1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study: Statistical Forecasting
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna University Medical Center, has been studying a new variant of a skin disease virus that seems to be surfacing among the North Luna University population. This variant (which has been tentatively named Painful Rash or PR), leads to the formation of surface lesions on an individual's body. These lesions are very similar to small boils or isolated shingles sores. These PR lesions are not necessarily clustered as shingles lesions are, but are isolated across the body.
Insights From Initial Interviews
Megan is initiating some efforts at a preliminary analysis. She has seen 20 initial patients and made several observations about the skin disease. She wants to analyze this initial data before structuring and recommending a more encompassing study.
The signs and symptoms of this disorder usually affect multiple sections of the patient's body. These signs and symptoms may include:
· Pain, burning, numbness or tingling, but pain is always present.
· Sensitivity to touch.
· A red rash that begins a few days after the pain.
· Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
· Itching.
Some people also experience:
· Fever.
· Headache.
· Sensitivity to light.
· Fatigue.
Pain is always the first symptom of PR. For some, it can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for a symptom of problems affecting the heart, lungs, or kidneys. Some people experience PR pain without ever developing the rash. The degree of pain that the individual experiences is seemingly proportional to the number of lesions.
Dr. Zobb is extremely concerned that this new variant is especially challenging to the younger population, who are active and like to be outdoors. She has asked you as an analyst and statistician for some assistance in analyzing her initial data. She is not a biostatistician, so she requests that you explain the process you use and your interpretation of the results for each task.
Initial Data Analysis
Dr. Zobb has accumulated some data on an initial set of 20 patients across multiple age groups. She believes that the data suggests younger individuals are affected more than others. She wants you to complete the tasks shown here based on the data below.
For each of the following, provide a detailed explanation of the process you used along with your interpretation of the results. Submit the response in a Word document and attach your Excel spreadsheet to show your calculations (where applicable). Be sure to number each response (e.g., 1.a, 1.b,…).
1. Develop an equation to model the data using a regression analysis approach and explain your calculation process in Excel.
1. Calculate the r-square statistic using Excel. Interpret the meaning of the r-square statistic in this case.
1. Determine three conclusions that address the initial observations and are supported by the regression analysis.
Regression Anal ...
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna University DustiBuckner14
The document discusses a new variant of a skin disease virus that is affecting students at North Luna University. Dr. Megan Zobb has seen 20 initial patients and observed that the disease causes pain, rashes, and fluid-filled blisters across multiple areas of the body. Pain is always the first symptom and can be intense. Dr. Zobb is concerned that younger, active individuals are most affected. She requests assistance analyzing initial patient data to better understand patterns.
Week 5 Assignment - Case Study Statistical ForecastingDr..docxtroutmanboris
Week 5 Assignment - Case Study: Statistical Forecasting
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna University Medical Center, has been studying a new variant of a skin disease virus that seems to be surfacing among the North Luna University population. This variant (which has been tentatively named Painful Rash or PR), leads to the formation of surface lesions on an individual's body. These lesions are very similar to small boils or isolated shingles sores. These PR lesions are not necessarily clustered as shingles lesions are, but are isolated across the body.
Insights From Initial Interviews
Megan is initiating some efforts at a preliminary analysis. She has seen 20 initial patients and made several observations about the skin disease. She wants to analyze this initial data before structuring and recommending a more encompassing study.
The signs and symptoms of this disorder usually affect multiple sections of the patient's body. These signs and symptoms may include:
Pain, burning, numbness or tingling, but pain is always present.
Sensitivity to touch.
A red rash that begins a few days after the pain.
Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
Itching.
Some people also experience:
Fever.
Headache.
Sensitivity to light.
Fatigue.
Pain is always the first symptom of PR. For some, it can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for a symptom of problems affecting the heart, lungs, or kidneys. Some people experience PR pain without ever developing the rash. The degree of pain that the individual experiences is seemingly proportional to the number of lesions.
Dr. Zobb is extremely concerned that this new variant is especially challenging to the younger population, who are active and like to be outdoors. She has asked you as an analyst and statistician for some assistance in analyzing her initial data. She is not a biostatistician, so she requests that you explain the process you use and your interpretation of the results for each task.
Initial Data Analysis
Dr. Zobb has accumulated some data on an initial set of 20 patients across multiple age groups. She believes that the data suggests younger individuals are affected more than others. She wants you to complete the tasks shown here based on the data below.
For each of the following, provide a detailed explanation of the process you used along with your interpretation of the results. Submit the response in a Word document and attach your Excel spreadsheet to show your calculations (where applicable). Be sure to number each response (e.g., 1.a, 1.b,…).
Develop an equation to model the data using a regression analysis approach and explain your calculation process in Excel.
Calculate the r-square statistic using Excel. Interpret the meaning of the r-square statistic in this case.
Determine three conclusions that address the initial observations and are supported by the regression analysis.
Regression Analys.
TitleABC123 Version X1Inferential Research and Statis.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Inferential Research and Statistics Project PSY/315 Version 7
3
University of Phoenix MaterialInferential Research and Statistics Project
Select one of the following scenarios based on your particular field of interest in psychology:
· Industrial/Organizational Psychology:
A few months ago, the upper management at a large corporation decided they wanted to make major changes in the organization. Leadership is concerned that employees may be resistant to the change, and they want to find out if there is a change management method that would help employees accept change more effectively and keep employee satisfaction high. Two methods they have considered are the ADKAR Framework and the Prosci Change Management Methodology. The company wants to implement a small change in two departments before they make any major organization changes and would like to test the methods. The corporation uses the Devine Company to measure employee satisfaction with an anonymous survey.
· Applied Psychology:
A large medical facility is experiencing too many missed appointments in its primary and specialty care clinics. The facility has noticed that not all patients respond well to reminder calls regarding follow-up appointments. Some patients do not answer calls and do not seem to respond to voice mail requesting they call the facility. The result is that many follow up appointments are missed. Management has read articles that people respond very well to text messages and would like to see which method provides the least amount of missed appointments. Missed appointments are tracked in the facility database on a monthly basis.
· General Psychology:
Clinicians at a small clinic have been introduced to a new method to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their clients for veterans. Research indicates that virtual reality (VR) is a highly effective treatment option for patients with PTSD. Currently, the clinic uses only cognitive processing therapy (CPT) with their patients suffering from PTSD. The clinicians would like to find out whether VR therapy has different results from CPT therapy. The measure used by the clinic to measure PTSD symptoms is the Combat Exposure Scale. Both therapies need to be applied for a minimum of 12 weeks to be effective.
Write a 525- to 750-word paper that addresses the following for your chosen scenario:
· Clearly define the problem or issue you are addressing. Provide a brief background of any research you have found that might affect your research hypothesis.
· Create a research hypothesis based on the information provided in each scenario. You have been given a data set (Excel document) with two sets of interval data (just the numbers, as you must decide what they represent, such as method A results or method B results). This means you are going to test one thing against another, such as which method works best (step 1 of the steps to hypothesis testing). State the null and research hyp ...
This document provides instructions and questions for an assignment on clinical epidemiology and chronic disease epidemiology. It includes 7 questions assessing understanding of key epidemiological concepts like determinants of disease, epidemiological study designs, and interpreting results. Students are asked to apply their knowledge to analyze specific chronic diseases and epidemiological studies, as well as propose public health interventions.
1. The document discusses principles of research design including control, balance, randomization, and replication. It also describes common experimental designs like completely randomized, paired, random block, and cross-over designs.
2. Survey design content includes purpose, population, sample size, observed unit, questionnaire, and data collection. Surveys are classified as overall, sampling, typical, case-control, or cohort.
3. Experimental designs aim to reliably estimate effects with minimal resources, while surveys either observe existing processes or are designed to collect sample data for statistical analysis and inference.
1. The document describes a study that examined the effects of a 6-month exercise intervention on inflammatory markers in sedentary middle-aged men. 152 men were screened and eligible sedentary men were randomly assigned to an exercise group or control group.
2. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals to measure inflammatory markers like IL-6 and CRP. The results showed that regular exercise over 6 months can positively impact systemic markers of chronic inflammation.
3. The study provides causal evidence that exercise interventions can reduce inflammation, filling gaps in previous research that had inconsistent or limited findings. It establishes a dose-response relationship and controls for compliance through activity monitors.
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week6_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
A sports researcher gave a standard written test of eating habits to 12 randomly selected professionals, four each from baseball, football, and basketball. The results were as follows:
Eating Habits Scores
Baseball Players
Football Players
Basketball Players
34
27
35
18
28
44
21
67
47
65
42
61
Is there a difference in eating habits among professionals in the three sports? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Determine effect size.
2.
To study the effectiveness of treatments for insomnia, a sleep researcher conducted a study with 12 participants.
Four participants were instructed to count sheep (Sheep Condition), four were told to concentrate on their breathing (Breathing Condition), and four were not given any special instructions. Over the next few days, measures were taken of how many minutes it took each participant to fall asleep. The average times for the participants in the Sheep Condition were 14, 28, 27, and 31; for those in the Breathing Condition, 25, 22, 17, and 14; and for those in the control condition, 45, 33, 30, and 41.
Do these results suggest that the different techniques have different effects?
(Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain your findings (including the logic of comparing within-group to between-group population variance estimates, how each of these is figured, and the
F
distribution).
High school juniors planning to attend college were randomly assigned to view one of four videos about a particular college, each differing according to what aspect of college life was emphasized: athletics, social life, scholarship, or artistic/cultural opportunities. After viewing the videos, the students took a test measuring their desire to attend this college. The results were as follows:
Desire to Attend this College
Athletics
Social Life
Scholarship
Art/Cultural
68
89
74
76
56
78
82
71
69
81
79
69
70
77
80
65
Do these results suggest that the type of activity emphasized in a college film affects desire to attend that college? (Use the .01 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain the logic of what you have done to a person who is unfamiliar with the analysis of variance.
A team of psychologists designed a study in which 12 psychiatric patients diagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to one of three new types of th.
This document provides an overview of cross-sectional studies. It defines cross-sectional studies as studies that measure prevalence by observing exposures and outcomes in a population at a single point in time. It discusses key aspects of cross-sectional study design such as sampling, data collection methods, analysis of prevalence data, and potential biases like selection bias.
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna University DustiBuckner14
The document discusses a new variant of a skin disease virus that is affecting students at North Luna University. Dr. Megan Zobb has seen 20 initial patients and observed that the disease causes pain, rashes, and fluid-filled blisters across multiple areas of the body. Pain is always the first symptom and can be intense. Dr. Zobb is concerned that younger, active individuals are most affected. She requests assistance analyzing initial patient data to better understand patterns.
Week 5 Assignment - Case Study Statistical ForecastingDr..docxtroutmanboris
Week 5 Assignment - Case Study: Statistical Forecasting
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna University Medical Center, has been studying a new variant of a skin disease virus that seems to be surfacing among the North Luna University population. This variant (which has been tentatively named Painful Rash or PR), leads to the formation of surface lesions on an individual's body. These lesions are very similar to small boils or isolated shingles sores. These PR lesions are not necessarily clustered as shingles lesions are, but are isolated across the body.
Insights From Initial Interviews
Megan is initiating some efforts at a preliminary analysis. She has seen 20 initial patients and made several observations about the skin disease. She wants to analyze this initial data before structuring and recommending a more encompassing study.
The signs and symptoms of this disorder usually affect multiple sections of the patient's body. These signs and symptoms may include:
Pain, burning, numbness or tingling, but pain is always present.
Sensitivity to touch.
A red rash that begins a few days after the pain.
Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
Itching.
Some people also experience:
Fever.
Headache.
Sensitivity to light.
Fatigue.
Pain is always the first symptom of PR. For some, it can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for a symptom of problems affecting the heart, lungs, or kidneys. Some people experience PR pain without ever developing the rash. The degree of pain that the individual experiences is seemingly proportional to the number of lesions.
Dr. Zobb is extremely concerned that this new variant is especially challenging to the younger population, who are active and like to be outdoors. She has asked you as an analyst and statistician for some assistance in analyzing her initial data. She is not a biostatistician, so she requests that you explain the process you use and your interpretation of the results for each task.
Initial Data Analysis
Dr. Zobb has accumulated some data on an initial set of 20 patients across multiple age groups. She believes that the data suggests younger individuals are affected more than others. She wants you to complete the tasks shown here based on the data below.
For each of the following, provide a detailed explanation of the process you used along with your interpretation of the results. Submit the response in a Word document and attach your Excel spreadsheet to show your calculations (where applicable). Be sure to number each response (e.g., 1.a, 1.b,…).
Develop an equation to model the data using a regression analysis approach and explain your calculation process in Excel.
Calculate the r-square statistic using Excel. Interpret the meaning of the r-square statistic in this case.
Determine three conclusions that address the initial observations and are supported by the regression analysis.
Regression Analys.
TitleABC123 Version X1Inferential Research and Statis.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Inferential Research and Statistics Project PSY/315 Version 7
3
University of Phoenix MaterialInferential Research and Statistics Project
Select one of the following scenarios based on your particular field of interest in psychology:
· Industrial/Organizational Psychology:
A few months ago, the upper management at a large corporation decided they wanted to make major changes in the organization. Leadership is concerned that employees may be resistant to the change, and they want to find out if there is a change management method that would help employees accept change more effectively and keep employee satisfaction high. Two methods they have considered are the ADKAR Framework and the Prosci Change Management Methodology. The company wants to implement a small change in two departments before they make any major organization changes and would like to test the methods. The corporation uses the Devine Company to measure employee satisfaction with an anonymous survey.
· Applied Psychology:
A large medical facility is experiencing too many missed appointments in its primary and specialty care clinics. The facility has noticed that not all patients respond well to reminder calls regarding follow-up appointments. Some patients do not answer calls and do not seem to respond to voice mail requesting they call the facility. The result is that many follow up appointments are missed. Management has read articles that people respond very well to text messages and would like to see which method provides the least amount of missed appointments. Missed appointments are tracked in the facility database on a monthly basis.
· General Psychology:
Clinicians at a small clinic have been introduced to a new method to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their clients for veterans. Research indicates that virtual reality (VR) is a highly effective treatment option for patients with PTSD. Currently, the clinic uses only cognitive processing therapy (CPT) with their patients suffering from PTSD. The clinicians would like to find out whether VR therapy has different results from CPT therapy. The measure used by the clinic to measure PTSD symptoms is the Combat Exposure Scale. Both therapies need to be applied for a minimum of 12 weeks to be effective.
Write a 525- to 750-word paper that addresses the following for your chosen scenario:
· Clearly define the problem or issue you are addressing. Provide a brief background of any research you have found that might affect your research hypothesis.
· Create a research hypothesis based on the information provided in each scenario. You have been given a data set (Excel document) with two sets of interval data (just the numbers, as you must decide what they represent, such as method A results or method B results). This means you are going to test one thing against another, such as which method works best (step 1 of the steps to hypothesis testing). State the null and research hyp ...
This document provides instructions and questions for an assignment on clinical epidemiology and chronic disease epidemiology. It includes 7 questions assessing understanding of key epidemiological concepts like determinants of disease, epidemiological study designs, and interpreting results. Students are asked to apply their knowledge to analyze specific chronic diseases and epidemiological studies, as well as propose public health interventions.
1. The document discusses principles of research design including control, balance, randomization, and replication. It also describes common experimental designs like completely randomized, paired, random block, and cross-over designs.
2. Survey design content includes purpose, population, sample size, observed unit, questionnaire, and data collection. Surveys are classified as overall, sampling, typical, case-control, or cohort.
3. Experimental designs aim to reliably estimate effects with minimal resources, while surveys either observe existing processes or are designed to collect sample data for statistical analysis and inference.
1. The document describes a study that examined the effects of a 6-month exercise intervention on inflammatory markers in sedentary middle-aged men. 152 men were screened and eligible sedentary men were randomly assigned to an exercise group or control group.
2. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals to measure inflammatory markers like IL-6 and CRP. The results showed that regular exercise over 6 months can positively impact systemic markers of chronic inflammation.
3. The study provides causal evidence that exercise interventions can reduce inflammation, filling gaps in previous research that had inconsistent or limited findings. It establishes a dose-response relationship and controls for compliance through activity monitors.
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week6_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
A sports researcher gave a standard written test of eating habits to 12 randomly selected professionals, four each from baseball, football, and basketball. The results were as follows:
Eating Habits Scores
Baseball Players
Football Players
Basketball Players
34
27
35
18
28
44
21
67
47
65
42
61
Is there a difference in eating habits among professionals in the three sports? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Determine effect size.
2.
To study the effectiveness of treatments for insomnia, a sleep researcher conducted a study with 12 participants.
Four participants were instructed to count sheep (Sheep Condition), four were told to concentrate on their breathing (Breathing Condition), and four were not given any special instructions. Over the next few days, measures were taken of how many minutes it took each participant to fall asleep. The average times for the participants in the Sheep Condition were 14, 28, 27, and 31; for those in the Breathing Condition, 25, 22, 17, and 14; and for those in the control condition, 45, 33, 30, and 41.
Do these results suggest that the different techniques have different effects?
(Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain your findings (including the logic of comparing within-group to between-group population variance estimates, how each of these is figured, and the
F
distribution).
High school juniors planning to attend college were randomly assigned to view one of four videos about a particular college, each differing according to what aspect of college life was emphasized: athletics, social life, scholarship, or artistic/cultural opportunities. After viewing the videos, the students took a test measuring their desire to attend this college. The results were as follows:
Desire to Attend this College
Athletics
Social Life
Scholarship
Art/Cultural
68
89
74
76
56
78
82
71
69
81
79
69
70
77
80
65
Do these results suggest that the type of activity emphasized in a college film affects desire to attend that college? (Use the .01 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain the logic of what you have done to a person who is unfamiliar with the analysis of variance.
