This document discusses key elements of research design, including the purpose of a study, types of investigations, extent of researcher interference, study settings, and unit of analysis. It provides examples to illustrate exploratory, descriptive, causal, and correlational studies. The document emphasizes that correlational studies are conducted in natural settings with minimal interference, while causal studies often use controlled experiments and manipulate variables. The appropriate unit of analysis depends on the focus of the research.
This document discusses elements of research design, including:
- Identifying the scope and purpose of a study, as well as the appropriate type of investigation (exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis testing, or case study).
- Considering aspects like the study setting, extent of researcher interference, unit of analysis, and time horizon.
- Explaining the differences between causal and correlational studies, and how the research design impacts the level of researcher interference and study setting (field study, field experiment, or lab experiment).
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of the study, type of investigation, study setting, extent of researcher interference, and unit of analysis. It provides examples of exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing research and examines the difference between causal and correlational studies. The document also illustrates varying degrees of researcher interference from minimal to moderate to excessive levels.
This document discusses key elements of research design and methodology. It covers the purpose of different types of studies including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies. It also discusses variables like the level of researcher interference, study setting (contrived vs non-contrived), and unit of analysis (individual, group, organization). The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like causal versus correlational studies and the trade-off between scientific rigor and cost in research design.
This document discusses key aspects of research design, including:
- Understanding the objectives of research design such as identifying the scope and intended use of results.
- Designing studies as either causal or correlational based on the level of researcher interference and purpose.
- Common types of studies like exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies and providing examples.
- Key considerations in research design like the unit of analysis, data collection methods, and time horizon.
The document provides guidance on effectively planning research studies.
The document discusses key elements of research design, including:
1. It defines a research design as a plan for investigating research questions and problems.
2. Key components of a research design are identified as the problem definition, theoretical framework, hypothesis generation, research methodology, data collection and analysis, and reporting.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing designs. Factors like the level of researcher interference and study settings (contrived vs. non-contrived) are also discussed.
The document discusses key aspects of developing a theoretical framework and conducting data analysis for research. It covers identifying a broad problem area and refining the problem definition. A theoretical framework outlines the relationships between relevant variables and influences on the situation. Hypotheses are then developed as testable statements about these relationships. Research design components include the study purpose, type of investigation, data collection methods, and time horizon. The document provides examples and explanations of these various elements of quantitative research.
This document discusses elements of research design, including:
- Identifying the scope and purpose of a study, as well as the appropriate type of investigation (exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis testing, or case study).
- Considering aspects like the study setting, extent of researcher interference, unit of analysis, and time horizon.
- Explaining the differences between causal and correlational studies, and how the research design impacts the level of researcher interference and study setting (field study, field experiment, or lab experiment).
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of the study, type of investigation, study setting, extent of researcher interference, and unit of analysis. It provides examples of exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing research and examines the difference between causal and correlational studies. The document also illustrates varying degrees of researcher interference from minimal to moderate to excessive levels.
This document discusses key elements of research design and methodology. It covers the purpose of different types of studies including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies. It also discusses variables like the level of researcher interference, study setting (contrived vs non-contrived), and unit of analysis (individual, group, organization). The document uses examples to illustrate concepts like causal versus correlational studies and the trade-off between scientific rigor and cost in research design.
This document discusses key aspects of research design, including:
- Understanding the objectives of research design such as identifying the scope and intended use of results.
- Designing studies as either causal or correlational based on the level of researcher interference and purpose.
- Common types of studies like exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing studies and providing examples.
- Key considerations in research design like the unit of analysis, data collection methods, and time horizon.
The document provides guidance on effectively planning research studies.
The document discusses key elements of research design, including:
1. It defines a research design as a plan for investigating research questions and problems.
2. Key components of a research design are identified as the problem definition, theoretical framework, hypothesis generation, research methodology, data collection and analysis, and reporting.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including exploratory, descriptive, and hypothesis testing designs. Factors like the level of researcher interference and study settings (contrived vs. non-contrived) are also discussed.
The document discusses key aspects of developing a theoretical framework and conducting data analysis for research. It covers identifying a broad problem area and refining the problem definition. A theoretical framework outlines the relationships between relevant variables and influences on the situation. Hypotheses are then developed as testable statements about these relationships. Research design components include the study purpose, type of investigation, data collection methods, and time horizon. The document provides examples and explanations of these various elements of quantitative research.
