.
Agrifi addresses this situation by providing greater risk-bearing capacity through public money, to encourage project promoters and attract private finance to viable investments which would not have happened otherwise.
Agrifi is therefore about addressing a market failure and it finances those actions that have a clear development impact on those who would normally not be reached. This includes smallholders with limited market orientation, vulnerable farmers, women and young farmers and entrepreneurs
CTA's director Michael Hailu gave a presentation at the P3a Conference (22-24 March 2016) in Aruba. " Through support to sustainable value chains, CTA is closely collaborating with farmers groups, private sector actors, knowledge institutions and policy makers across several SIDS targeting the domestic tourism industry, export markets and offsetting of the large food import bills in these countries.", says Michael Hailu, CTA Director.
Weak, inequitable and inefficient systems
Poor are dependent on systems for their livelihoods that do not work well
TechnoServe strives to make Market Systems work for the poor
Improved production & more effective markets
Agrifi is a new initiative that increases investment in smallholder agriculture and agribusiness micro/ small/medium enterprises (MSMEs) to achieve inclusive and sustainable agricultural growth.
Agrifi will be launched in 2016, together with interested parties and European Financial Institutions.
A central feature of Agrifi is that the provision of EU grants will mobilise additional public and private investment. This additional investment is needed to enhance the development impact of investment projects and achieve impact at scale.
Agrifi responds to the lack of financing mechanisms adapted to farmers and agri-entrepreneurs, particularly for smallholders and agribusiness MSMEs.
Agrifi will be backed-up by a robust component of technical assistance and value chains analysis capacity, to support decision making on investment, to enhance business development and advisory services for farmers and agri-entrepreneurs and to monitor the actions for accountability purposes.
Agrifi addresses this situation by providing greater risk-bearing capacity through public money, to encourage project promoters and attract private finance to viable investments which would not have happened otherwise.
Agrifi is therefore about addressing a market failure and it finances those actions that have a clear development impact on those who would normally not be reached. This includes smallholders with limited market orientation, vulnerable farmers, women and young farmers and entrepreneurs
CTA's director Michael Hailu gave a presentation at the P3a Conference (22-24 March 2016) in Aruba. " Through support to sustainable value chains, CTA is closely collaborating with farmers groups, private sector actors, knowledge institutions and policy makers across several SIDS targeting the domestic tourism industry, export markets and offsetting of the large food import bills in these countries.", says Michael Hailu, CTA Director.
Weak, inequitable and inefficient systems
Poor are dependent on systems for their livelihoods that do not work well
TechnoServe strives to make Market Systems work for the poor
Improved production & more effective markets
3rd Africa Rice Congress
Theme 5: Innovation systems and ICT tools for rice value chain
Mini symposium 4: Making science work: building innovation systems
Author: Defoer
Presentation hold by Bernard O’Connor, from O'Connor European Lawyers, at the Brussels Briefing ‘Geography of food: reconnecting with origin in the food system’, organized by CTA on 15th May 2013.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
Outcome of the online consultation of USAID, Aligning Research Investments to...Francois Stepman
18-20 April 2017. Aligning Research Investments to the Global Food Security Strategy (GFSS): A Three-Day AgExchange on Nutrition, Resilience and Agriculture-Led Economic Growth
Over 400 development and research professionals in more than 30 countries followed and/or contributed to the discussion on research investments in resilience, nutrition, and agriculture-led economic growth. A team of experts is currently carefully reviewing each and every comment to inform the drafting of the GFSS research strategy.
Collaboration Exploring and Caring for the Diversity of Agriculture Intensifi...Francois Stepman
Philippe Petithuguenin, Deputy Director for Research and Strategy, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), European Partner of PROIntensAfrica
Overview of the Burundi platform, south region ILRI
Poster prepared by Elias Minani, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Gloriose Habonayo, Béatrice Nsabimana, Cyrille Mbonihankuye and Cyrille Hicintuka for the Capacity Development Workshop of the CGIAR Research Program on Humidtropics, Nairobi, 29 April–2 May 2014
Presentation by James Kinyangi from the African Development Bank at the Land and Water Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
The contribution of research to innovation, participation of farmers and pri...Francois Stepman
04/06 09:00 - 11:00 AM CEST. How research can better support innovation for the transformation of the agrifood systems in Africa? Organised by EC/INTPA
Presentation by: Aggrey Agumya (FARA): The contribution of research to innovation, the role of technologies, the participation of farmers and private sector, how to strengthen capacities to innovate
5yr program designed to transform the livelihoods of 136,000 resource poor farming communities through a “competitive” and “inclusive” dairy value chain
and additional 400,000 secondary beneficiaries
Phase-I - funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,
Phase II major part ($25.5 m)
opportunity for other players to co-fund the balance for long term sustainably and ownership
Implemented by Heifer, TNS, ILRI, ICRAF and ABS
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 44 on “Promoting responsible and sustainable sourcing through Fair Trade” took place on 22 June 2016 from 9:00 to 13:00, at the ACP Secretariat in Brussels, Belgium.