A team of psychologists designed a study in which 12 psychiatric patients diagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to one of three new types of th.
This document provides an overview of cross-sectional studies. It defines cross-sectional studies as studies that measure prevalence by observing exposures and outcomes in a population at a single point in time. It discusses key aspects of cross-sectional study design such as sampling, data collection methods, analysis of prevalence data, and potential biases like selection bias.
This document provides an overview of cross-sectional studies, including what they are, their uses, methodology, advantages, and disadvantages. A cross-sectional study involves observing a population at a single point in time to determine prevalence of disease. It is a quick and inexpensive way to describe characteristics of a population and identify associations between variables. However, it cannot determine causation due to its observational nature.
This document discusses how to formulate clinical questions to guide searches of the medical literature. It introduces the PICO framework for structuring questions around patients, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. Five common types of clinical questions are identified: therapy, harm, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Each question type lends itself to different study designs that provide the best evidence. Examples are provided to demonstrate how unstructured questions can be clarified using PICO. The goal is to construct answerable clinical questions that facilitate efficient literature searches.
Assignment 2 Tests of SignificanceThroughout this assignment yo.docxrock73
Assignment 2: Tests of Significance
Throughout this assignment you will review mock studies. You will needs to follow the directions outlined in the section using SPSS and decide whether there is significance between the variables. You will need to list the five steps of hypothesis testing (as covered in the lesson for Week 6) to see how every question should be formatted. You will complete all of the problems. Be sure to cut and past the appropriate test result boxes from SPSS under each problem and explain what you will do with your research hypotheses. All calculations should be coming from your SPSS. You will need to submit the SPSS output file to get credit for this assignment. This file will save as a .spv file and will need to be in a single file. In other words, you are not allowed to submit more than one output file for this assignment.
The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows:
1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0).
2. Identify your confidence interval (.05 or .01)
3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS.
4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’. We will call this “p”.
5. Compare the two and apply the following rule:
a. If “p” is < or = confidence interval, than you reject the null.
Be sure to explain to the reader what this means in regards to your study. (Ex: will you recommend counseling services?)
* Be sure that your answers are clearly distinguishable. Perhaps you bold your font or use a different color.
ASSIGNMENT 2(200) WORD MINIUM
1. They allow us to see if our relationship is "statistically significant". (Remember that this only shows us that there is or is not a relationship but does NOT show us if it is big, small, or in-between.)
2. It let's us know if our findings can be generalized to the population which our sample was selected from and represents.
This week you will decide which test of significance you will use for your project. For this class your choices for tests will include one of the following:
· Chi-square
· t Test
· ANOVA
We will be using a process for hypothesis testing which outlines five steps researchers can follow to complete this process:
1. Write your research hypothesis (H1) and your null hypothesis (H0).
2. Identify and record your confidence interval. These are usually .05 (95%) or .01 (99%).
3. Complete the test using SPSS.
4. Identify the number under Sig. (2-tail). This will be represented by "p".
5. Compare the numbers in steps 2 and 4 and apply the following rule:
1. If p < or = confidence interval, than you reject the null hypothesis
Determine what to do with your null and explain this to your reader. Be sure to go beyond the phrase "reject or fail to reject the null" and explain how that impacts your research and best describes the relationship between variables.
TEST QUESTIONS-NEED FULL ANSWERS
Q1
Make up and discuss research examples corresponding to the various ...
This document provides an introduction to experimental design and sampling methods used to produce data for statistical analysis. It discusses the differences between observational studies and experimental studies, as well as key concepts in experimental design including randomization, control groups, placebos, and blocking/stratification. Specific experimental designs covered include completely randomized designs, blocked/stratified designs, and matched pairs designs. Examples are provided to illustrate how different experimental designs can be applied.
Certified Specialist Business Intelligence (.docxdurantheseldine
Certified Specialist Business
Intelligence (CSBI) Reflection
Part 5 of 6
CSBI Course 5: Business Intelligence and Analytical and Quantitative Skills
● Thinking about the Basics
● The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
● Sampling
● Common Mistakes in Analysis
● Opportunities and Problems to Solve
● The Low Severity Level ED (SL5P) Case Setup as an Example of BI Work
● Meaningful Analytic Structures
Analysis and Statistics
A key aspect of the work of the BI/Analytics consultant is analysis. Analysis can be defined as
how the data is turned into information. Information is the outcome when the data is analyzed
correctly.
Rigorous analysis is having the best chance of creating the sharpest picture of what the data
might reveal and is the product of proper application of statistics and experimental design.
Statistics encompasses a complex and detailed series of disciplines. Statistical concepts are
foundational to all descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytic applications. However, the
application of simple descriptive statistical calculations yields a great deal of usable information
for transformational decision-making. The value of the information is amplified when using these
same simple statistics within the context of a well-designed experiment.
This module is not designed to teach one statistic. It is designed to place statistical work within
the appropriate context so that it can be leveraged most effectively in driving organizational
performance..
An important review of the basic knowledge for work with descriptive and inferential statistics.
The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
Analytic tools also can provide an enhanced ability to conduct experiments. More than just
allowing analysis of output of activities or processes, experiments can be performed on
processes and the output of processes. Experimenting on processes is a movement beyond
the traditional r.
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
PUH 5302, Applied Biostatistics 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Recommend solutions to public health problems using biostatistical methods.
4.1 Compute and interpret probability for biostatistical analysis.
4.2 Draw conclusions about public health problems based on biostatistical methods.
5. Analyze public health information to interpret results of biostatistical analysis.
5.1 Analyze literature related to biostatistical analysis in the public health field.
5.2 Prepare an annotated bibliography that explores a topic related to public health issues.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 5
Unit III Problem Solving
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 5
Unit III Problem Solving
5.1
Chapter 5
Unit III Annotated Bibliography
5.2
Chapter 5
Unit III Annotated Bibliography
Reading Assignment
Chapter 5: The Role of Probability
Unit Lesson
Welcome to Unit III. In previous units, we discussed some fundamentals of biostatistics and their application
to solving public health problems. In Unit III, we will compute, interpret, and apply probability, especially in
relation to different populations.
Computing and Interpreting Probabilities
Probability means using a number (or numbers) to demonstrate how likely something is to occur. For
example, if a coin is tossed, the probability of getting a heads or tail is one out of two chances; that is ½.
Researchers have used probability studies to predict weather and other events and have been successful to
some extent. Public health professionals have used statistical methods to predict the chances of health-
related events, thereby providing arguments in favor of taking precautionary measures and warning the
general public on important health issues.
In biostatistics, we use both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to address public health issues
within a population. In most cases, researchers are not able to study the entire population; they try to get a
sample from the population from which they can generalize their findings.
Descriptive Statistics
Aside from the use of probability sampling methods, there are other methods used for the computation and
interpretation of data; these are generally known as descriptive statistics. With descriptive statistics, we
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Probability
PUH 5302, Applied Biostatistics 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
normally compute the mean, mode, median, variance, and standard deviation. Information obtained using
such computation methods is used for descriptive purposes, as opposed to information obtained from
inferential statistics.
Let’s examine this example using the numbers 5, 10, 2, 4, 6, 10, 2, 3, and 2.
The mean is the sum of all the numbers ÷ the number of cases
= 37 ÷ 9
= 4.11
The median is the middle number after the numbers have been arranged in an ascending or descend ...
Transitioning Critical Thinking Skills from the Academic Setting to the Globa...afacct
This document discusses strategies for teaching critical thinking skills to nursing students and transitioning those skills from the academic to clinical setting. It identifies different strategies to use in theory, lab/simulation, and clinical courses. Some key strategies mentioned include using case studies, unfolding case studies, simulations, and assigning activities involving multiple patients to compare findings and make clinical judgments. The goal is to better prepare students for the NCLEX exam and real-world client care where critical thinking and decision making are important for safety and positive outcomes.
This document discusses key elements of research design, including the purpose of a study, types of investigations, extent of researcher interference, study settings, and unit of analysis. It provides examples to illustrate exploratory, descriptive, causal, and correlational studies. The document emphasizes that correlational studies are conducted in natural settings with minimal interference, while causal studies often use controlled experiments and manipulate variables. The appropriate unit of analysis depends on the focus of the research.
Experimental research designs are considered the standard for research. They involve assigning one or more dependent variables to different treatments and observing the results to draw conclusions. Experimental research has both advantages and disadvantages. It allows full researcher control but can be resource-intensive. It aims to determine relationships between dependent and independent variables by supporting or rejecting hypotheses. Data must be quantifiable and include measurements of variables like area, weight, temperature etc. Qualitative observations also supplement the research. Overall, experimental research uses a scientific approach to test business matters and understand customer behavior through product testing and experiments.
Please readRobert Geraci, Russia Minorities and Empire,” in .docxTatianaMajor22
Please read:
Robert Geraci, “Russia: Minorities and Empire,” in Abbott Gleason, ed., A Companion to Russian History (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 243-260.
And discuss:
How does Geraci portray the legacy of the early Russian history for the make-up of 18-19th century Russia?
Please read: Leonard Victor Rutgers, “Roman Policy Towards the Jews: Expulsions from the City of Rome during the First Century C.E.,” in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Apr., 1994), pp. 56-74.
And discuss: Rutgers surveys the different reasons historians have given for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome in the first century C.E. Who place did Jews have in Roman society at this time? Were they expelled because of their religious practices, or because they were ‘unruly’ as Rutgers argues? If so, what caused them to act in this way? What kind of historical evidence does the author use?
There are 2 essay, each one should write at least 300-350 words and plus one reference page.
MLA format. Must use quote( “ ”) for every source you use from website. And put (author, page number) behind quote.
Roman Policy towards the Jews: Expulsions from the City of Rome during the First Century
C.E.
Author(s): Leonard Victor Rutgers
Source: Classical Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Apr., 1994), pp. 56-74
Published by: University of California Press
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LEONARD VICTOR RUTGERS
Roman Policy towards the Jews:
Expulsions from the City of Rome
during the First Century c. E.
Tant de causes secretes se melent souvent a la cause apparente, tant de ressorts
inconnus servent a persecuter un homme, qu'il est impossible de demeler dans les
siecles posterieures la source cachee des malheurs des hommes les plus consider
ables, a plus forte raison celle du supplice d'un particulier qui ne pouvait etre
connu que par ceux de son parti.
-Voltaire, Traite sur la tolerance (1763)
IN THIS ARTICLE I want to discuss the evidence for expulsions of Jews from
the city of Rome in the first century C.E. Scholars have long been interested in the
reasons underlying these expulsions. Because the anci.
Ford VS ChevroletThere are many reasons that make the Chevy.docxTatianaMajor22
Ford VS Chevrolet
There are many reasons that make the Chevy’s and Ford’s motors two most common trucks. Studies reveal that that they are the most popular vehicles on sales today. It is because they are powerful, versatile and reasonably priced. They also come in a wide variety of configurations and styles. However, many buyers and sellers have questioned themselves on the better vehicle compared to the other in terms of quality, Wi-Fi, price ranges, value, and costs. To compare and contrast on this subject, let us take an example of two vehicles each from each company to facilitate comparison.
Ford offers the full-size track with automatic high-beam control, automatic parallel parking and power-retractable running boards. Fords are elegant, and they are mostly aluminum making them save weight and bolster gas mileage. None of these features are offered Chevy’s. Chevrolets have outstanding quality. They are mostly comprised of steel, for instance, the Chevrolet Silverado. This makes them good for rough roads and difficult terrains.
Fords have employed the use of up to date Wi-Fi technology. Ford intends to provide the Ford Sync, which will provide robust connections for occupants. Latest Chevrolet brands Malibu utilize the 4G LTE Wi-Fi Technology that provides rich in-vehicle experiences. This technology is powerful compared to Ford Sync, and is used for connecting devices and executing few remote operations within the car.
From the value and cost standpoint, Ford can consume a little more, and its payload capacity is a little higher. Additionally, its mileage is too better. The prices vary from nation to nation. Chevrolet seems to be a little cheaper, and reasonably priced going for $33,044, which is slightly less than Ford, but the differences are not serious to propel buyers towards one truck leaving the other
Technophiles are likely to put their preferences on Ford to Chevrolet. On overall, Fords have many features as compared Chevy’s. However, they may be hard to maintain. Compared to Fords, Chevrolets are reliable and cheaper. However, the two brands are equally good performers. It is, therefore, prudent to pick what one thinks would fit his or her usage and preference and personal style
Ethical Systems, Research Paper, Spring 2015, Douglas Green, Page 1 of 1
Ethical
Systems/Final
Research
Paper
2,000
words
minimum,
double-‐spaced
Final
Draft
Due:
Tuesday,
April
28,
12:00
pm
(afternoon)
Please
email
your
final
research
paper
to
me
via
MS
Word
attachment
AND
by
cutting/pasting
the
entire
document
into
the
body
of
your
email.
IF
YOU
DO
NOT
RECEIVE
A
CONFIRMATION
EMAIL
BACK,
I
DID
NOT
RECEIVE
YOUR
ESSAY
AND
YOU
WILL
LOSE
ALL
CREDIT
FOR
THIS
REQUIREMENT.
NO
LATE
WORK
WILL
BE
ACCEPTED…
PERIOD!
.
Fairness and Discipline Weve all been disciplined at one.docxTatianaMajor22
Fairness and Discipline
We've all been disciplined at one time or another by a parent or a teacher. What disciplinary experiences have you had as a child that took a non-punitive approach?
I need paragraph or half page with reference
.
Appendix 12A Statement of Cash Flows—Direct MethodLEARNING .docxTatianaMajor22
Appendix 12A
Statement of Cash Flows—Direct Method
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
6
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the direct method.
To explain and illustrate the direct method, we will use the transactions of Computer Services Company for 2014, to prepare a statement of cash flows. Illustration 12A-1 presents information related to 2014 for Computer Services Company.
To prepare a statement of cash flows under the direct approach, we will apply the three steps outlined in Illustration 12-4.
Illustration 12A-1
Comparative balance sheets, income statement, and additional information for Computer Services Company
STEP 1: OPERATING ACTIVITIES
DETERMINE NET CASH PROVIDED/USED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES BY CONVERTING NET INCOME FROM AN ACCRUAL BASIS TO A CASH BASIS
Under the direct method, companies compute net cash provided by operating activities by adjusting each item in the income statement from the accrual basis to the cash basis. To simplify and condense the operating activities section, companies report only major classes of operating cash receipts and cash payments. For these major classes, the difference between cash receipts and cash payments is the net cash provided by operating activities. These relationships are as shown in Illustration 12A-2.
Illustration 12A-2
Major classes of cash receipts and payments
An efficient way to apply the direct method is to analyze the items reported in the income statement in the order in which they are listed. We then determine cash receipts and cash payments related to these revenues and expenses. The following pages present the adjustments required to prepare a statement of cash flows for Computer Services Company using the direct approach.
CASH RECEIPTS FROM CUSTOMERS.
The income statement for Computer Services Company reported sales revenue from customers of $507,000. How much of that was cash receipts? To answer that, companies need to consider the change in accounts receivable during the year. When accounts receivable increase during the year, revenues on an accrual basis are higher than cash receipts from customers. Operations led to revenues, but not all of these revenues resulted in cash receipts.
To determine the amount of cash receipts, the company deducts from sales revenue the increase in accounts receivable. On the other hand, there may be a decrease in accounts receivable. That would occur if cash receipts from customers exceeded sales revenue. In that case, the company adds to sales revenue the decrease in accounts receivable. For Computer Services Company, accounts receivable decreased $10,000. Thus, cash receipts from customers were $517,000, computed as shown in Illustration 12A-3.
Illustration 12A-3
Computation of cash receipts from customers
Computer Services can also determine cash receipts from customers from an analysis of the Accounts Receivable account, as shown in Illustration 12A-4.
Illustration 12A-4
Analysis of Accounts Receivable
Illustration.
Effects of StressProvide a 1-page description of a stressful .docxTatianaMajor22
Effects of Stress
Provide a 1-page description of a stressful event currently occurring in your life.
Discuss I am married work a full time job as an occupational therapy assistant am taking two courses
Have to take care of a home feed the animals attend to laundry
Think of my pateitns worry about their well being and what I can do for them ( I bring home my patients issues)
Constantly doing paper work for work such as documentation for billing
I feel like I have no free time for me some days I don’t even eat dinner or lunch because I don’t have time to make anything or am just too tired to cook
On top of this I am married and married ppl do argue and my husband am I have been bunting heads on finances.
Then, referring to information you learned throughout this course, address the following:
· What physiological changes occur in the brain due to the stress response?
· What emotional and cognitive effects might occur due to this stressful situation?
· Would the above changes (physiological, cognitive, or emotional) be any different if the same stress were being experienced by a person of the opposite sex or someone much older or younger than you?
· If the situation continues, how might your physical health be affected?
· What three behavioral strategies would you implement to reduce the effects of this stressor? Describe each strategy. Explain how each behavior could cause changes in brain physiology (e.g., exercise can raise serotonin levels).
· If you were encouraging an adult client to make the above changes, what ethical considerations would you have to keep in mind? How would you address those ethical considerations?
In addition to citing the online course and the text, you are also required to cite a minimum of four scholarly sources. For reputable web sources, look for .gov or .edu sites as opposed to .com sites. Please do not use Wikipedia.
Your paper should be double-spaced, in 12-point Times New Roman font, and with normal 1-inch margins; written in APA style; and free of typographical and grammatical errors. It should include a title page with a running head, an abstract, and a reference page.
The body of the paper should be at least 6 pages in length total
not including the reference or title page
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described a stressful event.
20
Explained the physiological changes that occur in the brain due to the stress response.
36
Explained the emotional and cognitive effects that may occur due to this stressful situation.
32
Analyzed potential differences in physiological, cognitive, and emotional responses in someone of a different age or sex.