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
This document discusses elements of research design, including:
1. The purpose of a study can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Exploratory studies investigate unknown phenomena, descriptive studies characterize variables, and hypothesis testing examines relationships.
2. Types of investigation include causal studies that establish cause-and-effect and correlational studies that identify associated factors.
3. The extent of researcher interference ranges from minimal in correlational studies to manipulation and control in causal studies.
Elements Of Research Design | Purpose Of Study | Important Of Research Design |FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of a study, type of investigation, study setting, population, time horizon, and importance of considering research design early. It describes exploratory, descriptive and hypothesis testing purposes. Correlational and causal studies are covered as well as field, lab and contrived settings. Individuals, groups, organizations can be units of analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal time horizons are presented. Reliability including stability over time and internal consistency are also summarized.
The document discusses the key characteristics of scientific research, including:
1. Purposiveness - Research is conducted with a clear purpose or aim, such as investigating how to increase employee commitment.
2. Rigor - Research uses rigorous methodology, such as developing hypotheses and collecting data systematically.
3. Testability - Hypotheses are tested using statistical analysis and data collected.
The document provides examples to illustrate these key aspects of scientific research methodology.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.docxBlessingMapoka
This document provides an overview of experimental design in research. It defines experimental design as a scientific approach to research where independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables. The key types of experimental design are described as pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. True experiments offer the strongest causal inferences because variables are manipulated and subjects are randomly assigned, allowing for comparison. Experimental research is described as useful for businesses to test new strategies, understand customer needs, and assess the business environment before making changes. The steps for conducting experimental research are outlined.
The document provides summaries of different types of research designs, including their definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, experimental, causal, cohort, case study, action research, cross-sectional, and market research designs. For each design, it outlines what information can be learned from studies using that design and what limitations exist in determining causation or generalizing findings. The overall purpose is to help readers understand when and how to appropriately apply different research methodologies.
Certified Specialist Business Intelligence (.docxdurantheseldine
Certified Specialist Business
Intelligence (CSBI) Reflection
Part 5 of 6
CSBI Course 5: Business Intelligence and Analytical and Quantitative Skills
● Thinking about the Basics
● The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
● Sampling
● Common Mistakes in Analysis
● Opportunities and Problems to Solve
● The Low Severity Level ED (SL5P) Case Setup as an Example of BI Work
● Meaningful Analytic Structures
Analysis and Statistics
A key aspect of the work of the BI/Analytics consultant is analysis. Analysis can be defined as
how the data is turned into information. Information is the outcome when the data is analyzed
correctly.
Rigorous analysis is having the best chance of creating the sharpest picture of what the data
might reveal and is the product of proper application of statistics and experimental design.
Statistics encompasses a complex and detailed series of disciplines. Statistical concepts are
foundational to all descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytic applications. However, the
application of simple descriptive statistical calculations yields a great deal of usable information
for transformational decision-making. The value of the information is amplified when using these
same simple statistics within the context of a well-designed experiment.
This module is not designed to teach one statistic. It is designed to place statistical work within
the appropriate context so that it can be leveraged most effectively in driving organizational
performance..
An important review of the basic knowledge for work with descriptive and inferential statistics.
The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
Analytic tools also can provide an enhanced ability to conduct experiments. More than just
allowing analysis of output of activities or processes, experiments can be performed on
processes and the output of processes. Experimenting on processes is a movement beyond
the traditional r.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Studies can be causal, correlational, contrived or non-contrived. Populations can be individuals, groups, organizations or cultures. Studies can also be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Proper research design ensures the purpose is effectively addressed.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose of research design is to ensure the study effectively addresses its goals. Considering these elements early helps avoid issues later in the research process.
This document provides information about quantitative research designs and sampling procedures. It defines five types of quantitative research designs: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental. It also discusses population and sample, approaches to identifying sample size including heuristics, literature review, and formulas. Finally, it describes different probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling.
Quantitative techniques refer to scientific, mathematical, and statistical methods for solving complex business problems. These techniques include statistical methods like data collection, analysis, and forecasting as well as operations research techniques like linear programming. Quantitative techniques help organizations make data-driven decisions in areas like marketing, production, finance, personnel management, research and development, and economics. The document then provides details on specific quantitative techniques and the steps involved in marketing research.