This Briefings was co-organised by CTA, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and the Fair Trade Advocacy Office.
Presentation by Dr Manyewu Mutamba from GENESIS Analytics, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Profile of the organization in terms of its background,vision,mission,objectives,core values,thematic areas,target group,areas of operation and contacts
3rd Africa Rice Congress
Theme 5: Innovation systems and ICT tools for rice value chain
Mini symposium 4: Making science work: building innovation systems
Author: Defoer
Presentation hold by Bernard O’Connor, from O'Connor European Lawyers, at the Brussels Briefing ‘Geography of food: reconnecting with origin in the food system’, organized by CTA on 15th May 2013.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
Outcome of the online consultation of USAID, Aligning Research Investments to...Francois Stepman
18-20 April 2017. Aligning Research Investments to the Global Food Security Strategy (GFSS): A Three-Day AgExchange on Nutrition, Resilience and Agriculture-Led Economic Growth
Over 400 development and research professionals in more than 30 countries followed and/or contributed to the discussion on research investments in resilience, nutrition, and agriculture-led economic growth. A team of experts is currently carefully reviewing each and every comment to inform the drafting of the GFSS research strategy.
Collaboration Exploring and Caring for the Diversity of Agriculture Intensifi...Francois Stepman
Philippe Petithuguenin, Deputy Director for Research and Strategy, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), European Partner of PROIntensAfrica
Overview of the Burundi platform, south region ILRI
Poster prepared by Elias Minani, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Gloriose Habonayo, Béatrice Nsabimana, Cyrille Mbonihankuye and Cyrille Hicintuka for the Capacity Development Workshop of the CGIAR Research Program on Humidtropics, Nairobi, 29 April–2 May 2014
Presentation by James Kinyangi from the African Development Bank at the Land and Water Advantage event on the sidelines of COP23.
More information about the event series: https://bit.ly/AgAdvantage
The contribution of research to innovation, participation of farmers and pri...Francois Stepman
04/06 09:00 - 11:00 AM CEST. How research can better support innovation for the transformation of the agrifood systems in Africa? Organised by EC/INTPA
Presentation by: Aggrey Agumya (FARA): The contribution of research to innovation, the role of technologies, the participation of farmers and private sector, how to strengthen capacities to innovate
5yr program designed to transform the livelihoods of 136,000 resource poor farming communities through a “competitive” and “inclusive” dairy value chain
and additional 400,000 secondary beneficiaries
Phase-I - funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,
Phase II major part ($25.5 m)
opportunity for other players to co-fund the balance for long term sustainably and ownership
Implemented by Heifer, TNS, ILRI, ICRAF and ABS
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 44 on “Promoting responsible and sustainable sourcing through Fair Trade” took place on 22 June 2016 from 9:00 to 13:00, at the ACP Secretariat in Brussels, Belgium.
This Briefings was co-organised by CTA, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and the Fair Trade Advocacy Office.
Presentation by Dr Manyewu Mutamba from GENESIS Analytics, at the Regional planning meeting on ‘Scaling-Up Climate-Smart Agricultural Solutions for Cereals and Livestock Farmers in Southern Africa – Building partnership for successful implementation’,13–15 September 2016, Johannesburg, South Africa
Profile of the organization in terms of its background,vision,mission,objectives,core values,thematic areas,target group,areas of operation and contacts
Education is the yard stick for every country’s political and socio-economic development; which act as a basis of reducing poverty and inequality by enabling the use of new technologies, creating and spreading knowledge. Despite the large inflows of donor financing and the Government of Uganda through the Ministry of Education and Sports; the sector for the last 29 years is still grappling to balance the increasing access with quality education in secondary schools. Therefore, the main objective of the paper was to explore the new strategies the Ministry of Education and Sports can employ to increase access while improving quality education in the country. The paper also examined the advantages of open schooling and revealed that the programme provides the fast tract options for retaining students; bring dropouts and over-aged learners to school; reducing administrative costs and will enable young people to be effective in live. Furthermore, the researcher discusses the likely challenges of the programme and gave practical working solutions aimed at overcoming the challenges of the programme implementation in Uganda.
Plenary: Group Report Part 1
Teacher working Conditions and Motivation (at School Level)
Presentation to 9th International Policy Dialogue Forum
5-7 December 2016 Siem Reap, Cambodia
Mismatch between national Pri Educ curriculum and local classroom reality in ...René Vermeulen
During my research master Human Geography [international developmen], I conducted a three-month research in Uganda. The research focused on the preconditions and barriers that are needed for curriculum implementation to take place. It basically comes down to finding out why schools are in bad condition in Amolatar District and why the kids are not learning.