32
Discussed the physical health risks.
28
Provided three behavioral strategies to reduce the effects of the stressor and explained how each could cause changes in brain physiology.
40
Analyzed ethical considerations in implementing behavioral strategies and offered suggestions for addressing these.
40
Integrated at least two scholarly references .
Design Factors NotesCIO’s Office 5 People IT Chief’s Offi.docxTatianaMajor22
Design Factors
Notes
CIO’s Office
5 People
IT Chief’s Office
5 People
LAN/WAN Maint.
20 People
Reception
4 People
Telecommunications
20 People
LAN Management
50 People
Server Room A
2 Person
Server Room B
4 Person
Equipment:
Patch Cable
Computer to Wall
Patch Cable
LAN Room
Cable Trays/Runs
Horizontal Runs
Cisco Border Router
Research: Attached to 5 Floor Switches
Server Room A
10 Servers
Server Room B
10 Servers
Computers
One Per Person
Standard floor (first floor) Lesson 2 Project Plan info
Design Factors
Notes
CIO’s Office
5 People
IT Chief’s Office
5 People
LAN/WAN Maint.
20 People
Reception
4 People
Telecommunications
20 People
LAN Management
50 People
Server Room A
2 Person
Server Room B
4 Person
Equipment:
Patch Cable
Computer to Wall
Patch Cable
LAN Room
Cable Trays/Runs
Horizontal Runs
Cisco Border Router
Research: Attached to 5 Floor Switches
Server Room A
10 Servers
Server Room B
10 Servers
Computers
One Per Person
Basement floor
Design Factors
Notes
Vertical Riser Run
On Outside Wall of LAN Room on Each Floor.
Fiber-Optic Multimode
Riser Runs: Backbone
SC Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cable
Cisco Catalyst: Switch: WS-C3750G-24PS-S: 24 Ports
Leave a Minimum of four ports free on each switch
Color Laser Printer
Minimum of One per Room or One per 20 people
Vertical Riser Run
On Outside Wall of LAN Room on Each Floor and Server RM B on this floor.
Fiber-Optic Multimode
Riser Runs: Backbone
SC Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cable
Cable Trays/Runs
Horizontal Runs
Horizontal Runs
Leave a Minimum of four ports free on each switch
Applicataion
U.S. Minimum Requirement Ranges
Space per Employee - 1997
Two people, such as a supervisor and an employee, can meet in an office with a table or desk between them
60" to 72" x 90" to 126:/5.78m2 to 11.7m2
280Sq. Ft./26.0m2
Worker has a primary desk plus a return
60" to 72"x60"to 84"/5.78 to 7.8m2
193Sq. Ft./17.9m2
Executive office - three to four people can meet around a desk
105 to 130"x96 to 123"/9.75 to 11.4 m2
142Sq. Ft./13.2m2
Basic workstation such as a call center
42" to 52" x 60" to 72"/3.9 to 6.7 m2
114Sq. Ft./10.6 m2
NT1310: Project
Page 1
PRO JECT D ESC RIPT ION
As the project manager for the Cable Planning team, you will manage the creation of the cable plan for
the new building that will be built, with construction set to begin in six weeks.
The deliverables for the entire Cable Plan will consist of an Executive Summary, a PowerPoint
Presentation and an Excel Spreadsheet. You will develop different parts of each of these in three parts.
The final organization should contain these elements:
The Executive Summary:
o Project Introduction
o Standards and Codes
Cable Standards and Codes
Building Standards and Codes
o Project Materials
o Copper Cable, Tools, and Test Equipment
o Fiber-Optic Cable, Tools, and Test Equipment
o Fiber-Optic Design Considerations
o Basement Server Comp.
Question 12.5 pointsSaveThe OSU studies concluded that le.docxTatianaMajor22
The document contains questions about leadership, motivation, communication, groups/teams, and decision making. The questions assess knowledge of topics like situational leadership theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, organizational communication barriers, stages of team development, and group decision making techniques like brainstorming.
Case Study 1 Questions1. What is the allocated budget .docxTatianaMajor22
Case Study 1 Questions:
1. What is the allocated budget ? $250,000
2. Where does the server room located? Currently, there is no server room
3. What is the number of users with PCs inside each existing site?
Currently there are
4. What is the current cabling used in each location? (cat5e or cat6) Current cabling does not meet the company’s current and future needs
5. Do want us to upgrade token Ring or use a completely new Ethernet network What is your recommendation and why?
6. regarding the ordering system , it is not clear what the we should do , do you want to talk about how to connect the system to the network or how to built the ordering online system because it is more software engineering than networking . Talk about the kind of network (hardware) you recommend based on the business requirements
7. all the sites should have access to our servers in the main branch? yes
8. Regarding the order software, do you need more details about the way it works or just about its connection with the network? Your solution should be from a network point of view
9. Distances are given in Meters or feet? feet
10. Shipment is done by truck, or ships? Currently, only trucking
11. In Dimebox branch, where are administration offices located? See Business goals # 4
12. What is the current network connectivity status? How many devices are currently on the network? How they are physically laid out? Is cabling running all over the floor, hidden in walls or threaded through the ceiling? What are the switches used and its speed? Currently, only the office is networked (token ring) NOVELL
13. What is the minimum Internet speed wanted? See Business Goals on page 2 – I only can tell you what we need the network for, you must tell me what we need to meet the business needs
14. Will the corporation provide wireless access? If yes will it be in all department and buildings? Wireless access would be helpful if we can justify the cost
15. Are there phones in offices? yes
16. What is the internet speed available now? What speed do you want for future? Internet access is through time warner cable company which is not very reliable
17. Do employees access their emails outside the company? yes
18. Do you have plans for future expansion? We like to increase our customer base by 20% over the next year
REMEMBER, you are the IT expert, I’m only a business person who must rely on your expertise.
Network Design and Performance
Case Study
Dooma-Flochies, Inc. with headquarters located on Podunk Road in Trumansburg, NY, is the sole manufacturer of Dooma-Flochies (big surprise). They currently have a manufacturing facility in, Lake Ridge, NY (across Cayuga Lake) on Cayuga Dr. and have recently diversified by purchasing a company, This-N-That, on Industry Ave. in, Dime Box Texas. This-N-That is the sole competitor of Domma-Flochies with their product Thinga-Ma-Jigs. This acquisition gives Dooma-Flochies, Inc a monopoly in this mark.
Behavior in OrganizationsIntercultural Communications Exercise .docxTatianaMajor22
Behavior in Organizations
Intercultural Communications Exercise Response Paper –
Week 5
The most overt cultural differences, such as greeting rituals and name format, can be overcome most easily. The underlying, intangible differences are very difficult to overcome. In this case, the underlying cultural differences are
· Assumptions about the purpose of the event (is the party strictly for fun and for relationship building, or are their business matters to take care of?).
· Assumptions about the purpose and the nature of business relationship.
· Assumptions about power and leadership relationships (who makes the decisions and how?).
· Response styles (verbal and nonverbal signals of agreement, disagreement, politeness, etc.).
Many (though not all) cultural differences can be overcome if you carefully observe other people, think creatively, remain flexible, and remember that your own culture is not inherently superior to others.
The Scenario
Three corporations are planning a joint venture to sponsor an international concert tour. The corporations are Decibel, an agency representing the musicians (from the US, Britain, and Japan); Images, a marketing firm which will handle sales of tickets, snacks and beverages, clothing, and CDs; and Event, a special events company which will hire the ushers, concessionaires, and security officers; print the programs; and clean up the arenas after the shows. The companies come from three different cultures: Blue, Green, and Red. Each has specific cultural traits, customs, and practices.
You are a manager in one of these companies. You will attend the opening cocktail party in Perth, Australia the evening before a 3-day meeting during which the three companies will negotiate the details of the partnership. Your management team includes a Vice President and a number of other managers.
During the 3-day meeting, the companies have the following goals:
Decibel
· As high a royalty rate as possible on sales of T-shirts, videos, and CDs
· Aggressive marketing and advertising to increase attendance and sales
· Good security, both before and during the show Image
Image
· Well known bands that will be easy to market
· As much income as possible from the concerts
· Smoothly functioning event so that publicity from early concerts is positive
Event
· Bands that are not likely to provoke stampedes, riots, or other antisocial behavior
· Bands that are reliable and will show up on time, ready to play
· As much income as possible from the concerts
The cultures that are assigned to the various companies are:
BLUE CULTURE
Image (Marketing Company)
Beliefs, Values, and Attitudes that Underlie This Culture’s Communication
Believe that fate and luck control most things.
Believe in feelings more than reasoning.
An authoritarian leader makes the ultimate decisions.
Nonverbal Traits of This Culture
Treat time as something that is unimportant. It is not a commodity that can be lost.
Conversation distance is close (about 15 inches, face-.
Discussion Question Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disord.docxTatianaMajor22
Discussion Question:
Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disorders
There are numerous theories that attempt to explain the development and manifestation of psychological disorders. Some researchers hold that certain disorders result from learned behaviors (behavioral theory), while other researchers believe that there is a genetic or biological basis to psychological disorders (medical model), while still others hold that psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflict (psychoanalytic theory). How would each of these theoretical viewpoints explain anxiety disorders? Does one explain the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders better than the others?
200- 400 words please
Three min resources with
in text citations and examples
you can use the following as a module reference
cite as university 2014
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous system response that is above and beyond what would be considered normal when faced with the object or situation that the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider (or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a clear pattern of genetic predisposition
Charles Darwin's Perspective
We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions. One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic.
Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions. Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to study animal behavior as a way to better understand human behavior.
James–Lange Theory of Emotions
Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician. James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological responses to emotionally provocative stimuli.
Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions
In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walt.
I have always liked Dustin Hoffmans style of acting, in this mov.docxTatianaMajor22
I have always liked Dustin Hoffman's style of acting, in this movie he takes on a sexually deprived young male just out of college, and has never been with a female, and is duped by horny older woman that feels neglected. Dustin Hoffman takes the characters form of a young male, goofy, respectful virgin and intelligent male, missing something but not really sure at the beginning till Ann Bancroft coaxes him with seduction to fulfill her own needs. In an other movie called "The life of Little Big Man" he plays almost the same character but as a white child raised by the Native Americans and a wise old chief that deeply care and loves him as his own, and Fay Dunaway plays a Holy rollers wife that is older and sexually deprived and feeling neglected by her husband and also she goes through major changes in her life from devoted wife, to a honey bell/ house hooker, whats funny Dustin Hoffman is a awesome actor but has to have his surrounding characters bring his character to life. The Graduate was Dustin Hoffman's first big movie of his career.
I actually liked movie "Little Big man" way better due to he went through major changes in his life, from being a Native boy warrior, captured by Yankees, meets Fay Dunaway who loves to give baths, to finding his sister who teaches him to be a gunslinger and then returns to his Grand Father to be a native again and tells his blind Grand Father the world of the white man is a crazy one, then his see the Psyho Col. Custer and gets his revenge by telling Custer the truth. The movie Little Big Man makes you laugh, teaches you things about people and survial and cry at times... its a must see...
Although a stray away from the Benjamin Braddock written about in the novel The Graduate, Dustin Hoffman does an awesome job with this character on film. When you first meet Ben he is at a party that his parents are throwing in his academic honor upon his graduation from school and return home. The whole night, Hoffman stumbles though various conversations and tries to coyly escape from the festivities. Small things such as this Hoffman did a great job at, conveying the hesitance and crisis that Ben was going through as a graduate. There are multiple times in the movie he hardly expresses anything at all, yet it clearly shows you that Ben is having a very hard time internally with everything going on. Even through his relationships with Mrs. Robinson and her daughter Elaine you see the young man struggling with himself through either failed attempts at affection or lack thereof.
.
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This document discusses how to formulate clinical questions to guide searches of the medical literature. It introduces the PICO framework for structuring questions around patients, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. Five common types of clinical questions are identified: therapy, harm, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Each question type lends itself to different study designs that provide the best evidence. Examples are provided to demonstrate how unstructured questions can be clarified using PICO. The goal is to construct answerable clinical questions that facilitate efficient literature searches.
Assignment 2 Tests of SignificanceThroughout this assignment yo.docxrock73
Assignment 2: Tests of Significance
Throughout this assignment you will review mock studies. You will needs to follow the directions outlined in the section using SPSS and decide whether there is significance between the variables. You will need to list the five steps of hypothesis testing (as covered in the lesson for Week 6) to see how every question should be formatted. You will complete all of the problems. Be sure to cut and past the appropriate test result boxes from SPSS under each problem and explain what you will do with your research hypotheses. All calculations should be coming from your SPSS. You will need to submit the SPSS output file to get credit for this assignment. This file will save as a .spv file and will need to be in a single file. In other words, you are not allowed to submit more than one output file for this assignment.
The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows:
1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0).
2. Identify your confidence interval (.05 or .01)
3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS.
4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’. We will call this “p”.
5. Compare the two and apply the following rule:
a. If “p” is < or = confidence interval, than you reject the null.
Be sure to explain to the reader what this means in regards to your study. (Ex: will you recommend counseling services?)
* Be sure that your answers are clearly distinguishable. Perhaps you bold your font or use a different color.
ASSIGNMENT 2(200) WORD MINIUM
1. They allow us to see if our relationship is "statistically significant". (Remember that this only shows us that there is or is not a relationship but does NOT show us if it is big, small, or in-between.)
2. It let's us know if our findings can be generalized to the population which our sample was selected from and represents.
This week you will decide which test of significance you will use for your project. For this class your choices for tests will include one of the following:
· Chi-square
· t Test
· ANOVA
We will be using a process for hypothesis testing which outlines five steps researchers can follow to complete this process:
1. Write your research hypothesis (H1) and your null hypothesis (H0).
2. Identify and record your confidence interval. These are usually .05 (95%) or .01 (99%).
3. Complete the test using SPSS.
4. Identify the number under Sig. (2-tail). This will be represented by "p".
5. Compare the numbers in steps 2 and 4 and apply the following rule:
1. If p < or = confidence interval, than you reject the null hypothesis
Determine what to do with your null and explain this to your reader. Be sure to go beyond the phrase "reject or fail to reject the null" and explain how that impacts your research and best describes the relationship between variables.
TEST QUESTIONS-NEED FULL ANSWERS
Q1
Make up and discuss research examples corresponding to the various ...
This document provides an introduction to experimental design and sampling methods used to produce data for statistical analysis. It discusses the differences between observational studies and experimental studies, as well as key concepts in experimental design including randomization, control groups, placebos, and blocking/stratification. Specific experimental designs covered include completely randomized designs, blocked/stratified designs, and matched pairs designs. Examples are provided to illustrate how different experimental designs can be applied.
Certified Specialist Business Intelligence (.docxdurantheseldine
Certified Specialist Business
Intelligence (CSBI) Reflection
Part 5 of 6
CSBI Course 5: Business Intelligence and Analytical and Quantitative Skills
● Thinking about the Basics
● The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
● Sampling
● Common Mistakes in Analysis
● Opportunities and Problems to Solve
● The Low Severity Level ED (SL5P) Case Setup as an Example of BI Work
● Meaningful Analytic Structures
Analysis and Statistics
A key aspect of the work of the BI/Analytics consultant is analysis. Analysis can be defined as
how the data is turned into information. Information is the outcome when the data is analyzed
correctly.
Rigorous analysis is having the best chance of creating the sharpest picture of what the data
might reveal and is the product of proper application of statistics and experimental design.
Statistics encompasses a complex and detailed series of disciplines. Statistical concepts are
foundational to all descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytic applications. However, the
application of simple descriptive statistical calculations yields a great deal of usable information
for transformational decision-making. The value of the information is amplified when using these
same simple statistics within the context of a well-designed experiment.
This module is not designed to teach one statistic. It is designed to place statistical work within
the appropriate context so that it can be leveraged most effectively in driving organizational
performance..
An important review of the basic knowledge for work with descriptive and inferential statistics.
The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
Analytic tools also can provide an enhanced ability to conduct experiments. More than just
allowing analysis of output of activities or processes, experiments can be performed on
processes and the output of processes. Experimenting on processes is a movement beyond
the traditional r.
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
PUH 5302, Applied Biostatistics 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
4. Recommend solutions to public health problems using biostatistical methods.
4.1 Compute and interpret probability for biostatistical analysis.
4.2 Draw conclusions about public health problems based on biostatistical methods.
5. Analyze public health information to interpret results of biostatistical analysis.
5.1 Analyze literature related to biostatistical analysis in the public health field.
5.2 Prepare an annotated bibliography that explores a topic related to public health issues.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
4.1
Unit Lesson
Chapter 5
Unit III Problem Solving
4.2
Unit Lesson
Chapter 5
Unit III Problem Solving
5.1
Chapter 5
Unit III Annotated Bibliography
5.2
Chapter 5
Unit III Annotated Bibliography
Reading Assignment
Chapter 5: The Role of Probability
Unit Lesson
Welcome to Unit III. In previous units, we discussed some fundamentals of biostatistics and their application
to solving public health problems. In Unit III, we will compute, interpret, and apply probability, especially in
relation to different populations.
Computing and Interpreting Probabilities
Probability means using a number (or numbers) to demonstrate how likely something is to occur. For
example, if a coin is tossed, the probability of getting a heads or tail is one out of two chances; that is ½.
Researchers have used probability studies to predict weather and other events and have been successful to
some extent. Public health professionals have used statistical methods to predict the chances of health-
related events, thereby providing arguments in favor of taking precautionary measures and warning the
general public on important health issues.
In biostatistics, we use both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to address public health issues
within a population. In most cases, researchers are not able to study the entire population; they try to get a
sample from the population from which they can generalize their findings.