This document discusses different strategies for purposefully selecting samples in qualitative research, specifically focusing on purposeful sampling. It describes three strategies: (1) extreme or deviant case sampling, which focuses on unusual or special cases that can be particularly informative; (2) intensity sampling, which selects information-rich cases that intensely manifest the phenomenon of interest; and (3) maximum variation sampling, which captures central themes across a diverse sample. The purpose of purposeful sampling is to select information-rich cases that will illuminate the research questions.
Please dont waste my time unless you’re willing to do the work..docxrowthechang
Please don't waste my time unless you’re willing to do the work. This paper is already written just need the research method paper done. An example is provide on how to do the work willing to pay $35.00 due midnight
Action Research Proposal: Research Method
Due Date:
Mar 23, 2015 23:59:59
Max Points:
160
Details:
Select the population and sample that is the focus of the action research project.
Describe the method of research to be applied and why it is most appropriate for the study. Describe the population, the sample, and how you intend to gather data to address the research problem.
Develop a research instrument that will be used to collect data from the sample population.
For help with questionnaires, view “PSC 495: Questionnaire Examples.”
THIIS IS THE PROPOSAL ALREADY WRITTEN
Synopsis of the Problem
In the recent past, a number of organizations have been adversely affected by the turnover rates that have been increasing progressively as from 2009. This has witnessed an increment in the number of organizations closing shop from approximately 1.8 million to more than 2 million between 2009 and 2012
(Larson, Lakin, & Bruininks, 1998)
. Aspects that include workforce recruitment and training costs, team dynamics and time restrictions in discovering and hiring newer talents have been adversely affected by the increase in worker turnover rates and have resulted in increment in expenditures. The unconstructive effects of the elevated employee turnover rates , therefore, informs the study on why the workers opt to desert they jobs even as organizational administrators strive to enhance the employee retention rates through increment in salaries and establishment of more favorable work milieus.
Statement of Purpose
This paper is therefore, written with the objective of analyzing the effect of various aspects, for instance, increased employee turnover rates, on the organization as well as their contribution to the increasing rates of employees opting to desert their jobs.
Description of the Action Research Project
This study will make use of two key research methodologies, namely; qualitative and quantitative research methodologies
(Barton, 2006)
. Given that the two methods facilitates the acknowledgement of rationale behind the increment in dissertation rates in addition to giving insight on how organization suffering from reduced employee retention rates function.
Reasons for the Proposal
Studies on the factors affecting employee retention and impacts of increased turnover rates have indicated that managers in organizations that have been acquired by another tend to dessert their jobs as a consequence of not being offered an opportunity and ample time to align to the novel organization
(Allen & Bryant, 2012)
. Additionally, workers tend to desert their jobs as a consequence of lack of faith owing to instability experienced by the mangers leaving their positions. This, therefore, leads to the question of what factors inf.
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides details on each type of design, their purposes, appropriate research questions to address, and common methods used. Exploratory research aims to gain background information and define problems, descriptive research describes phenomena, and causal research determines causality between variables. The document also discusses important considerations for research design such as defining constructs, developing operational definitions, specifying objectives, and controlling for extraneous variables.
Transitioning Critical Thinking Skills from the Academic Setting to the Globa...afacct
This document discusses strategies for teaching critical thinking skills to nursing students and transitioning those skills from the academic to clinical setting. It identifies different strategies to use in theory, lab/simulation, and clinical courses. Some key strategies mentioned include using case studies, unfolding case studies, simulations, and assigning activities involving multiple patients to compare findings and make clinical judgments. The goal is to better prepare students for the NCLEX exam and real-world client care where critical thinking and decision making are important for safety and positive outcomes.
1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study Statistical ForecastingDr. TatianaMajor22
1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study: Statistical Forecasting
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna University Medical Center, has been studying a new variant of a skin disease virus that seems to be surfacing among the North Luna University population. This variant (which has been tentatively named Painful Rash or PR), leads to the formation of surface lesions on an individual's body. These lesions are very similar to small boils or isolated shingles sores. These PR lesions are not necessarily clustered as shingles lesions are, but are isolated across the body.
Insights From Initial Interviews
Megan is initiating some efforts at a preliminary analysis. She has seen 20 initial patients and made several observations about the skin disease. She wants to analyze this initial data before structuring and recommending a more encompassing study.
The signs and symptoms of this disorder usually affect multiple sections of the patient's body. These signs and symptoms may include:
· Pain, burning, numbness or tingling, but pain is always present.
· Sensitivity to touch.