The results as seen in the presentation are preliminary, because I am still working on the research.
The National School Performance Review – working with government education st...PERIGlobal
This presentation highlights the role of government in monitoring an evaluation of public education and outlines the experience of Link Community Development working with state schools in Ghana, Ethiopia, Uganda, Malawi, South Africa and Kenya.
Buruchara - Integrated Agricultural Research for Development (IAR4D): An Appr...CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Brief Perspective on Global Food situation with regard to Food Safety
Introduction to the Global Food Safety Partnership.
Role and Relevance in the Dairy Sector, especially in Africa..
Upcoming Food Safety Workshop Event..
Contrasts to agriculture finance in Malawi by Morut Martin IsyagiIFPRIMaSSP
Agriculture contributes to 40% of Malawi’s GDP of which 70% production is derived from smallholder farmers, 90% of exports are Agro industry based derivatives. Access to financial credit to enable production is a big challenge to farmers due to the lack of Credit worthy collateral and that banks require first class collateral in the form of property on the major cities of Malawi. As such due to the inadequate finance productivity is compromised and commodity orders cannot be immediately meet in bulk due to the fragmented nature of production leading to intermediaries in the form of vendors being aggregators for commodities in the value chain. The intermediaries reduce farmer’s profitability as the middlemen in the value chain increase. Government led interventions like crop up scaling and national export strategy will be sustainable on the back of increased access to agriculture finance and ease of doing business in Malawi. According to Finscope Malawi (2008), the importance of increasing access to credit, savings opportunities and other financial services as a means of reducing poverty has long been recognized in Malawi. The Ministry of Economic Planning and Development 2013 annual report ,indicates that the Agriculture sector declined by 2.3% in 2012 compared to a growth of 6.7% in 2011.The decline was mainly on account of a 67% decline in Tobacco production due to low prices. To move forward in Agriculture, we need to put agricultural industrialization back on the development agenda, in the form of value addition and mechanization to increase productivity. Pro poor policies are usually poor and focus must be on wealth creation, based on a healthy domestic investor market which in turn will attract foreign investment and more market driven agriculture.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to promote legume value chains and to benef...africa-rising
Presented by Endalkachew Wolde-meskel, Tamiru Amanu, Birhan Abdulkadir and Edward Baars at the Africa RISING Science for Impact Workshop, Dar es Salaam, 17-19 January 2017
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 58 on “Africa’s Agriculture Trade in a changing environment” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat, IFPRI, Concord and BMZ/GIZ was held on Wednesday 23 October 2019 (9h00-13h00) at Hotel Sofitel Brussels Europe, Place Jourdan 1, 1040 Brussels.
The briefing brought various perspectives and experiences around the new trends and opportunities in intra-Africa trade in the context of free trade agreements and regional integration. It also showed Africa trade within the broader global trade picture and with the EU as one of the main trade partners.
Experts presented trends and prospects of regional trade in Africa in the light of new policy developments as well as Africa’s recent performance in different markets. It also featured successes and innovative models in regional trade across regions in Africa and lessons learned for upscaling and expanding regional trade.
Development has been a ‘push’ model – not ‘pull’
Processors have generally been “harvesters” not proactive in sourcing milk and sharing value
Skill and experience base of ‘technical service’ frequently not sufficient
Lack of access to capital
Lack of access to appropriate technology
Impacts of cocoa sustainability initiatives in West Africa Verina Ingram
Verina Ingram, Yuca Waarts, Fedes van Rijn, Tinka Koster & Birgit de Vos 14 November 2017 International Symposium on Cocoa Research. Promoting Advances in Research to Enhance the Profitability of Cocoa Farming 13 – 17 November 2017 – Lima, Peru
Innovative funding to include agri-business in ARDFrancois Stepman
29/09/2015 PAEPARD side event.
PAEPARD showcased the multi-stakeholder innovation partnerships it has been facilitating, especially the Users’ Led Process (ULP) in which non-research stakeholders are leading some consortia towards the engagement of key stakeholders in the ARD processes.
Durante la Semana de la Agricultura y la Alimentación, el Programa de Investigación del CGIAR en Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria – CCAFS, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, FAO, y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical – CIAT, apoyaron la II Reunión Internacional de Ministros y altas autoridades de agricultura sobre agricultura sostenible y cambio climático con un documento base y su presentación sobre los retos que representa el cambio climático para la agricultura en Latino América y el Caribe.
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
Impacto de las intervenciones agricolas y de salud para reducir la deficienci...CIAT
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv.