Descriptive Statistics
Aside from the use of probability sampling methods, there are other methods used for the computation and
interpretation of data; these are generally known as descriptive statistics. With descriptive statistics, we
UNIT III STUDY GUIDE
Probability
PUH 5302, Applied Biostatistics 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
normally compute the mean, mode, median, variance, and standard deviation. Information obtained using
such computation methods is used for descriptive purposes, as opposed to information obtained from
inferential statistics.
Let’s examine this example using the numbers 5, 10, 2, 4, 6, 10, 2, 3, and 2.
The mean is the sum of all the numbers ÷ the number of cases
= 37 ÷ 9
= 4.11
The median is the middle number after the numbers have been arranged in an ascending or descend ...
Transitioning Critical Thinking Skills from the Academic Setting to the Globa...afacct
This document discusses strategies for teaching critical thinking skills to nursing students and transitioning those skills from the academic to clinical setting. It identifies different strategies to use in theory, lab/simulation, and clinical courses. Some key strategies mentioned include using case studies, unfolding case studies, simulations, and assigning activities involving multiple patients to compare findings and make clinical judgments. The goal is to better prepare students for the NCLEX exam and real-world client care where critical thinking and decision making are important for safety and positive outcomes.
This document discusses key elements of research design, including the purpose of a study, types of investigations, extent of researcher interference, study settings, and unit of analysis. It provides examples to illustrate exploratory, descriptive, causal, and correlational studies. The document emphasizes that correlational studies are conducted in natural settings with minimal interference, while causal studies often use controlled experiments and manipulate variables. The appropriate unit of analysis depends on the focus of the research.
Experimental research designs are considered the standard for research. They involve assigning one or more dependent variables to different treatments and observing the results to draw conclusions. Experimental research has both advantages and disadvantages. It allows full researcher control but can be resource-intensive. It aims to determine relationships between dependent and independent variables by supporting or rejecting hypotheses. Data must be quantifiable and include measurements of variables like area, weight, temperature etc. Qualitative observations also supplement the research. Overall, experimental research uses a scientific approach to test business matters and understand customer behavior through product testing and experiments.
Similar to 1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study Statistical ForecastingDr. (11)
Please readRobert Geraci, Russia Minorities and Empire,” in .docxTatianaMajor22
Please read:
Robert Geraci, “Russia: Minorities and Empire,” in Abbott Gleason, ed., A Companion to Russian History (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 243-260.
And discuss:
How does Geraci portray the legacy of the early Russian history for the make-up of 18-19th century Russia?
Please read: Leonard Victor Rutgers, “Roman Policy Towards the Jews: Expulsions from the City of Rome during the First Century C.E.,” in Classical Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Apr., 1994), pp. 56-74.
And discuss: Rutgers surveys the different reasons historians have given for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome in the first century C.E. Who place did Jews have in Roman society at this time? Were they expelled because of their religious practices, or because they were ‘unruly’ as Rutgers argues? If so, what caused them to act in this way? What kind of historical evidence does the author use?
There are 2 essay, each one should write at least 300-350 words and plus one reference page.
MLA format. Must use quote( “ ”) for every source you use from website. And put (author, page number) behind quote.
Roman Policy towards the Jews: Expulsions from the City of Rome during the First Century
C.E.
Author(s): Leonard Victor Rutgers
Source: Classical Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Apr., 1994), pp. 56-74
Published by: University of California Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25011005 .
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University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Classical
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LEONARD VICTOR RUTGERS
Roman Policy towards the Jews:
Expulsions from the City of Rome
during the First Century c. E.
Tant de causes secretes se melent souvent a la cause apparente, tant de ressorts
inconnus servent a persecuter un homme, qu'il est impossible de demeler dans les
siecles posterieures la source cachee des malheurs des hommes les plus consider
ables, a plus forte raison celle du supplice d'un particulier qui ne pouvait etre
connu que par ceux de son parti.
-Voltaire, Traite sur la tolerance (1763)
IN THIS ARTICLE I want to discuss the evidence for expulsions of Jews from
the city of Rome in the first century C.E. Scholars have long been interested in the
reasons underlying these expulsions. Because the anci.
Ford VS ChevroletThere are many reasons that make the Chevy.docxTatianaMajor22
Ford VS Chevrolet
There are many reasons that make the Chevy’s and Ford’s motors two most common trucks. Studies reveal that that they are the most popular vehicles on sales today. It is because they are powerful, versatile and reasonably priced. They also come in a wide variety of configurations and styles. However, many buyers and sellers have questioned themselves on the better vehicle compared to the other in terms of quality, Wi-Fi, price ranges, value, and costs. To compare and contrast on this subject, let us take an example of two vehicles each from each company to facilitate comparison.
Ford offers the full-size track with automatic high-beam control, automatic parallel parking and power-retractable running boards. Fords are elegant, and they are mostly aluminum making them save weight and bolster gas mileage. None of these features are offered Chevy’s. Chevrolets have outstanding quality. They are mostly comprised of steel, for instance, the Chevrolet Silverado. This makes them good for rough roads and difficult terrains.
Fords have employed the use of up to date Wi-Fi technology. Ford intends to provide the Ford Sync, which will provide robust connections for occupants. Latest Chevrolet brands Malibu utilize the 4G LTE Wi-Fi Technology that provides rich in-vehicle experiences. This technology is powerful compared to Ford Sync, and is used for connecting devices and executing few remote operations within the car.
From the value and cost standpoint, Ford can consume a little more, and its payload capacity is a little higher. Additionally, its mileage is too better. The prices vary from nation to nation. Chevrolet seems to be a little cheaper, and reasonably priced going for $33,044, which is slightly less than Ford, but the differences are not serious to propel buyers towards one truck leaving the other
Technophiles are likely to put their preferences on Ford to Chevrolet. On overall, Fords have many features as compared Chevy’s. However, they may be hard to maintain. Compared to Fords, Chevrolets are reliable and cheaper. However, the two brands are equally good performers. It is, therefore, prudent to pick what one thinks would fit his or her usage and preference and personal style
Ethical Systems, Research Paper, Spring 2015, Douglas Green, Page 1 of 1
Ethical
Systems/Final
Research
Paper
2,000
words
minimum,
double-‐spaced
Final
Draft
Due:
Tuesday,
April
28,
12:00
pm
(afternoon)
Please
email
your
final
research
paper
to
me
via
MS
Word
attachment
AND
by
cutting/pasting
the
entire
document
into
the
body
of
your
email.
IF
YOU
DO
NOT
RECEIVE
A
CONFIRMATION
EMAIL
BACK,
I
DID
NOT
RECEIVE
YOUR
ESSAY
AND
YOU
WILL
LOSE
ALL
CREDIT
FOR
THIS
REQUIREMENT.
NO
LATE
WORK
WILL
BE
ACCEPTED…
PERIOD!
.
Fairness and Discipline Weve all been disciplined at one.docxTatianaMajor22
Fairness and Discipline
We've all been disciplined at one time or another by a parent or a teacher. What disciplinary experiences have you had as a child that took a non-punitive approach?
I need paragraph or half page with reference
.
Appendix 12A Statement of Cash Flows—Direct MethodLEARNING .docxTatianaMajor22
Appendix 12A
Statement of Cash Flows—Direct Method
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
6
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the direct method.
To explain and illustrate the direct method, we will use the transactions of Computer Services Company for 2014, to prepare a statement of cash flows. Illustration 12A-1 presents information related to 2014 for Computer Services Company.
To prepare a statement of cash flows under the direct approach, we will apply the three steps outlined in Illustration 12-4.
Illustration 12A-1
Comparative balance sheets, income statement, and additional information for Computer Services Company
STEP 1: OPERATING ACTIVITIES
DETERMINE NET CASH PROVIDED/USED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES BY CONVERTING NET INCOME FROM AN ACCRUAL BASIS TO A CASH BASIS
Under the direct method, companies compute net cash provided by operating activities by adjusting each item in the income statement from the accrual basis to the cash basis. To simplify and condense the operating activities section, companies report only major classes of operating cash receipts and cash payments. For these major classes, the difference between cash receipts and cash payments is the net cash provided by operating activities. These relationships are as shown in Illustration 12A-2.
Illustration 12A-2
Major classes of cash receipts and payments
An efficient way to apply the direct method is to analyze the items reported in the income statement in the order in which they are listed. We then determine cash receipts and cash payments related to these revenues and expenses. The following pages present the adjustments required to prepare a statement of cash flows for Computer Services Company using the direct approach.
CASH RECEIPTS FROM CUSTOMERS.
The income statement for Computer Services Company reported sales revenue from customers of $507,000. How much of that was cash receipts? To answer that, companies need to consider the change in accounts receivable during the year. When accounts receivable increase during the year, revenues on an accrual basis are higher than cash receipts from customers. Operations led to revenues, but not all of these revenues resulted in cash receipts.
To determine the amount of cash receipts, the company deducts from sales revenue the increase in accounts receivable. On the other hand, there may be a decrease in accounts receivable. That would occur if cash receipts from customers exceeded sales revenue. In that case, the company adds to sales revenue the decrease in accounts receivable. For Computer Services Company, accounts receivable decreased $10,000. Thus, cash receipts from customers were $517,000, computed as shown in Illustration 12A-3.
Illustration 12A-3
Computation of cash receipts from customers
Computer Services can also determine cash receipts from customers from an analysis of the Accounts Receivable account, as shown in Illustration 12A-4.
Illustration 12A-4
Analysis of Accounts Receivable
Illustration.
Effects of StressProvide a 1-page description of a stressful .docxTatianaMajor22
Effects of Stress
Provide a 1-page description of a stressful event currently occurring in your life.
Discuss I am married work a full time job as an occupational therapy assistant am taking two courses
Have to take care of a home feed the animals attend to laundry
Think of my pateitns worry about their well being and what I can do for them ( I bring home my patients issues)
Constantly doing paper work for work such as documentation for billing
I feel like I have no free time for me some days I don’t even eat dinner or lunch because I don’t have time to make anything or am just too tired to cook
On top of this I am married and married ppl do argue and my husband am I have been bunting heads on finances.
Then, referring to information you learned throughout this course, address the following:
· What physiological changes occur in the brain due to the stress response?
· What emotional and cognitive effects might occur due to this stressful situation?
· Would the above changes (physiological, cognitive, or emotional) be any different if the same stress were being experienced by a person of the opposite sex or someone much older or younger than you?
· If the situation continues, how might your physical health be affected?
· What three behavioral strategies would you implement to reduce the effects of this stressor? Describe each strategy. Explain how each behavior could cause changes in brain physiology (e.g., exercise can raise serotonin levels).
· If you were encouraging an adult client to make the above changes, what ethical considerations would you have to keep in mind? How would you address those ethical considerations?
In addition to citing the online course and the text, you are also required to cite a minimum of four scholarly sources. For reputable web sources, look for .gov or .edu sites as opposed to .com sites. Please do not use Wikipedia.
Your paper should be double-spaced, in 12-point Times New Roman font, and with normal 1-inch margins; written in APA style; and free of typographical and grammatical errors. It should include a title page with a running head, an abstract, and a reference page.
The body of the paper should be at least 6 pages in length total
not including the reference or title page
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Described a stressful event.
20
Explained the physiological changes that occur in the brain due to the stress response.
36
Explained the emotional and cognitive effects that may occur due to this stressful situation.
32
Analyzed potential differences in physiological, cognitive, and emotional responses in someone of a different age or sex.
32
Discussed the physical health risks.
28
Provided three behavioral strategies to reduce the effects of the stressor and explained how each could cause changes in brain physiology.
40
Analyzed ethical considerations in implementing behavioral strategies and offered suggestions for addressing these.
40
Integrated at least two scholarly references .
Design Factors NotesCIO’s Office 5 People IT Chief’s Offi.docxTatianaMajor22
Design Factors
Notes
CIO’s Office
5 People
IT Chief’s Office
5 People
LAN/WAN Maint.
20 People
Reception
4 People
Telecommunications
20 People
LAN Management
50 People
Server Room A
2 Person
Server Room B
4 Person
Equipment:
Patch Cable
Computer to Wall
Patch Cable
LAN Room
Cable Trays/Runs
Horizontal Runs
Cisco Border Router
Research: Attached to 5 Floor Switches
Server Room A
10 Servers
Server Room B
10 Servers
Computers
One Per Person
Standard floor (first floor) Lesson 2 Project Plan info
Design Factors
Notes
CIO’s Office
5 People
IT Chief’s Office
5 People
LAN/WAN Maint.
20 People
Reception
4 People
Telecommunications
20 People
LAN Management
50 People
Server Room A
2 Person
Server Room B
4 Person
Equipment:
Patch Cable
Computer to Wall
Patch Cable
LAN Room
Cable Trays/Runs
Horizontal Runs
Cisco Border Router
Research: Attached to 5 Floor Switches
Server Room A
10 Servers
Server Room B
10 Servers
Computers
One Per Person
Basement floor
Design Factors
Notes
Vertical Riser Run
On Outside Wall of LAN Room on Each Floor.
Fiber-Optic Multimode
Riser Runs: Backbone
SC Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cable
Cisco Catalyst: Switch: WS-C3750G-24PS-S: 24 Ports
Leave a Minimum of four ports free on each switch
Color Laser Printer
Minimum of One per Room or One per 20 people
Vertical Riser Run
On Outside Wall of LAN Room on Each Floor and Server RM B on this floor.
Fiber-Optic Multimode
Riser Runs: Backbone
SC Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cable
Cable Trays/Runs
Horizontal Runs
Horizontal Runs
Leave a Minimum of four ports free on each switch
Applicataion
U.S. Minimum Requirement Ranges
Space per Employee - 1997
Two people, such as a supervisor and an employee, can meet in an office with a table or desk between them
60" to 72" x 90" to 126:/5.78m2 to 11.7m2
280Sq. Ft./26.0m2
Worker has a primary desk plus a return
60" to 72"x60"to 84"/5.78 to 7.8m2
193Sq. Ft./17.9m2
Executive office - three to four people can meet around a desk
105 to 130"x96 to 123"/9.75 to 11.4 m2
142Sq. Ft./13.2m2
Basic workstation such as a call center
42" to 52" x 60" to 72"/3.9 to 6.7 m2
114Sq. Ft./10.6 m2
NT1310: Project
Page 1
PRO JECT D ESC RIPT ION
As the project manager for the Cable Planning team, you will manage the creation of the cable plan for
the new building that will be built, with construction set to begin in six weeks.
The deliverables for the entire Cable Plan will consist of an Executive Summary, a PowerPoint
Presentation and an Excel Spreadsheet. You will develop different parts of each of these in three parts.
The final organization should contain these elements:
The Executive Summary:
o Project Introduction
o Standards and Codes
Cable Standards and Codes
Building Standards and Codes
o Project Materials
o Copper Cable, Tools, and Test Equipment
o Fiber-Optic Cable, Tools, and Test Equipment
o Fiber-Optic Design Considerations
o Basement Server Comp.
Question 12.5 pointsSaveThe OSU studies concluded that le.docxTatianaMajor22
The document contains questions about leadership, motivation, communication, groups/teams, and decision making. The questions assess knowledge of topics like situational leadership theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, organizational communication barriers, stages of team development, and group decision making techniques like brainstorming.
Case Study 1 Questions1. What is the allocated budget .docxTatianaMajor22
Case Study 1 Questions:
1. What is the allocated budget ? $250,000
2. Where does the server room located? Currently, there is no server room
3. What is the number of users with PCs inside each existing site?
Currently there are
4. What is the current cabling used in each location? (cat5e or cat6) Current cabling does not meet the company’s current and future needs
5. Do want us to upgrade token Ring or use a completely new Ethernet network What is your recommendation and why?
6. regarding the ordering system , it is not clear what the we should do , do you want to talk about how to connect the system to the network or how to built the ordering online system because it is more software engineering than networking . Talk about the kind of network (hardware) you recommend based on the business requirements
7. all the sites should have access to our servers in the main branch? yes
8. Regarding the order software, do you need more details about the way it works or just about its connection with the network? Your solution should be from a network point of view
9. Distances are given in Meters or feet? feet
10. Shipment is done by truck, or ships? Currently, only trucking
11. In Dimebox branch, where are administration offices located? See Business goals # 4
12. What is the current network connectivity status? How many devices are currently on the network? How they are physically laid out? Is cabling running all over the floor, hidden in walls or threaded through the ceiling? What are the switches used and its speed? Currently, only the office is networked (token ring) NOVELL
13. What is the minimum Internet speed wanted? See Business Goals on page 2 – I only can tell you what we need the network for, you must tell me what we need to meet the business needs
14. Will the corporation provide wireless access? If yes will it be in all department and buildings? Wireless access would be helpful if we can justify the cost
15. Are there phones in offices? yes
16. What is the internet speed available now? What speed do you want for future? Internet access is through time warner cable company which is not very reliable
17. Do employees access their emails outside the company? yes
18. Do you have plans for future expansion? We like to increase our customer base by 20% over the next year
REMEMBER, you are the IT expert, I’m only a business person who must rely on your expertise.
Network Design and Performance
Case Study
Dooma-Flochies, Inc. with headquarters located on Podunk Road in Trumansburg, NY, is the sole manufacturer of Dooma-Flochies (big surprise). They currently have a manufacturing facility in, Lake Ridge, NY (across Cayuga Lake) on Cayuga Dr. and have recently diversified by purchasing a company, This-N-That, on Industry Ave. in, Dime Box Texas. This-N-That is the sole competitor of Domma-Flochies with their product Thinga-Ma-Jigs. This acquisition gives Dooma-Flochies, Inc a monopoly in this mark.
Behavior in OrganizationsIntercultural Communications Exercise .docxTatianaMajor22
Behavior in Organizations
Intercultural Communications Exercise Response Paper –
Week 5
The most overt cultural differences, such as greeting rituals and name format, can be overcome most easily. The underlying, intangible differences are very difficult to overcome. In this case, the underlying cultural differences are
· Assumptions about the purpose of the event (is the party strictly for fun and for relationship building, or are their business matters to take care of?).