· A red rash that begins a few days after the pain.
· Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
· Itching.
Some people also experience:
· Fever.
· Headache.
· Sensitivity to light.
· Fatigue.
Pain is always the first symptom of PR. For some, it can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for a symptom of problems affecting the heart, lungs, or kidneys. Some people experience PR pain without ever developing the rash. The degree of pain that the individual experiences is seemingly proportional to the number of lesions.
Dr. Zobb is extremely concerned that this new variant is especially challenging to the younger population, who are active and like to be outdoors. She has asked you as an analyst and statistician for some assistance in analyzing her initial data. She is not a biostatistician, so she requests that you explain the process you use and your interpretation of the results for each task.
Initial Data Analysis
Dr. Zobb has accumulated some data on an initial set of 20 patients across multiple age groups. She believes that the data suggests younger individuals are affected more than others. She wants you to complete the tasks shown here based on the data below.
For each of the following, provide a detailed explanation of the process you used along with your interpretation of the results. Submit the response in a Word document and attach your Excel spreadsheet to show your calculations (where applicable). Be sure to number each response (e.g., 1.a, 1.b,…).
1. Develop an equation to model the data using a regression analysis approach and explain your calculation process in Excel.
1. Calculate the r-square statistic using Excel. Interpret the meaning of the r-square statistic in this case.
1. Determine three conclusions that address the initial observations and are supported by the regression analysis.
Regression Anal ...
This document outlines the typical chapters and sections contained in a research paper or thesis. It includes an introduction presenting the problem, a literature review section, methodology section describing the research design and subjects, a results and discussion section, and a conclusion. It provides examples of how each section might be structured and the types of information typically included.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Between Black and White Population1. Comparing annual percent .docxjasoninnes20
Between Black and White Population
1. Comparing annual percent of Medicare enrollees having at least one ambulatory visit between B and W
2. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having hemoglobin A1c between B and W
3. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having eye examination between B and W
4. Comparing average annual percent of diabetic Medicare enrollees age 65-75 having
Students will develop an analysis report, in five main sections, including introduction, research method (research questions/objective, data set, research method, and analysis), results, conclusion and health policy recommendations. This is a 5-6 page individual project report.
Here are the main steps for this assignment.
Step 1: Students require to submit the topic using topic selection discussion forum by the end of week 1 and wait for instructor approval.
Step 2: Develop the research question and
Step 3: Run the analysis using EXCEL (RStudio for BONUS points) and report the findings using the assignment instruction.
The Report Structure:
Start with the
1.Cover page (1 page, including running head).
Please look at the example http://www.apastyle.org/manual/related/sample-experiment-paper-1.pdf (you can download the file from the class) and http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm to learn more about the APA style.
In the title page include:
· Title, this is the approved topic by your instructor.
· Student name
· Class name
· Instructor name
· Date
2.Introduction
Introduce the problem or topic being investigated. Include relevant background information, for example;
· Indicates why this is an issue or topic worth researching;
· Highlight how others have researched this topic or issue (whether quantitatively or qualitatively), and
· Specify how others have operationalized this concept and measured these phenomena
Note: Introduction should not be more than one or two paragraphs.
Literature Review
There is no need for a literature review in this assignment
3.Research Question or Research Hypothesis
What is the Research Question or Research Hypothesis?
***Just in time information: Here are a few points for Research Question or Research Hypothesis
There are basically two kinds of research questions: testable and non-testable. Neither is better than the other, and both have a place in applied research.
Examples of non-testable questions are:
How do managers feel about the reorganization?
What do residents feel are the most important problems facing the community?
Respondents' answers to these questions could be summarized in descriptive tables and the results might be extremely valuable to administrators and planners. Business and social science researchers often ask non-testable research questions. The shortcoming with these types of questions is that they do not provide objective cut-off points for decision-makers.
In order to overcome this problem, researchers often seek to answer o ...
This document discusses elements of research design, including:
1. The purpose of a study can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Exploratory studies investigate unknown phenomena, descriptive studies characterize variables, and hypothesis testing examines relationships.
2. Types of investigation include causal studies that establish cause-and-effect and correlational studies that identify associated factors.
3. The extent of researcher interference ranges from minimal in correlational studies to manipulation and control in causal studies.