Presentado por Byron Reyes, CIAT/ Harvestplus
Agricultura sensible a la nutrición en el Altiplano. Explorando las perspecti...CIAT
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
El rol de los padres en la nutrición del hogarCIAT
Taller sobre intervenciones en nutrición, género y agricultura: situación actual y oportunidades futuras’, organizado por el CIAT y HarvestPlus en Ciudad de Guatemala. Leer más: http://ow.ly/XNIv30mGYBv
Jennifer Twyman, Líder de investigación de Género en el CIAT
Scaling up soil carbon enhancement contributing to mitigate climate changeCIAT
The 4 per 1000 Africa Symposium - Building synergies across Africa to advance on soils for food security and climate, Johannesburg, South Africa 24-26 October 2018
Rolf Sommer, Kristin Piikki, Mats Söderström, Sylvia Nyawira, Mayesse da Silva, Wuletawu Abera and
Job Kihara
Impacto del Cambio Climático en la Agricultura de República DominicanaCIAT
El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), con el apoyo de los Programas de Investigación de CGIAR sobre Políticas, Instituciones y Mercados (PIM) y sobre Cambio Climático, Agricultura y Seguridad Alimentaria (CCAFS), se han asociado para comprender, a través de la ciencia, el impacto del cambio climático en cultivos claves y el impacto económico en la productividad de la agricultura en países de ALC.
BioTerra: Nuevo sistema de monitoreo de la biodiversidad en desarrollo por el...CIAT
BioTerra es un sistema innovador de monitoreo de la biodiversidad y sus amenazas desarrollado por el Programa Riqueza Natural de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID), y sus socios locales – el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) y el Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH) – para apoyar al gobierno colombiano en el cumplimiento de las metas y compromisos de conservación de la biodiversidad. Este sistema busca complementar y aunar esfuerzos existentes de monitoreo de la biodiversidad y sus amenazas, a nivel nacional y regional.
Cacao for Peace Activities for Tackling the Cadmium in Cacao Issue in Colo...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Tackling cadmium in cacao and derived products – from farm to forkCIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Cadmium bioaccumulation and gastric bioaccessibility in cacao: A field study ...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Geographical Information System Mapping for Optimized Cacao Production in Col...CIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
Técnicas para disminuir la disponibilidad de cadmio en suelos de cacaoterasCIAT
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
El taller ‘Cacao libre de cadmio’, organizado por el CIAT, CIRAD, y la AFD, se lleva a cabo del 12 al 14 de marzo en la sede del CIAT en Palmira,y tiene como objetivo integrar un consorcio de actores y disciplinas claves de la región, así como elaborar un proyecto de investigación aplicada que dé respuesta a este problema que afecta a los cacaoteros de Colombia, Perú y Ecuador. http://ow.ly/J43p30iU0UZ
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
2. SNV in Agriculture
• Sustainable Markets
• Food & Nutrition Security
• Climate Smart Agriculture
• Systemic Value Chain Development
• Inclusive Business Ecosystem
• Multi stakeholder processes, platforms, partnerships
• Commodities
Cassava, Coffee & Cocoa, Dairy, Horticulture, Livestock, Rice…
2
3. Some 2015 opportunities in Uganda
• Finance for Agriculture project (EKN/DGIS)
• Oilseed Sub Sector Platform (SNV/IFAD)
• PPP for production (IFAD)
• Climate Smart Agribusinesses (DFID)
3
4. OSUP
B2B
linkages
Supporting
access to
services &
commodities
Linkages to
Finance &
Investments
Innovation
&
Technology
Upgrade
Advocacy
Information
sharing
OSSUP… emergence of a business ecosystem
• 4 production hubs in
Uganda:
4 different value chain
configurations
4 different inclusion
challenges
4 multi stakeholder
platforms
One network: OSSUP
One common strategy:
emergence of
commercial inclusive
business development
services
4
6. Methodological challenge
• Why?
Which framework or (development)agenda?
• What?
Which tool(s)?... Diagnosis, graduation, profiling coops
• Who?
Which service delivery channel?
• Where?
Which sectors?
6
7. Questions…
• Should cooperatives be preferred inclusion champions?
• Do cooperatives have a specific role/advantage to play in
inclusive markets?
• What are –or should be- the comparative advantages of
cooperatives among other potential inclusive businesses?
For smallholder farmers
For value chain systems or subsector competitiveness
For inclusive growth or development
7
8. Paradoxal characteristics of a coop
How to strike a smart balance between:
1. Social (members) & economic (business) profitability?
2. Advocacy/lobby & economic functions?
3. Local democracy and continuity of management?
4. Valuing production capacity and react to market signals?
5. Commodity and farming system logics?
6. Collective interests (members’ benefits) and individual interests
(business costs)?
7. Individualistic vertical growth (competition) and strategic
horizontal value chain management (cooperation)?
Which service ecosystem/package for coops?
8