· Assumptions about the purpose and the nature of business relationship.
· Assumptions about power and leadership relationships (who makes the decisions and how?).
· Response styles (verbal and nonverbal signals of agreement, disagreement, politeness, etc.).
Many (though not all) cultural differences can be overcome if you carefully observe other people, think creatively, remain flexible, and remember that your own culture is not inherently superior to others.
The Scenario
Three corporations are planning a joint venture to sponsor an international concert tour. The corporations are Decibel, an agency representing the musicians (from the US, Britain, and Japan); Images, a marketing firm which will handle sales of tickets, snacks and beverages, clothing, and CDs; and Event, a special events company which will hire the ushers, concessionaires, and security officers; print the programs; and clean up the arenas after the shows. The companies come from three different cultures: Blue, Green, and Red. Each has specific cultural traits, customs, and practices.
You are a manager in one of these companies. You will attend the opening cocktail party in Perth, Australia the evening before a 3-day meeting during which the three companies will negotiate the details of the partnership. Your management team includes a Vice President and a number of other managers.
During the 3-day meeting, the companies have the following goals:
Decibel
· As high a royalty rate as possible on sales of T-shirts, videos, and CDs
· Aggressive marketing and advertising to increase attendance and sales
· Good security, both before and during the show Image
Image
· Well known bands that will be easy to market
· As much income as possible from the concerts
· Smoothly functioning event so that publicity from early concerts is positive
Event
· Bands that are not likely to provoke stampedes, riots, or other antisocial behavior
· Bands that are reliable and will show up on time, ready to play
· As much income as possible from the concerts
The cultures that are assigned to the various companies are:
BLUE CULTURE
Image (Marketing Company)
Beliefs, Values, and Attitudes that Underlie This Culture’s Communication
Believe that fate and luck control most things.
Believe in feelings more than reasoning.
An authoritarian leader makes the ultimate decisions.
Nonverbal Traits of This Culture
Treat time as something that is unimportant. It is not a commodity that can be lost.
Conversation distance is close (about 15 inches, face-.
Discussion Question Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disord.docxTatianaMajor22
Discussion Question:
Comparison of Theories on Anxiety Disorders
There are numerous theories that attempt to explain the development and manifestation of psychological disorders. Some researchers hold that certain disorders result from learned behaviors (behavioral theory), while other researchers believe that there is a genetic or biological basis to psychological disorders (medical model), while still others hold that psychological disorders stem from unresolved unconscious conflict (psychoanalytic theory). How would each of these theoretical viewpoints explain anxiety disorders? Does one explain the development and manifestation of anxiety disorders better than the others?
200- 400 words please
Three min resources with
in text citations and examples
you can use the following as a module reference
cite as university 2014
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorders such as panic disorder, specific phobias, and social anxiety disorder feature a heightened autonomic nervous system response that is above and beyond what would be considered normal when faced with the object or situation that the person reacts to. For example, a person with a specific phobia of spiders (called arachnophobia) experiences a heightened autonomic response when confronted with a spider (or even an image of a spider). This anxiety response must result in significant distress or impairment. In general, anxiety disorders have been linked to underactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in overexcitability of the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex. Additionally, genetic research shows that anxiety disorders demonstrate a clear pattern of genetic predisposition
Charles Darwin's Perspective
We talked about Charles Darwin when discussing evolution and natural selection. Darwin was also very interested in emotions. One of his books published in 1872,The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, was devoted to this topic.
Darwin believed that emotions play an important role in the survival of the species and result from evolutionary processes in the same way as other behaviors and psychological functions. Darwin's writing on this topic also prompted psychologists to study animal behavior as a way to better understand human behavior.
James–Lange Theory of Emotions
Modern theories of emotion can be traced to William James and Carl Lange (Pinel, 2011). William James was a renowned Harvard psychologist who is sometimes called the father of American psychology. Carl Lange was a Danish physician. James and Lange formulated the same theory of emotions independently at about the same time (1884). As a result, it is called the James–Lange theory of emotions. This theory reversed the commonsensical notion that emotions are automatic responses to events around us. Instead, it proposes that emotions are the brain's interpretation of physiological responses to emotionally provocative stimuli.
Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotions
In 1915, Harvard physiologist Walt.
I have always liked Dustin Hoffmans style of acting, in this mov.docxTatianaMajor22
I have always liked Dustin Hoffman's style of acting, in this movie he takes on a sexually deprived young male just out of college, and has never been with a female, and is duped by horny older woman that feels neglected. Dustin Hoffman takes the characters form of a young male, goofy, respectful virgin and intelligent male, missing something but not really sure at the beginning till Ann Bancroft coaxes him with seduction to fulfill her own needs. In an other movie called "The life of Little Big Man" he plays almost the same character but as a white child raised by the Native Americans and a wise old chief that deeply care and loves him as his own, and Fay Dunaway plays a Holy rollers wife that is older and sexually deprived and feeling neglected by her husband and also she goes through major changes in her life from devoted wife, to a honey bell/ house hooker, whats funny Dustin Hoffman is a awesome actor but has to have his surrounding characters bring his character to life. The Graduate was Dustin Hoffman's first big movie of his career.
I actually liked movie "Little Big man" way better due to he went through major changes in his life, from being a Native boy warrior, captured by Yankees, meets Fay Dunaway who loves to give baths, to finding his sister who teaches him to be a gunslinger and then returns to his Grand Father to be a native again and tells his blind Grand Father the world of the white man is a crazy one, then his see the Psyho Col. Custer and gets his revenge by telling Custer the truth. The movie Little Big Man makes you laugh, teaches you things about people and survial and cry at times... its a must see...
Although a stray away from the Benjamin Braddock written about in the novel The Graduate, Dustin Hoffman does an awesome job with this character on film. When you first meet Ben he is at a party that his parents are throwing in his academic honor upon his graduation from school and return home. The whole night, Hoffman stumbles though various conversations and tries to coyly escape from the festivities. Small things such as this Hoffman did a great job at, conveying the hesitance and crisis that Ben was going through as a graduate. There are multiple times in the movie he hardly expresses anything at all, yet it clearly shows you that Ben is having a very hard time internally with everything going on. Even through his relationships with Mrs. Robinson and her daughter Elaine you see the young man struggling with himself through either failed attempts at affection or lack thereof.
.
Is obedience to the law sufficient to ensure ethical behavior Wh.docxTatianaMajor22
Is obedience to the law sufficient to ensure ethical behavior? Why, or why not? Support your answer with at least three reasons that justify your position.
100 words
Discuss the differences between an attitude and a behavior. Provide 4 substantive reasons why it is important for organizations to monitor and mitigate employee behavior that is either beneficial or detrimental to the organization's goals and existence.
150 words
.
If you are using the Blackboard Mobile Learn IOS App, please clic.docxTatianaMajor22
If you are using the Blackboard Mobile Learn IOS App, please click "View in Browser." V BUS 520Week 9 Assignment 4 Paper
I need the paper as soon as possible
Students, please view the "Submit a Clickable Rubric Assignment" in the Student Center.
Instructors, training on how to grade is within the Instructor Center.
Assignment 4: Leadership Style: What Do People Do When They Are Leading?
Due Week 9 and worth 100 points
Choose one (1) of the following CEOs for this assignment: Larry Page (Google), Tony Hsieh (Zappos), Gary Kelly (Southwest Airlines), Meg Whitman (Hewlett Packard), Ursula Burns (Xerox), Terri Kelly (W.L. Gore), Ellen Kullman (DuPont), or Bob McDonald (Procter & Gamble). Use the Internet to investigate the leadership style and effectiveness of the selected CEO. (Note: Just choose one that is easier for you to right about.) It does not matter to me which CEO you pick
Write a five to six (5-6) page paper in which you:
1. Provide a brief (one [1] paragraph) background of the CEO.
2. Analyze the CEO’s leadership style and philosophy, and how the CEO’s leadership style aligns with the culture.
3. Examine the CEO’s personal and organizational values.
4. Evaluate how the values of the CEO are likely to influence ethical behavior within the organization.
5. Determine the CEO’s three (3) greatest strengths and three (3) greatest weaknesses.
6. Select the quality that you believe contributes most to this leader’s success. Support your reasoning.
7. Assess how communication and collaboration, and power and politics influence group (i.e., the organization’s) dynamics.
8. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
· Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
· Analyze the formation and dynamics of group behavior and work teams, including the application of power in groups.
· Outline various individual and group decision-making processes and key factors affecting these processes.
· Examine the primary conflict levels within organization and the process for negotiating resolutions.
· Examine how power and influence empower and affect office politics, political interpretations, and political behavior.
· Use technology and information resources to research issues in organizational behavior.
· Write clearly and concisely about organizational behavior using proper writing mechanics.
Click here.
Is the proliferation of social media and communication devices a .docxTatianaMajor22
Social media and communication devices have both benefits and drawbacks for society. While they allow easy connection with others and access to information, overuse can negatively impact relationships and mental health. Overall, moderation is key to reap the upsides of technology while avoiding the downsides.
MATH 107 FINAL EXAMINATIONMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Deter.docxTatianaMajor22
The document contains a 30-question math exam covering topics like functions, graphs, equations, inequalities, logarithms, and other math concepts. It includes multiple choice, short answer, and show work questions assessing skills like domain and range, solving equations, graphing, composites, inverses, lines, maximizing profit, and more. Students must demonstrate mathematical reasoning and problem-solving abilities.
If the CIO is to be valued as a strategic actor, how can he bring.docxTatianaMajor22
If the CIO is to be valued as a strategic actor, how can he bring to the table the ethos of alignment, bound to the demands of process strategic planning to move IT to the forefront of the organization's future? Is there a lack of information on strategic planning? Nope. I think the process of planning is poorly understood, and rarely endorsed. The reasons are simple enough. Planning requires a commitment of resources (time, talent, money); it requires insight; it requires a total immersion in the corporate culture. While organizations do plan, planning is invariably attached to the budget process. It is typically here that the CIO lays out his/her vision for the coming year Now a few years ago authors began writing on the value of aligning IT purpose to organizational purpose. They wrote at a time when enterprise architectural planning was fairly new, and enterprise resource management was on the lips of every executive. My view is that alignment is a natural process driven by the availability of the tools to accomplish it. Twenty years ago making sense of IT was more about processing power, and database management. We are in a new age of IT, and it is the computer that is the network, not the network as an independent self-contained exchange of information. If you will spend some time reviewing the basic materials I provided on strategic planning and alignment, we can begin our discussions for the course. Again, here is the problem I would like for us to tackle: If the CIO is to be valued as a strategic actor, how can he bring to the table the ethos of alignment, bound to the demands of process strategic planning to move IT to the forefront of the organization's future? Most of the articles I bundled together for this week are replete with tables and charts. These can be a heavy read. Your approach should be to review these articles for the "big ideas" or lessons that are take away. I think these studies are significant enough that we will conclude our first week with an understanding of the roles between executive leaders, and how they see Information Technology playing a role in shaping a business strategy.
Read the articles to answer the question. Please No Plagerism or verbatim but you are allowed to quote from the article.
Achieving and Sustaining
Business-IT Alignment
Jerry Luftman
Tom Brier
I
n recent decades, billions of dollars have been invested in intormation tech-
nology (IT). A key concern of business executives is alignment—applying IT
in an appropriate and timely way and in harmony with business strategies,
goals, and needs. This issue addresses both how IT is aligned with the busi-
ness and how the business should be aligned with IT Frustratingly, organizations
seem to find it difficult or impossible to harness the power of information tech-
nology for their own long-term benefit, even though there is worldwide evi-
dence that IT has the power to transform whole industries and markets.' How
can companies.
I am showing below the proof of breakeven, which is fixed costs .docxTatianaMajor22
I am showing below the proof of breakeven, which is fixed costs/ contribution margin.
We start with the definition of breakeven and proceed using elementary algebra to derive the formula. Breakeven is a number and is created by knowing fixed and variable costs, and the retail sales price. It is thus not a point of discussion but is based on the assumptions of these variables.
Proof of Breakeven
Definition of BreakevenVolume: Total Revenue = Total Expenses
Definition
1.Total Revenue = Total Expenses
Breakdown of Definition
2. Retail Price * Volume = Fixed Expenses + Variable Expenses
Further Analysis
3. Retail Price * Volume = Fixed Expenses + (Volume * Unit Variable Expenses)
Subtract (Volume * Unit Variable Expenses) from both sides
4. Fixed Expenses = (Retail Price * Volume) — (Volume * Unit Variable Expenses)
Factor
5. Fixed Expenses = Volume * (Retail Price – Unit Variable Expenses)
Divide both sides by (Retail Price – Unit Variable Expenses)
6. Volume = Fixed Expenses
(Retail Price – Unit Variable Expenses)
Substitution based on Definition
7. Since (Retail Price — Unit Variable Expenses) is called Contribution Margin,
Therefore:
Breakeven Volume = Fixed Expenses / Contribution Margin
NAME_________________________________________________ DATE ____________
1. Explain some of the economic, social, and political considerations involved in changing the tax law.
2. Explain the difference between a Partnership, a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) and a Limited Liability Company (LLC). In each structure who has liability?
3. How is “control” defined for purposes of Section 351 of the IRS Code?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using debt in a firm’s capital structure?
5. Under what circumstances is a corporation’s assumption of liabilities considered boot in a Section 351exchange?
6. What are the tax consequences for the transferor and transferee when property is transferred to a newly created corporation in an exchange qualifying as nontaxable under Section 351?
7. Why are corporations allowed a dividend-received deduction? What dividends qualify for this special deduction?
8. Provide 3 examples of a Constructive Dividend. Are these Constructive Dividends taxable?
9. Discuss the tax consequences of a new Partnership Formation and give details to gain and losses and basis?
10. Provide 2 similarities and 2 differences when comparing Sections 351 and 721 of the IRS Code.
11. What is the difference between inside and outside basis with a partnership?
12. ABC Partnership distributes $12,000 of taxable income to partner Bob and $24,000 of tax-exempt income to Partner Bob. As a result of these two distributions, how does Bob’s basis change?
13. On January 1, Katie pays $2,000 for a 10% capital, profits, and loss interest in a partnership.
Examine the way in which death and dying are viewed at different .docxTatianaMajor22
Examine the way in which death and dying are viewed at different points in human development.
Using only my text as a reference:
Berger, K.S. (2011). The developing person through the life span (8th ed.).
I need 3 detailed PowerPoint slide with very detailed speaker notes. There must be detailed speaker notes on each slide. The 4th slide will be the reference.
.
Karimi 1 Big Picture Blog Post First Draft College .docxTatianaMajor22
Karimi 1
Big Picture Blog Post First Draft
College Girls in Media
Sogand Karimi
Media and Hollywood movies have affected and influenced society’s perception on
female college students. Due to Hollywood movies and media, society mostly recognizes the
negative stereotypes of a college women. Saran Donahoo, an associate professor and education
administration of Southern Illinois University, once said, “The messages in these films
consistently emphasized college as a place where young women come to have fun, engage in
romances with young men, experiment with sex and alcohol, face dilemmas regarding body
image, and encounter difficulties in associating with other college women.” In this essay I will
be talking about the recurring stereotypes and themes portrayed in three hollywood movies,
Spring Breakers, The house bunny and Legally Blond and how these stereotypes affect our
society.
The movie Spring Breakers is about four college girls who are bored with their daily
routines and want to escape on a spring break vacation to Florida. After realizing they don’t have
enough money, they rub a local diner with fake guns and ski masks. They break the laws in order
to get down to Florida, just to break more rules and laws once they’re there. During the film, you
will notice a lot of partying, drugs and sexual activity. The four girls wear bikinis for majority of
the film and are overly sexual. These are some common themes and stereotypes seen in all three
movies. Media and movies like spring breakers have made it a norm to constantly want to party,
get drunk and have sex as a college woman. In an article by Heather Long, she mentions how the
movie can even be seen as supporting rape culture. She believes because of these stereotypes
always being shown in media, it is contributing to the “girls asking for it” excuse when it comes
to rape cases with young girls. Long also said “...never mind the fact that thousands of college
students are spending their spring break not on a beach, but volunteering with groups like Habitat
for Humanity and the United Way, especially after Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy.” THIS shows
how media only displays one side of a certain group or story. Even though not all college girls
like to party and lay on a beach naked for spring break, that’s what media likes to portray. Not
only does this give the wrong message to our society but it influences bigger issues like rape, as
the author mentioned.
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/10/alternative-spring-break_n_494028.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/10/alternative-spring-break_n_494028.html
Karimi 2
The movie House bunny. The House bunny is a movie about an ex playmate or girlfriend
if Hugh Hefner that gets kicked out of the Playboy Mansion due to her aging. She then becomes
a mother of an unpopular sorority with girls that are bit geeky, and unusual compared to other
girls on campus. The story.
Please try not to use hard words Thank youWeek 3Individual.docxTatianaMajor22
Please try not to use hard words Thank you
Week 3
Individual
Problems and Goals Case Study
Select one of the following three case studies in Ch. 6 of The Helping Process:
· Case Susanna
· Case James and Samantha
· Case Alicia and Montford
Identify three to five problems in the case study you have selected.
Write a 500- to 700-word paperthatincludes the following:
· A problem-solving strategy and a goal for each problem
· The services, resources, and supports the client may need and why
· A description of how goals are measurable and realistically attainable for the client
Here is the case studies
Exercise 3: Careful Assessment
The following case studies are about Susanna, James, Samantha, Alicia, and Montford, all
homeless children attending school. The principal of the school has asked you to conduct
an assessment of these children and provide initial recommendations.
Before you begin this exercise, go to the website that accompanies this book: www.
wadsworth.com/counseling/mcclam, Chapter Three, Link 1, to read more about homeless
families and children.