Elements Of Research Design | Purpose Of Study | Important Of Research Design |FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of a study, type of investigation, study setting, population, time horizon, and importance of considering research design early. It describes exploratory, descriptive and hypothesis testing purposes. Correlational and causal studies are covered as well as field, lab and contrived settings. Individuals, groups, organizations can be units of analysis. Cross-sectional and longitudinal time horizons are presented. Reliability including stability over time and internal consistency are also summarized.
The document discusses the key characteristics of scientific research, including:
1. Purposiveness - Research is conducted with a clear purpose or aim, such as investigating how to increase employee commitment.
2. Rigor - Research uses rigorous methodology, such as developing hypotheses and collecting data systematically.
3. Testability - Hypotheses are tested using statistical analysis and data collected.
The document provides examples to illustrate these key aspects of scientific research methodology.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.docxBlessingMapoka
This document provides an overview of experimental design in research. It defines experimental design as a scientific approach to research where independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables. The key types of experimental design are described as pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true experimental. True experiments offer the strongest causal inferences because variables are manipulated and subjects are randomly assigned, allowing for comparison. Experimental research is described as useful for businesses to test new strategies, understand customer needs, and assess the business environment before making changes. The steps for conducting experimental research are outlined.
The document provides summaries of different types of research designs, including their definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. It discusses exploratory, descriptive, experimental, causal, cohort, case study, action research, cross-sectional, and market research designs. For each design, it outlines what information can be learned from studies using that design and what limitations exist in determining causation or generalizing findings. The overall purpose is to help readers understand when and how to appropriately apply different research methodologies.
Certified Specialist Business Intelligence (.docxdurantheseldine
Certified Specialist Business
Intelligence (CSBI) Reflection
Part 5 of 6
CSBI Course 5: Business Intelligence and Analytical and Quantitative Skills
● Thinking about the Basics
● The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
● Sampling
● Common Mistakes in Analysis
● Opportunities and Problems to Solve
● The Low Severity Level ED (SL5P) Case Setup as an Example of BI Work
● Meaningful Analytic Structures
Analysis and Statistics
A key aspect of the work of the BI/Analytics consultant is analysis. Analysis can be defined as
how the data is turned into information. Information is the outcome when the data is analyzed
correctly.
Rigorous analysis is having the best chance of creating the sharpest picture of what the data
might reveal and is the product of proper application of statistics and experimental design.
Statistics encompasses a complex and detailed series of disciplines. Statistical concepts are
foundational to all descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytic applications. However, the
application of simple descriptive statistical calculations yields a great deal of usable information
for transformational decision-making. The value of the information is amplified when using these
same simple statistics within the context of a well-designed experiment.
This module is not designed to teach one statistic. It is designed to place statistical work within
the appropriate context so that it can be leveraged most effectively in driving organizational
performance..
An important review of the basic knowledge for work with descriptive and inferential statistics.
The Basic Elements of Experimental Design
Analytic tools also can provide an enhanced ability to conduct experiments. More than just
allowing analysis of output of activities or processes, experiments can be performed on
processes and the output of processes. Experimenting on processes is a movement beyond
the traditional r.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose can be exploratory, descriptive, or for hypothesis testing. Studies can be causal, correlational, contrived or non-contrived. Populations can be individuals, groups, organizations or cultures. Studies can also be cross-sectional or longitudinal. Proper research design ensures the purpose is effectively addressed.
The document discusses key elements of research design including the purpose of studies, types of investigations, study settings, populations, time horizons, and units of analysis. It also covers measurement scales, reliability, and validity. The purpose of research design is to ensure the study effectively addresses its goals. Considering these elements early helps avoid issues later in the research process.
This document provides information about quantitative research designs and sampling procedures. It defines five types of quantitative research designs: descriptive, correlational, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, and experimental. It also discusses population and sample, approaches to identifying sample size including heuristics, literature review, and formulas. Finally, it describes different probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling.
Quantitative techniques refer to scientific, mathematical, and statistical methods for solving complex business problems. These techniques include statistical methods like data collection, analysis, and forecasting as well as operations research techniques like linear programming. Quantitative techniques help organizations make data-driven decisions in areas like marketing, production, finance, personnel management, research and development, and economics. The document then provides details on specific quantitative techniques and the steps involved in marketing research.
This document discusses different strategies for purposefully selecting samples in qualitative research, specifically focusing on purposeful sampling. It describes three strategies: (1) extreme or deviant case sampling, which focuses on unusual or special cases that can be particularly informative; (2) intensity sampling, which selects information-rich cases that intensely manifest the phenomenon of interest; and (3) maximum variation sampling, which captures central themes across a diverse sample. The purpose of purposeful sampling is to select information-rich cases that will illuminate the research questions.