Susanna
Susanna is 15 years old. Th e city where she lives has four schools: two elementary, one
middle, and one high school. Th ere are about 1,500 students enrolled in the city/county
school district and about 450 in the local high school that Susanna is attending. For the
past six months, Susanna has been living with her boyfriend and his parents. Prior to this,
she left her mother’s home and lived on the streets. She is pregnant and her boyfriend’s
parents want her to move out of their home. Her father lives in a town with his girlfriend,
about 50 miles from the city. Her mother lives outside the city with Susanna’s baby brother.
Right now Susanna’s mother is receiving child support for the two children. Susanna wants
to have a portion of the child support so that she can find a place of her own to live. Her
mother says that the only way that Susanna can have access to that money is to move back
home. Susanna refuses to move back in with her mother.
You receive a call from the behavior specialist at Susanna’s high school. Susanna’s
mother is at the school demanding that Susanna be withdrawn from school. Susanna’s
mother indicates that Susanna will be moving in with her and will be enrolling in another
school district.
Currently Susanna is not doing very well in school. She misses school and she tells the
helper it is because she is tired and that she does not have good food to eat. She has not told
the helper that she is looking for a place to live. Right now she is failing two of her classes
and she has one B and two Ds. Her boyfriend has missed a lot of school, too.
James and Samantha
James is 10 years old and he has a sister, Samantha, who is 8. At the beginning of the
school year, both of the children were attending Boone Elementary School. Both children
live with their aunt and uncle; their parents are in prison. In the middle of the scho.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study Statistical ForecastingDr.
1. 1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study: Statistical Forecasting
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna
University Medical Center, has been studying a new variant of a
skin disease virus that seems to be surfacing among the North
Luna University population. This variant (which has been
tentatively named Painful Rash or PR), leads to the formation of
surface lesions on an individual's body. These lesions are very
similar to small boils or isolated shingles sores. These PR
lesions are not necessarily clustered as shingles lesions are, but
are isolated across the body.
Insights From Initial Interviews
Megan is initiating some efforts at a preliminary analysis. She
has seen 20 initial patients and made several observations about
the skin disease. She wants to analyze this initial data before
structuring and recommending a more encompassing study.
The signs and symptoms of this disorder usually affect multiple
sections of the patient's body. These signs and symptoms may
include:
· Pain, burning, numbness or tingling, but pain is always
present.
· Sensitivity to touch.
· A red rash that begins a few days after the pain.
· Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
· Itching.
Some people also experience:
· Fever.
· Headache.
· Sensitivity to light.
· Fatigue.
Pain is always the first symptom of PR. For some, it can be
intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes
be mistaken for a symptom of problems affecting the heart,
lungs, or kidneys. Some people experience PR pain without ever
2. developing the rash. The degree of pain that the individual
experiences is seemingly proportional to the number of lesions.
Dr. Zobb is extremely concerned that this new variant is
especially challenging to the younger population, who are active
and like to be outdoors. She has asked you as an analyst and
statistician for some assistance in analyzing her initial data. She
is not a biostatistician, so she requests that you explain the
process you use and your interpretation of the results for each
task.
Initial Data Analysis
Dr. Zobb has accumulated some data on an initial set of 20
patients across multiple age groups. She believes that the
data suggests younger individuals are affected more than
others. She wants you to complete the tasks shown here based
on the data below.
For each of the following, provide a detailed explanation of the
process you used along with your interpretation of the results.
Submit the response in a Word document and attach your Excel
spreadsheet to show your calculations (where applicable). Be
sure to number each response (e.g., 1.a, 1.b,…).
1. Develop an equation to model the data using a regression
analysis approach and explain your calculation process in Excel.
1. Calculate the r-square statistic using Excel. Interpret the
meaning of the r-square statistic in this case.
1. Determine three conclusions that address the initial
observations and are supported by the regression analysis.
Regression Analysis Initial Data
Patient Number
Age of Patient
Number of Lesions
1
24
16
2
63
7
4. 15
26
18
16
25
19
17
31
12
18
19
29
19
18
25
20
21
17
Effects of Sunlight Analysis
In her initial observations, Dr. Zobb notices that the number of
lesions that appear on a patient seems to be dependent on the
amount of direct sunlight exposure that the patient receives. She
is uncertain at this point why this would be the case, but she is
a good experimentalist and is trying to establish some
observations that have statistical validity. She has taken a
limited amount of data on 8 patients and wants you to complete
the appropriate analysis based on the data below (be sure to
show your work):
1. Develop an equation to model the data using a regression
analysis approach and explain your calculation process, using
Excel.
1. Megan has a small group of three additional patients that are
the same age that she wants to examine for lesions. She knows
the number of hours of continuous exposure to direct sunlight
that each has experienced. Predict the number of lesions that
5. each of these patients will have based on the regression analysis
that you completed in your initial data analysis:
. Patient 9 – 193 hours.
. Patient 10 – 219 hours.
. Patient 11 – 84 hours.
· Determine three conclusions based on the correlation of the
number of lesions to hours of sunlight exposure, using
regression analysis.
Sunlight Exposure Regression Data
Patient Number
Time of Continuous Exposure to Direct Sunlight
(Minutes)
Number of Lesions
1
225
24
2
184
16
3
220
20
4
240
26
5
180
14
6
184
16
7
186
20
8
215
6. 22
Over the Counter Medication Effectiveness Analysis
Dr. Zobb wants to test several over the counter lotions—that is,
lotions available without a prescription—that can be applied
directly to the lesions. She wants to determine whether there is
a difference in the mean length of time it takes these three types
of pain lotions to provide relief from the pain caused by these
lesions. Megan is hoping that one of these lotions might be
more promising than the others. Several sufferers (with roughly
the same number of lesions) are randomly selected and given
one of the three medications. Each sufferer records the time (in
minutes) it takes the medication to begin working. The results
are shown in the table below. She asks you to answer these
questions (be sure to show your work).
· State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis for
this situation.
· At α = 0.01, can you conclude that the mean times are
different? Assume that each population of relief times is
normally distributed and that the population variances are
equal. Hint: Use a one-way ANOVA to solve this problem. Be
certain to show your calculations and describe the process you
used to solve this problem.
· Determine three conclusions on the effectiveness of the
medication by addressing observations or hypotheses regarding
these initial tests.
Effectiveness of Over the Counter Medications
Medication 1 (Minutes)
Medication 2 (Minutes)
Medication 3 (Minutes)
12
16
14
15
14
17
17
7. 21
20
12
15
15
19
Summary of Data Analysis
Now that you have all of your data analysis:
· Provide a three-paragraph summary of the findings you
learned through the analysis.
· Provide three data-driven suggestions for further exploration.
This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards. For
assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing
Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course. Check with
your professor for any additional instructions.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this
assignment is:
· Recommend a course of action utilizing quantitative methods
for health services including biostatistics, forecasting, and the
modeling of predictive functions.
· By submitting this paper, you agree: (1) that you are
submitting your paper to be used and stored as part of the
SafeAssign™ services in accordance with the Blackboard
Privacy Policy; (2) that your institution may use your paper in
accordance with your institution's policies; and (3) that your use
of SafeAssign will be without recourse against Blackboard Inc.
and its affiliates.
·
8. Question and writing rules
Module 02: Critical Thinking Assignment
Critical Thinking: Student Advocacy and “Sweatshop” Labor:
The Case of Russell Athletic
Using the Six Steps of Decision-Making framework from this
week’s content, please develop an essay responding to the
following questions related to the case study Student Advocacy
and “Sweatshop” Labor: The Case of Russell Athletic (p. 109) .
Recognize decision requirement:
What are the factors to consider in a corporation when deciding
to outsource labor to developing countries? Include the
following:
1. Diagnosis and analysis of causes: If labor outsourcing to
developing countries is a legitimate business strategy, how can
it be handled without risk of running into a sweatshop scandal?
2. Development of alternatives: What are other countries doing
to avoid, reduce or eliminate sweatshops?
Selection of desired alternative: Decide on alternatives for
outsourcing for companies in developed countries, including
whether or not to maintain or implement the same high labor
standards and regulations as in the home countries.
9. 3. Implementation of alternatives: Which alternatives would be
best for outsourcing for companies in the United States?
4. Evaluation and feedback:
1)-Have your recommendations been implemented in other
countries?
2)- Are they working?
3)-What has been the outcome?
Required:
· Chapters 2 & 3 in International Management: Culture,
Strategy, and Behavior
· Chapter 2 PowerPoint slidesChapter 2 PowerPoint slides -
Alternative Formats in International Management: Culture,
Strategy, and Behavior
· “In-Depth Integrative Case Study 1.1: Student Advocacy and
“Sweatshop” Labor: The Case of Russell Athletic” (p. 109), in
International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior.
· Lander, C. (2018). Foreign investment adaptations to the
changing political and economic environments of the agro-food
sector: A case study of Cargill Russia. Problems of Post-
Communism, 65(3), 201-219.
· The Lancet. (2019). Dealing with drug pricing: not just one
solution. Lancet (London, England), 392(10165), 2655.
Recommended:
Comanor, W., Schweitzer, S., Riddle, J. & Schoenberg, F.
(2018). Value based pricing of pharmaceuticals in the US and
UK: Does centralized cost effectiveness analysis
matter? Review of Industrial Organization, 52(4), 589-602.
10. Essay should meet the following requirements:
· Be 5 pages in length, which does not include the title page,
abstract, or required reference page, which is never a part of the
content minimum requirements.
· Use APA (7th ed) style guidelines.
· Support your submission with course material concepts,
principles, and theories from the textbook and at least five
scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
Writing rules
· Use a standard essay format for responses to all questions
(i.e., an introduction, middle paragraphs, headline (and
conclusion).
· Make sure to include all the key points within conclusion
section, which is discussed in the assignment. Your way of
conclusion should be logical, flows from the body of the paper,
and reviews the major points.
· I would like to see more depth for the question
· Responses must be submitted as a MS Word Document only,
typed double-spaced, using a standard font (i.e. Times New
Roman) and 12 point type size.
· Plagiarism All work must be free of any form of plagiarism.
· Written answers into your own words. Do not simply cut and
11. paste your answers from the Internet and do not copy your
answers from the textbook
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Narrative citation,
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39. IV
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S
O
F
T
H
E
C
H
A
PT
E
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Chapter 2
THE POLITICAL, LEGAL, AND
TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
The World of International
Management
Social Media and Political
Change
T he struggle for government reform has traditionally been a
long, painful process. In the past, uprisings in
the Middle East were often violently and horrifically
repressed by corrupt dictators. Governments censored and
40. controlled news organizations, hiding the atrocities of war
from the view of the global community. For example, the
true scale of the 1982 Hama massacre, where at least
10,000 Syrian revolutionaries were killed by government
forces, is still unclear. Over the last few years, however, the
transparency of war and the resulting pace of change
appear to be rapidly increasing.
The ongoing conflict in Syria, which arose in the wake of
the “Arab Spring” that spread across Egypt, Tunisia, and Libya
in the early 2010s, has been particularly impacted by the use
of social media. Journalism, communication, and transparency
from within Syria have all been redefined by the use of social
media by ordinary citizens. Unlike past conflicts, the Syrian
civil war and resulting refugee crisis are unraveling in real time
to a global audience in photos and videos through YouTube,
Facebook, and Twitter.
Social Media as an Organizing Tool
While previous uprisings lacked widespread communication
tools, those engaged in the Syrian conflict are equipped with
smartphones and social media. Syrian government loyalists,
Syrian revolutionaries, and the terrorist organization Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) have all utilized social media to
quickly and efficiently organize their supporters. In the early
years of the conflict, the pro-revolution Facebook group “The
Syrian Revolution 2011” swelled to nearly half a million mem-
bers, while the group supporting Syrian President Bashar al -
Assad had nearly 3 million. ISIS has released propaganda
videos on all forms of social media, and the terror group has
maintained multiple Twitter accounts in an attempt to recruit
internationally.
Evidence suggests that revolutionaries in particular have
mobilized successfully through social media. Inspired by videos
The broader political, legal, and technological environment
faced by international managers is changing rapidly. Changes
41. in this environment are more common and rapid, presenting
challenges for managers seeking to respond and adapt to this
environment. Although there are many dimensions of the
external environment relevant to international management,
economic considerations covered in the last chapter are
among the most important, along with cultural issues covered
in Part Two. However, the political, legal, regulatory, and tech-
nological dimensions also bear on the international manager in
highly significant ways. The objective of this chapter is to
examine how the political, legal, regulatory, and technological
environments have changed in recent years, and how these
changes pose challenges and opportunities for international
managers. In Chapter 10, we return to some of these themes,
especially as they relate to political risk and managing the
political environment. In this chapter, we outline some of the
major trends in the political, legal, and technological environ-
ment that will shape the world in which international managers
will compete. The specific objectives of this chapter are
1. INTRODUCE the basic political systems that characterize
regions and countries around the world and offer brief
examples of each and their implications for international
management.
2. PRESENT an overview of the legal and regulatory environ-
ment in which MNCs operate worldwide, and highlight differ-
ences in approach to legal and regulatory issues in different
jurisdictions.
3. REVIEW key technological developments, including the
growth of e-commerce, and discuss their impact on MNCs
now and in the future.
45
42. Social Media as a Journalistic Tool
In the early stages of the war, the Syrian government banned
international news media from covering the revolution. As a
result, social media became the primary source of photos,
videos, and news stories from inside the conflict. The Syrian
civil war represented one of the first major conflicts in which
citizens could instantly record video from the front lines and,
using smartphones, transmit that footage to the Internet in real
time. News organizations, unable to gather information from
any other source, used the uploaded social media to build
their reports.9
Syrians from all sides of the conflict created and shared
this content on various social networking sites, attempting to
build international support for their cause.10 The sheer amount
of content uploaded is staggering; over a million videos from
within the revolution were uploaded to YouTube, often taken
by cellular phone. Another website, OnSyria, was used by pro-
testors to upload nearly 200,000 videos.
More importantly, smartphones and social networks
ensured that any human rights violations from either revolu-
tionaries or the government would be broadcast online, likely
eroding any international support that the inflicting party had.
In August 2013, one of the most defining moments in the
early years of the war occurred when hundreds of civilians
were killed in a sarin gas chemical attack in Ghouta, allegedly
perpetrated by the Syrian government. Almost instantly, wit-
nesses and first responders uploaded photos and video of the
aftermath to social networking sites including YouTube, Reddit,
and Twitter. These images marked a critical turning point in
the global public opinion and international involvement in the
war. The U.S. government had taken a hands-off approach
prior to the attacks; however, once these human rights viola-
tions were broadcast across social media, the U.S. had no choice
but to take a formal stand against the Syrian government.11
43. Social Media as a Support-Building Tool
Unlike written news releases, pictures and videos have the
ability to convey information in emotional ways that transcend
language. During the Syrian civil war, social media, used as a
visual medium, led the global community to unite behind the
plight of the Syrian refugees in an unprecedented way.
Throughout early 2015, images and videos of overloaded
rafts, filled with desperately fleeing Syrians, dominated social
media. The emotion and suffering of the refugees were con-
veyed through these images to a worldwide audience in real
uploaded to YouTube showing the Syrian government harshly
cracking down on nonviolent protesters, nearly 100,000 Syrians
organized via Facebook and staged a protest in Hama in
June 2011. The strength in numbers afforded by social media
has made the Syrian protests incredibly difficult to dissolve;
the mass scale of protests organized through social networking
sites far outnumbers the military and government forces sent
to suppress them. Tips on how to protect oneself from tear
gas and police batons are shared through Facebook groups,
and Twitter has served as a communication lifeline when gov-
ernment authorities have attempted to disperse the crowds.1,2
Social media has provided such a powerful tool to revolu-
tionaries that the Syrian government has attempted to
completely
disrupt Internet service on several occasions since 2011, most
notably during massive protests demanding the removal of
President Bashar al-Assad. Widespread outages spread
through nearly all of Syria, including Damascus, essentially
shutting off all communication with the outside world.3 Cyber
attacks have also been perpetrated by supporters of the Syrian
government in an attempt to censor photos and videos coming
from the protesters; malware programs that steal Facebook
and YouTube logins have been dispatched on a massive scale.4
44. Smartphones have morphed into a symbol of the revolutionary
forces, with Syrian government soldiers and ISIS border guards
often demanding to inspect cell phones of anyone passing
through their posts.5
Those fleeing the conflict have also utilized social media
to plan safe escape from Syria. Refugees who successfully
migrated to Europe assist those still making the journey
through online activity. A Facebook group dedicated to sharing
knowledge and advice with fellow refugees has over 100,000
members. Topics range from necessary supplies and route
information to messages of encouragement. Smugglers, often
necessary for safe passage, are recommended and discussed,
and even weather conditions are relayed to those making the
journey by sea.6,7 Refugees in past conflicts often separated
from their family and friends with the unfortunate yet realistic
possibility that they would never reunite. During the Syrian
conflict, refugees have been able to send messages to their
loved ones and update them on their safety throughout their
journey.8 WhatsApp, the instant messaging application, is
popular among refugees not only for familial communication
but also for its ability to connect with transportation, smug-
glers, and even Greek coast guard officials in the event of
an emergency.
46 Part 1 Environmental Foundation
The role of social media as an organizing tool, a journalistic
tool, and a support-building
tool, all in the context of political change, underscores the
interesting interactions of
technological progress and political conflict and change. Social
media has enabled revo-
lutionaries, governments, journalists, and even terrorists to
45. organize quickly, communi-
cate globally, and build support for their cause, resulting in
serious ramifications for
international management. It is important for international
managers to think through
these complex political, legal, and technological issues that
arise in a world that embraces
rapid change so that they are prepared for potential challenges.
MNCs must collabora-
tively work with new governments as laws, policies, and
regulations are introduced and
altered. Managing the political and legal environment will
continue to be an important
challenge for international managers, as will the rapid changes
in the technological envi-
ronment of global business.
■ Political Environment
Both domestic and international political environments have a
major impact on MNCs.
As government policies change, MNCs must adjust their
strategies and practices to
accommodate the new perspectives and actual requirements.
Moreover, in a growing
number of regions and countries, governments appear to be less
stable; therefore, these
areas carry more risk than they have in the past. The assessment
of political risk and
strategies to cope with it will be given specific attention in
Chapter 10, but in this chap-
ter we focus on general political systems with selected areas
used as illustrations relevant
to today’s international managers.
The political system or system of government in a country
greatly influences how
46. its people manage and conduct business. We discussed in
Chapter 1 how the government
regulates business practices via economic systems. Here we
review the general systems
currently in place throughout the world. Political systems vary
greatly between nation-
states across the world. The issue with understanding how to
conduct international man-
agement extends beyond general knowledge of the governmental
practices to the
specifics of the legal and regulatory frameworks in place.
Underlying the actions of a
government is the ideology informing the beliefs, values,
behavior, and culture of the
nation and its political system. We discussed ideologies and the
philosophies underpin-
ning them above. Effective management occurs when these
different ideologies and
philosophies are recognized and understood.
A political system can be evaluated along two dimensions. The
first dimension
focuses on the rights of citizens under governments ranging
from fully democratic to
totalitarian. The other dimension measures whether the focus of
the political system is
200,000 times within 24 hours. In the United States, the
United Kingdom, and Canada, the hashtag “#RefugeesWelcome”
swelled to 1.5 million shares.12 Within four days, 78 percent of
the British public had seen the photo of Al-Kurdi, and 92 per-
cent had at least heard about it. The photo was directly linked
to increased support: Those who had seen the photo were
nearly twice as likely to say that the United Kingdom should
take in more refugees.13 Support in the form of financial
donations also surged. Migrant Offshore Aid Station, an NGO
47. focused on search and rescue efforts, reported a 1,400 per-
cent increase in donations in the 24 hours immediately after
the pictures went viral. Donations to organizations including
Oxfam and Care Canada doubled in one week what had been
raised all year.14
time. Though thousands of images, stories, and videos were
shared over various social networks during the crisis, the
September 2015 photo of a deceased toddler, Aylan Al -Kurdi,
who had drowned during his family’s attempted escape on a
raft across the Mediterranean, provoked global outcry and
underscores the power of social media as a support-building
tool. As a direct result of this image, financial and emotional
support among the global community grew almost instantly.
World leaders, including French President François Hollande,
British Prime Minister David Cameron, and Irish Prime
Minister
Enda Kenny, publically expressed support and shock after
seeing the picture of the toddler. Spreading across social
networks almost instantly, the hashtag “#kiyiyavuraninsanlik,”
meaning “Humanity Washed Ashore,” was shared more than
Chapter 2 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment
47
on individuals or the broader collective. The first dimension is
the ideology of the system,
while the second measures the degree of individualism or
collectivism. No pure form of
government exists in any category, so we can assume that there
are many gradations
along the two extremes. The observed correlation suggests that
democratic societies
emphasize individualism, while totalitarian societies lean
48. toward collectivism.15
Ideologies
Individualism Adopters of individualism adhere to the
philosophy that people should
be free to pursue economic and political endeavors without
constraint. This means that
government interest should not solely influence individual
behavior. In a business con-
text, this is synonymous with capitalism and is connected to a
free-market society, as
discussed in Chapter 1, which encourages diversity and
competition, compounded with
private ownership, to stimulate productivity. It has been argued
that private property is
more successful, progressive, and productive than communal
property due to increased
incentives for maintenance and focus on care for individually
owned property. The idea
is that working in a group requires less energy per person to
achieve the same goal, but
an individual will work as hard as he or she has to in order to
survive in a competitive
environment. Simply following the status quo will stunt
progress, while competing will
increase creativity and progress. Modern managers may witness
this when dealing with
those who adopt an individualist philosophy and then must work
in a team situation.
Research has shown that team performance is negatively
influenced by those who con-
sider themselves individualistic; however, competition
stimulates motivation and
encourages increased efforts to achieve goals.16
The groundwork for this ideology was founded long ago.
49. Philosophers such as
David Hume (1711–1776), Adam Smith (1723–1790), and even
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
contributed to these principles. While philosophers created the
foundation for this belief
system long ago, it can be witnessed playing out through
modern practice. Eastern
Europe, the former Soviet Union, areas of Latin America, Great
Britain, and Sweden all
have moved toward the idea that the betterment of society is
related to the level of free-
dom individuals have in pursuing economic goals, along with
general individual free-
doms and self-expression without governmental constraint. The
well-known movement
in Britain toward privatization was led by Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher during her
11 years in office (1979–1990), when she successfully
transferred ownership of many
companies from the state to individuals and reduced the
government-owned portion of
gross national product from 10 to 3.9 percent. She was truly a
pioneer in the movement
toward a capitalistic society, which has since spread across
Europe.
International managers must remain alert as to how political
changes may impact
their business, as a continuous struggle for a foothold in
government power often affects
leaders in office. For example, Britain’s economy improved
under the leadership of Tony
Blair; however, his support of the Iraq War severely weakened
his position. Conservative
David Cameron, first elected prime minister in 2010, sought to
integrate traditional con-
50. servative principles without ignoring social development
policies, something the Labour
Party has traditionally focused on. More recently, however,
increased concerns about
immigration and the role of the EU in managing affairs in
member states prompted the
United Kingdom to vote to leave the EU, a process that has been
termed “Brexit.” Gov-
ernment policy, in its attempt to control the economic
environment, waxes and wanes,
something the international manager must be keenly sensitive
to.
Europe has added complexity to the political environment with
the unification of
the EU, which celebrated its 60th “birthday” in 2017.
Notwithstanding the increasing
integration of the EU, MNCs still need to be responsive to the
political environment of
individual countries, some due to the persistence of cultural
differences, which will be
discussed in Chapter 5. Yet, there are also significant
interdependencies. For example,
the recent economic crises in Greece, Spain, Portugal, and
Ireland have prompted
Germany and France to mobilize public and private financial
support, even though the
individualism
The political philosophy
that people should be free
to pursue economic and
political endeavors without
constraint (Chapter 2); the
tendency of people to look
after themselves and their
51. immediate family only
(Chapter 4).
48 Part 1 Environmental Foundation
two largest economies in the euro zone have residual distrust
from earlier eras of conflict
and disagreement.17 Europe is no longer a group of fragmented
countries; it is a giant
and expanding interwoven region in which international
managers must be aware of what
is happening politically, not only in the immediate area of
operations but also throughout
the continent. The EU consists of countries that adhere to
individualistic orientations as
well as those that follow collectivist ideals.
Collectivism Collectivism views the needs and goals of society
at large as more im-
portant than individual desires.18 The reason there is no one
rigid form of collectivism
is because societal goals and the decision of how to keep people
focused on them differ
greatly among national cultures. The Greek philosopher Plato
(427–347 BC) believed
that individual rights should be sacrificed and property should
be commonly owned.
While on the surface one may assume that this would lead to a
classless society, Plato
believed that classes should still exist and that the best suited
should rule over the
people. Many forms of collectivism do not adhere to that idea.
Collectivism emerged in Germany and Italy as “national
52. socialism,” or fascism.
Fascism is an authoritarian political ideology (generally tied to
a mass movement) that
considers individual and other societal interests inferior to the
needs of the state and
seeks to forge a type of national unity, usually based on ethnic,
religious, cultural, or
racial attributes. Various scholars attribute different
characteristics to fascism, but the
following elements are usually seen as its integral parts:
nationalism, authoritarianism,
militarism, corporatism, collectivism, totalitarianism,
anticommunism, and opposition to
economic and political liberalism.
We will explore individualism and collectivism again in Chapter
4 in the context
of national cultural characteristics.
Socialism Socialism directly refers to a society in which there is
government ownership
of institutions but profit is not the ultimate goal. In addition to
historically communist states
such as China, North Korea, and Cuba, socialism has been
practiced to varying degrees in
recent years in a more moderate form—“democratic
socialism”—by Great Britain’s Labour
Party, Germany’s Social Democrats, as well as in France, Spain,
and Greece.19
Modern socialism draws on the philosophies of Karl Marx
(1818–1883), Friedrich
Engels (1820–1895), and Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870–1924).
Marx believed that govern-
ments should own businesses because in a capitalistic society
only a few would benefit,
53. and it would probably be at the expense of others in the form of
not paying wages due
to laborers. He advocated a classless society where everything
was essentially communal.
Socialism is a broad political movement and forms of it are
unstable. In modern times,
it branched off into two extremes: communism and social
democracy.
Communism is an extreme form of socialism that was realized
through violent
revolution and was committed to the idea of a worldwide
communist state. During the
1970s, most of the world’s population lived in communist
states. The communist party
encompassed the former Soviet Union, China, and nations in
Eastern Europe, Southeast
Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Cuba, Nicaragua, Cambodia,
Laos, and Vietnam headed
a notorious list. Today much of the communist collective has
disintegrated. China still
exhibits communism in the form of limiting individual political
freedom. China has
begun to move away from communism in the economic and
business realms because it
has discovered the failure of communism as an economic system
due to the tendency of
common goals to stunt economic progress and individual
creativity.
Some transition countries, such as Russia, are postcommu nist
but still retain aspects
of an authoritarian government. Russia presents one of the most
extreme examples of
how the political environment affects international management.
Poorly managed
54. approaches to the economic and political transition resulted in
neglect, corruption, and
confusing changes in economic policy.20 Devoid of funds and
experiencing regular gas
pipeline leaks, toxic drinking water, pitted roads, and electricity
shutoffs, Russia did not
present attractive investment opportunities as it moved away
from communism. Yet more
collectivism
The political philosophy
that views the needs or
goals of society as a whole
as more important than
individual desires (Chapter 2);
the tendency of people to
belong to groups or
collectives and to look after
each other in exchange for
loyalty (Chapter 4).
socialism
A moderate form of
collectivism in which there
is government ownership of
institutions, and profit is not
the ultimate goal.
Chapter 2 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment
49
companies are taking the risk of investing in Russia because of
increasing ease of entry,
the new attempt at dividing and privatizing the Unified Energy
55. System, and the move-
ment by the Kremlin to begin government funding for the good
of society including
education, housing, and health care.21 Actions by the Russian
government over the past
few years, however, continue to call into question the
transparency and reliability of the
Russian government. BP, Exxon Mobil, and Ikea have each
encountered de facto expro-
priation, corruption, and state-directed industrialization (see
The World of International
Management at the beginning of Chapter 10).
One of the biggest problems in Russia and in other transition
economies is cor-
ruption, which we will discuss in greater depth in Chapter 3.
The 2014 Corruption
Perception Index from Transparency International ranked Russia
136th out of 174 coun-
tries, falling behind Egypt and Colombia.22 Brazil, China, and
India, part of the BRIC
emerging markets block, consistently score higher than Russia.
In the 2015 Heritage
Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom, Russia’s overall
rating in the measurement of
economic openness, regulatory efficiency, the rule of law, and
competitiveness remained
at 52.1 this year, ranking it only 2.1 points away from being a
repressive economic busi-
ness environment.23 As more MNCs invest in Russia, these
unethical practices will face
increasing scrutiny if political forces can be contained. To date,
some multinationals feel
that the risk is too great, especially with corruption continuing
to spread throughout the
country. Despite the Kremlin’s support of citizens, Russia is in
56. danger of becoming a
unified corrupt system. Still most view Russia as they do China:
Both are markets that
are too large and potentially too lucrative to ignore.
Social democracy refers to a socialist movement that achieved
its goals through
nonviolent revolution. This system was pervasive in such
Western nations as Australia,
France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Spain, and Sweden, as
well as in India and
Brazil. While social democracy was a great influence on these
nations at one time or
another, in practice it was not as viable as anticipated.
Businesses that were nationalized
were quite inefficient due to the guarantee of funding and the
monopolistic structure.
Citizens suffered a hike in both taxes and prices, which was
contrary to the public inter-
est and the good of the people. The 1970s and 1980s witnessed
a response to this unfair
structure with the success of Britain’s Conservative Party and
Germany’s Christian Dem-
ocratic Party, both of which adopted free-market ideals.
Margaret Thatcher, as mentioned
previously, was a great leader in this movement toward
privatization. Although many
businesses have been privatized, Britain still has a central
government that adheres to
the ideal of social democracy. With Britain facing severe budget
shortfalls, Prime Min-
ister David Cameron, first elected in 2010, proposed a
comprehensive restructuring of
public services that could further alter the country’s
longstanding commitment to a broad
social support program. Under his administration, austerity
57. measures, including cuts to
military and social program spending, were implemented. The
Conservatives and David
Cameron were reelected in a landslide in 2015, however, the
Brexit vote was seen as a
repudiation to Cameron and he later resigned.24
It is important to note here the difference between the
nationalization of businesses
and nationalism. The nationalization of businesses is the
transference of ownership of a
business from individuals or groups of individuals to the
government. This may be done
for several reasons: The ideologies of the country encourage the
government to extract
more money from the firm, the government believes the firm is
hiding money, the gov-
ernment has a large investment in the company, or the
government wants to secure wages
and employment status because jobs would otherwise be lost.
Nationalism, on the other
hand, is an ideal in and of itself whereby an individual is
completely loyal to his or her
nation. People who are a part of this mindset gather under a
common flag for such
reasons as language or culture. The confusing thing for the
international businessperson
is that it can be associated with both individualism and
collectivism. Nationalism exists
in the United States, where there is a national anthem and all
citizens gather under a
common flag, even though individualism is practiced in the
midst of a myriad of cultures
and extensive diversity. Nationalism also exists in China,
exemplified in the movement
58. 50 Part 1 Environmental Foundation
against Japan in the mid-1930s and the communist victory in
1949 when communist
leader Mao Tse-tung gathered communists and peasants to fight
for a common goal. This
ultimately led to the People’s Republic of China. In the case of
modern China, nationalism
presupposes collectivism.
Political Systems
There are two basic anchors to political systems, each of which
represents an “ideal type”
that may not exist in pure form.
Democracy Democracy, with its European roots and strong
presence in Northern and
Western Europe, refers to the system in which the government
is controlled by the citi-
zens either directly or through elections. Essentially, every
citizen should be involved in
decision-making processes. The representative government
ensures individual freedom
since anyone who is eligible may have a voice in the choices
made.
A democratic society cannot exist without at least a two-party
system. Once elected,
the representative is held accountable to the electorate for his or
her actions, and this
ultimately limits governmental power. Individual freedoms,
such as freedom of expression
and assembly, are secured. Further protections of citizens
include impartial public service,
59. such as a police force and court systems that also serve the
government and, in turn, the
electorate, though they are not directly affiliated with any
political party. Finally, while
representatives may be reelected, the number of terms is often
limited, and the elected
representative may be voted out during the next election if he or
she does not sufficiently
adhere to the goals of the majority ruling. As mentio ned above,
a social democracy com-
bines a socialist ideology with a democratic political system, a
situation that has charac-
terized many modern European states as well as some in Latin
America and other regions.
Totalitarianism Totalitarianism refers to a political system in
which there is only one
representative party, which exhibits control over every facet of
political and human life.
Power is often maintained by suppression of opposition, which
can be violent. Media
censorship, political repression, and denial of rights and civil
liberties are dominant ide-
als. If there is opposition to government, the response is
imprisonment or even worse
tactics, often torture. This may be used as a form of
rehabilitation or simply a warning
to others who may question the government.
Because only one party within each entity exists, there are many
forms of totalitarian
government. The most common is communist totalitarianism.
Most dictatorships under the
communist party disintegrated by 1989, but as noted above,
aspects and degrees of this
form of government are still found in Cuba, North Korea, Laos,
60. Vietnam, and China. The
evolution of modern global business has substantially altered
the political systems in Viet-
nam, Laos, and China, each of which has moved toward a more
market-based and plural-
istic environment. However, each still exhibits some oppression
of citizens through denial
of civil liberties. The political environment in China is very
complex because of the gov-
ernment’s desire to balance national, immediate needs with the
challenge of a free-market
economy and globalization. Since joining the WTO in 2001,
China has made trade liber-
alization a top priority. However, MNCs still face a host of
major obstacles when doing
business with and in China. For example, government
regulations severely hamper multi-
national activity and favor domestic companies, which results in
questionable treatment
such as longer document processing times for foreign firms.25
This makes it increasingly
difficult for MNCs to gain the proper legal footing. The biggest
problem may well be that
the government does not know what it wants from multinational
investors, and this is what
accounts for the mixed signals and changes in direction that it
continually sends. All this
obviously increases the importance of knowledgeable
international managers.
China may be moving further away from its communist
tendencies as it begins
supporting a more open, democratic society, at least in the
economic sphere. China
continues to monitor what it considers antigovernment actions
and practices, but there
61. democracy
A political system in which
the government is
controlled by the citizens
either directly or through
elections.
totalitarianism
A political system in which
there is only one
representative party, which
exhibits control over every
facet of political and
human life.
Chapter 2 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment
51
is a discernible shift toward greater tolerance of individual
freedoms.26 For now, China
continues to challenge the capabilities of current international
business theory as it tran-
sitions through a unique system favoring high governmental
control yet striving to
unleash a more dynamic market economy.27
Though the most common, the totalitarian form of government
exhibited in China
is not the only one. Other forms of totalitarianism exhibit other
forms of oppression as
well. Parties or governments that govern an entity based on
religious principles will
ultimately oppress religious and political expression of its
62. citizens. Examples are Iran
and Saudi Arabia, where the laws and government are based on
Islamic principles. Con-
ducting business in the Middle East is, in many ways, similar to
operating a business in
the Western world. The Arab countries have been a generally
positive place to do busi-
ness, as many of these nations are seeking modern technology
and most have the finan-
cial ability to pay for quality services. Worldwide fallout from
the war on terrorism; the
rise of ISIS; the Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syrian wars; and the
ongoing Israel–Arab con-
flicts, however, have raised tensions in the Middle East
considerably, making the business
environment there risky and potentially dangerous.
The 2011 Arab Spring uprisings have affected business dealings
in the authoritar-
ian and/or totalitarian countries across northern Africa and the
Middle East. Reasons for
the political unrest varied, but most commonly included factors
were oppressive govern-
ment rule, economic decline, high unemployment, and human
rights violations. Protest-
ers successfully overthrew four government regimes and forced
reforms in almost a dozen
others. The political and economic fallout from the Arab Spring,
including the Syrian
civil war discussed in the opening section of this chapter, has
left the business environ-
ment with much continued uncertainty. Production and GDP
were negatively affected
almost overnight, and fuel prices spiked globally. Supply chain
routes were disrupted for
months, increasing the shipping and logistical costs of goods
63. passing through the region.
In Egypt, a military coup overthrew democratically elected
Egyptian President Morsi in
2013, and a military general was elected president in a suspect
election in 2014. In Libya,
the fall of Gaddafi has resulted in a power vacuum, inviting
increased acts of terrorism.
Unemployment in Egypt and Tunisia has not recovered since the
uprisings, and inflation
remains around 10 percent.28 According to a late 2011 study by
Grant Thornton, 26
percent of businesses in North America, and 22 percent of
businesses globally, reported
negative effects from the uprisings.29 A map of the countries
that were impacted by the
Arab Spring can be seen in Figure 2–1. Though many countries
in the region have
Morocco
Western
Sahara
Algeria
Tunisia Lebanon
Libya Egypt
Saudi
Arabia
Iraq
Syria
Kuwait
Jordan
64. Oman
Somalia
YemenSudan
Mauritania
Civil war Government overthrown Governmental changes
Protests
Figure 2–1
Summary of Arab Spring
Uprisings
Source: Original graphic by Ben Littell under supervision of
Professor Jonathan Doh.
somewhat stabilized, the fallout from the revolutions will
continue to impact international
business.
One final form of totalitarianism, sometimes referred to as
“right-wing,” allows for
some economic (but not political) freedoms. While it directly
opposes socialist and com-
munist ideas, this form may gain power and support from the
military, often in the form
of a military leader imposing a governme nt “for the good of the
people.” This results in
military officers filling most government positions. Such
military regimes ruled in
Germany and Italy from the 1930s to the 1940s and persisted in
65. Latin America and Asia
until the 1980s, when the latter moved toward democratic
forms. Recent examples include
Myanmar, where the military ruled as a dictatorship from 1962
to 2011.
■ Legal and Regulatory Environment
One reason why today’s international environment is so
confusing and challenging for
MNCs is that they face so many different laws and regulations
in their global business
operations. These factors affect the way businesses are
developed and managed within
host nations, so special consideration must be paid to the subtle
differences in the legal
codes from one country to another. Adhering to disparate legal
frameworks sometimes
prevents large MNCs from capitalizing on manufacturing
economies of scale and scope
within these regions. In addition, the sheer complexity and
magnitude of bureaucracies
A Closer Look
The Economic Impacts of Global Terrorism
A New Challenge for the International
Business Community
As discussed in the opening section of this chapter,
social media has made global communication easier,
which unfortunately includes the orchestration of terror-
ist attacks. Global terrorism is a relatively new challenge;
no longer are terrorist attacks small, one-person events
isolated to a particular region or country. Over the last
decade, attacks in Madrid, London, and Paris have
involved a high degree of complexity and organization.
66. Organizations like ISIS are recruiting worldwide through
social networking sites, working to organize attacks far
from their home base in Syria. Living in an intercon-
nected world, it would be naïve to believe that the threat
of terrorism does not affect the international business
community.
Evidence shows that the tourism industry appears to
be especially impacted by the threat of terrorism, at
least in the short term. According to the Paris Conven-
tion and Visitors Bureau, the November 2015 terrorist
attacks in Paris, which killed 130 civilians, resulted in a
sudden, yet temporary, decline in tourism activity. Res-
taurants, shops, and related businesses lost revenue,
and hotels reported that the number of visitors declined
sharply in the weeks following the attacks. Forty per-
cent of hotel bookings in Brussels were cancelled the
weekend following the Paris attacks, when suspected
terrorist apartments were raided in Belgium. In places
like France, where seven percent of economic activity
and nearly two million jobs are dependent on tourism,
even a slight decrease in visitors has a high economic
impact. There is some evidence that terrorism nega-
tively impacts other sectors of the economy as well.
According to a report issued by financial services firm
Markit, manufacturing and service providers grew at a
slower rate in November 2015 than expected. Service
providers specifically stated that the terrorist attacks in
Paris contributed to negative performance and a
decrease in consumer confidence. Some estimates
suggest that the November attacks could ultimately
cost the French economy tens of billions of euros.
Despite these setbacks, the long-term economic
impact from terrorist attacks does not appear to be sub-
stantial. Past terrorist attack locations, such as New York
City, quickly rebounded from short-term economic set-
67. backs. Stock market volatility following previous terror
attacks has always stabilized fairly quickly, indicating a
continued confidence from investors despite living in a
world with this new type of uncertainty. The global econ-
omy faces a variety of challenges in the 21st century—
climate change, political tensions, and demographic
shifts, to name a few. Global terrorism, like these other
challenges, will likely continue to cause some disruption
to the international business community, but it will not
stop economic progress.
Sources: Walker, Andrew, “Paris Attacks: Assessing the
economic
impact,” BBC, December 2, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/
business-34965000; “Market Flash France PMI,” Markit
Economics,
November 23, 2015. https://www.markiteconomics.com/;
Newton-
Small, Jay, “The Cost of the Paris Attacks,” Time, November
23, 2015.
http://time.com/4123827/paris-attacks-tourism/.
52
Chapter 2 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment
53
require special attention. This, in turn, results in slower time to
market and greater costs.
MNCs must take time to carefully evaluate the legal framework
in each market in which
they do business before launching products or services in those
markets.
68. There are four foundations on which laws are based around the
world. Briefly
summarized, these are
1. Islamic law. This is law derived from interpretation of the
Qur’an and the
teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. It is found in most Islamic
countries in
the Middle East and Central Asia.
2. Socialist law. This law comes from the Marxist socialist
system and contin-
ues to influence regulations in former communist countries,
especially those
from the former Soviet Union, as well as present-day China,
Vietnam, North
Korea, and Cuba. Since socialist law requires most property to
be owned by
the state or state-owned enterprises, MNCs have traditionally
shied away from
these countries.
3. Common law. This comes from English law, and it is the
foundation of the
legal system in the United States, Canada, England, Australia,
New Zealand,
and other nations.
4. Civil or code law. This law is derived from Roman law and is
found in the
non-Islamic and nonsocialist countries such as France, some
countries in
Latin America, and even Louisiana in the United States.
With these broad notions serving as points of departure, the
following sections
69. discuss basic principles and examples of the international legal
environment facing
MNCs today.
Basic Principles of International Law
When compared with domestic law, international law is less
coherent because its sources
embody not only the laws of individual countries concerned
with any dispute but also
treaties (universal, multilateral, or bilateral) and conventions
(such as the Geneva Conven-
tion on Human Rights or the Vienna Convention of Diplomatic
Security). In addition,
international law contains unwritten understandings that arise
from repeated interactions
among nations. Conforming to all the different rules and
regulations can create a major
problem for MNCs. Fortunately, much of what they need to
know can be subsumed under
several broad and related principles that govern the conduct of
international law.
Sovereignty and Sovereign Immunity The principle of
sovereignty holds that gov-
ernments have the right to rule themselves as they see fit. In
turn, this implies that one
country’s court system cannot be used to rectify injustices or
impose penalties in another
country unless that country agrees. So while U.S. laws require
equality in the workplace
for all employees, U.S. citizens who take a job in Japan cannot
sue their Japanese em-
ployer under the provisions of U.S. law for failure to provide
equal opportunity for them.
International Jurisdiction International law provides for three
70. types of jurisdictional
principles. The first is the nationality principle, which holds
that every country has
jurisdiction (authority or power) over its citizens no matter
where they are located. There-
fore, a U.S. manager who violates the American Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act while
traveling abroad can be found guilty in the United States. The
second is the territoriality
principle, which holds that every nation has the right of
jurisdiction within its legal
territory. Therefore, a German firm that sells a defective
product in England can be sued
under English law even though the company is headquartered
outside England. The third
is the protective principle, which holds that every country has
jurisdiction over behav-
ior that adversely affects its national security, even if that
conduct occurred outside the
country. Therefore, a French firm that sells secret U.S.
government blueprints for a
satellite system can be subjected to U.S. laws.
Islamic law
Law that is derived from
interpretation of the Qur’an
and the teachings of the
Prophet Muhammad and is
found in most Islamic
countries.
socialist law
Law that comes from the
Marxist socialist system and
continues to influence
regulations in countries
71. formerly associated with the
Soviet Union as well as
China.
common law
Law that derives from
English law and is the
foundation of legislation in
the United States, Canada,
and England, among other
nations.
civil or code law
Law that is derived from
Roman law and is found in
the non-Islamic and
nonsocialist countries.
principle of sovereignty
An international principle
of law that holds that
governments have the right
to rule themselves as they
see fit.
nationality principle
A jurisdictional principle of
international law that holds
that every country has
jurisdiction over its citizens
no matter where they are
located.
territoriality principle
A jurisdictional principle of
international law that holds
72. that every nation has the
right of jurisdiction within
its legal territory.
protective principle
A jurisdictional principle of
international law that holds
that every country has
jurisdiction over behavior
that adversely affects its
national security, even if the
conduct occurred outside
that country.
54 Part 1 Environmental Foundation
Doctrine of Comity The doctrine of comity holds that there must
be mutual respect
for the laws, institutions, and governments of other countries in
the matter of jurisdiction
over their own citizens. Although this doctrine is not part of
international law, it is part
of international custom and tradition.
Act of State Doctrine Under the act of state doctrine, all acts of
other governments
are considered to be valid by U.S. courts, even if such acts are
inappropriate in the United
States. As a result, for example, foreign governments have the
right to set limits on the
repatriation of MNC profits and to forbid companies from
sending more than this amount
out of the host country back to the United States.
73. Treatment and Rights of Aliens Countries have the legal right to
refuse admission of
foreign citizens and to impose special restrictions on their
conduct, their right of travel,
where they can stay, and what business they may conduct.
Nations also can deport aliens.
For example, the United States has the right to limit the travel
of foreign scientists com-
ing into the United States to attend a scientific convention and
can insist they remain
within five miles of their hotel. After the horrific events of
9/11, the U.S. government
began greater enforcement of laws related to illegal aliens. As a
consequence, closer
scrutiny of visitors and temporary workers, including expatriate
workers from India and
elsewhere who have migrated to the United States for high-tech
positions, may result in
worker shortages.30
Forum for Hearing and Settling Disputes This is a principle of
U.S. justice as it
applies to international law. At their discretion, U.S. courts can
dismiss cases brought
before them by foreigners; however, they are bound to examine
issues including where
the plaintiffs are located, where the evidence must be gathered,
and where the property
to be used in restitution is located. One of the best examples of
this principle is the
Union Carbide pesticide plant disaster in Bhopal, India. Over
2,000 people were killed
and thousands left permanently injured when a toxic gas
enveloped 40 square kilome-
ters around the plant. The New York Court of Appeals sent the
case back to India for
74. resolution.
Examples of Legal and Regulatory Issues
The principles described above help form the international legal
and regulatory frame-
work within which MNCs must operate. In the following, we
examine some examples
of specific laws and situations that can have a direct impact on
international business.
Financial Services Regulation The global financial crisis of
2008–2010 underscored
the integrated nature of financial markets around the world and
the reality that regulatory
failure in one jurisdiction can have severe and immediate
impacts on others.31 The global
contagion that enveloped the world was exacerbated, in part, by
the availability of global
derivatives trading and clearing and the relatively lightly
regulated private equity and
hedge fund industries. The crisis and its broad economic effects
have prompted regulators
around the world to consider tightening aspects of financial
services regulation, espe-
cially those related to the risks associated with the derivatives
activities of banks and
their involvement in trading for their own account. In the
United States, financial reform
legislation was approved in July of 2010, although the degree to
which that legislation
would prevent another crisis remained hotly debated.32 The
nearby Closer Look box
provides a comparison of proposed and implemented financial
reform approaches across
the globe.
75. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act During the special prosecutor’s
investigation of the
Watergate scandal in the early 1970s, a number of questionable
payments made by U.S.
corporations to public officials abroad were uncovered. These
bribes became the focal
doctrine of comity
A jurisdictional principle of
international law that holds
that there must be mutual
respect for the laws,
institutions, and
governments of other
countries in the matter of
jurisdiction over their own
citizens.
act of state doctrine
A jurisdictional principle
of international law that
holds that all acts of other
governments are considered
to be valid by U.S. courts,
even if such acts are illegal
or inappropriate under
U.S. law.
Chapter 2 The Political, Legal, and Technological Environment
55
point of investigations by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service,
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC), and Justice Department. This concern over
76. bribes in the international
arena eventually culminated in the 1977 passage of the Foreign
Corrupt Practices Act
(FCPA), which makes it illegal to influence foreign officials
through personal payment
or political contributions. The objectives of the FCPA were to
stop U.S. MNCs from
initiating or perpetuating corruption in foreign governments and
to upgrade the image of
both the United States and its businesses abroad.
Critics of the FCPA feared the loss of sales to foreign
competitors, especially in
those countries where bribery is an accepted way of doing
business. Nevertheless, the
U.S. government pushed ahead and attempted to enforce the act.
Some of the countries
that were named in early bribery cases under the law included
Algeria, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, and Turkey. The U.S. State Department tried to
convince the SEC and Justice
Department not to reveal countries or foreign officials who were
involved in its investi-
gations for fear of creating internal political problems for U.S.
allies. Although this
political sensitivity was justified for the most part, several
interesting developments
occurred: (1) MNCs found that they could live within the
guidelines set down by the
FCPA and (2) many foreign governments actually applauded
these investigations under
the FCPA because it helped them crack down on corruption in
their own country.
One analysis reported that since passage of the FCPA, U.S.
exports to “bribe prone”
77. countries actually increased.33 Investigations reveal that once
bribes were removed as a
key competitive tool, more MNCs were willing to do business in
that country. This
proved to be true even in the Middle East, where many U.S.
MNCs always assumed that
bribes were required to ensure contracts. Evidence shows that
this is no longer true in
most cases; and in cases where it is true, those companies that
engage in bribery face a
strengthened FCPA that now allows the courts to both fine and
imprison guilty parties.
In addition, stepped-up enforcement appears to be having a real
impact. A report from
the law firm Jones Day found that FCPA actions are
increasingly targeting individual
executives, not just corporations; that penalties imposed under
the FCPA have skyrocketed;
and that violations have spurred a number of collateral civil
actions.34
Bureaucratization Very restrictive foreign bureaucracies are one
of the biggest prob-
lems facing MNCs. This is particularly true when bureaucratic
government controls are
inefficient and left uncorrected. A good example is Japan,
whose political parties feel
more beholden to their local interests than to those in the rest of
the country. As a result,
it is extremely difficult to reorganize the Japanese bureaucracy
and streamline the ways
things are done because so many politicians are more interested
in the well-being of their
own districts than in the long-term well-being of the nation as a
whole. In turn, parochial
actions create problems for MNCs trying to do business there.
78. The administration of
Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi of Japan tried to reduce some
of this bureaucracy,
although the fact that Japan has had seven different prime
ministers from 2006 to 2015
has not helped these efforts. Certainly the long-running
recessionary economy of the
country is inspiring reforms in the nation’s antiquated banking
system, opening up the
Japanese market to more competition.35
Japanese businesses are also becoming more aware of the fact
that they are depen-
dent on the world market for many goods and services and that
when bureaucratic red
tape drives up the costs of these purchases, local consumers pay
the price. These busi-
nesses are also beginning to realize that government
bureaucracy can create a false sense
of security and leave them unprepared to face the harsh
competitive realities of the
international marketplace.
In many developing and emerging markets, bureaucratic red
tape impedes business
growth and innovation. The World Bank conducts an annual
survey to determine the ease
of doing business in a variety of countries around the world.
The survey includes indi-
vidual items related to starting a business, dealing with
construction permits, employing
workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting
investors, paying taxes, trading
across borders, enforcing contracts, and closing a business. A
composite ranking, as
79. Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act (FCPA)
An act that makes it illegal
to influence foreign
officials through personal
payment or political
contributions; became U.S.
law in 1977 because of
concerns over bribes in the
international business
arena.
A Closer Look
Comparing Recent Global Financial Reforms
Preventing More Tax-Funded Bailouts
The G20 wants to end the belief among banks that they
are “too big to fail” by requiring resolution mechanisms
and “living wills” for speedy windups that don’t destabi -
lize markets. As a legislative body for a unified country,
the United States’ Senate was able to set up an “orderly
liquidation” process fairly quickly through Title II of the
Dodd-Frank Act. Japan’s Diet passed similar reforms by
amending its existing Deposit Insurance Act in 2013.
The EU, as a collection of 28 states with no common
insolvency laws, faces a much harder task of thrashing
out a pan-EU mechanism even though cross-border
banks dominate the sector. To ensure that resolution
funds can quickly be collected and paid even when
banks cross international borders, the European Com-
mission established a centralized banking union in
2012. This banking union essentially transfers the leg-
islating of banking policies from individual nations to the