Please dont waste my time unless you’re willing to do the work..docxrowthechang
Please don't waste my time unless you’re willing to do the work. This paper is already written just need the research method paper done. An example is provide on how to do the work willing to pay $35.00 due midnight
Action Research Proposal: Research Method
Due Date:
Mar 23, 2015 23:59:59
Max Points:
160
Details:
Select the population and sample that is the focus of the action research project.
Describe the method of research to be applied and why it is most appropriate for the study. Describe the population, the sample, and how you intend to gather data to address the research problem.
Develop a research instrument that will be used to collect data from the sample population.
For help with questionnaires, view “PSC 495: Questionnaire Examples.”
THIIS IS THE PROPOSAL ALREADY WRITTEN
Synopsis of the Problem
In the recent past, a number of organizations have been adversely affected by the turnover rates that have been increasing progressively as from 2009. This has witnessed an increment in the number of organizations closing shop from approximately 1.8 million to more than 2 million between 2009 and 2012
(Larson, Lakin, & Bruininks, 1998)
. Aspects that include workforce recruitment and training costs, team dynamics and time restrictions in discovering and hiring newer talents have been adversely affected by the increase in worker turnover rates and have resulted in increment in expenditures. The unconstructive effects of the elevated employee turnover rates , therefore, informs the study on why the workers opt to desert they jobs even as organizational administrators strive to enhance the employee retention rates through increment in salaries and establishment of more favorable work milieus.
Statement of Purpose
This paper is therefore, written with the objective of analyzing the effect of various aspects, for instance, increased employee turnover rates, on the organization as well as their contribution to the increasing rates of employees opting to desert their jobs.
Description of the Action Research Project
This study will make use of two key research methodologies, namely; qualitative and quantitative research methodologies
(Barton, 2006)
. Given that the two methods facilitates the acknowledgement of rationale behind the increment in dissertation rates in addition to giving insight on how organization suffering from reduced employee retention rates function.
Reasons for the Proposal
Studies on the factors affecting employee retention and impacts of increased turnover rates have indicated that managers in organizations that have been acquired by another tend to dessert their jobs as a consequence of not being offered an opportunity and ample time to align to the novel organization
(Allen & Bryant, 2012)
. Additionally, workers tend to desert their jobs as a consequence of lack of faith owing to instability experienced by the mangers leaving their positions. This, therefore, leads to the question of what factors inf.
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs including exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs. It provides details on each type of design, their purposes, appropriate research questions to address, and common methods used. Exploratory research aims to gain background information and define problems, descriptive research describes phenomena, and causal research determines causality between variables. The document also discusses important considerations for research design such as defining constructs, developing operational definitions, specifying objectives, and controlling for extraneous variables.
Transitioning Critical Thinking Skills from the Academic Setting to the Globa...afacct
This document discusses strategies for teaching critical thinking skills to nursing students and transitioning those skills from the academic to clinical setting. It identifies different strategies to use in theory, lab/simulation, and clinical courses. Some key strategies mentioned include using case studies, unfolding case studies, simulations, and assigning activities involving multiple patients to compare findings and make clinical judgments. The goal is to better prepare students for the NCLEX exam and real-world client care where critical thinking and decision making are important for safety and positive outcomes.
1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study Statistical ForecastingDr. TatianaMajor22
1. Week 5 Assignment - Case Study: Statistical Forecasting
Dr. Megan Zobb, a key researcher within the North Luna University Medical Center, has been studying a new variant of a skin disease virus that seems to be surfacing among the North Luna University population. This variant (which has been tentatively named Painful Rash or PR), leads to the formation of surface lesions on an individual's body. These lesions are very similar to small boils or isolated shingles sores. These PR lesions are not necessarily clustered as shingles lesions are, but are isolated across the body.
Insights From Initial Interviews
Megan is initiating some efforts at a preliminary analysis. She has seen 20 initial patients and made several observations about the skin disease. She wants to analyze this initial data before structuring and recommending a more encompassing study.
The signs and symptoms of this disorder usually affect multiple sections of the patient's body. These signs and symptoms may include:
· Pain, burning, numbness or tingling, but pain is always present.
· Sensitivity to touch.
· A red rash that begins a few days after the pain.
· Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over.
· Itching.
Some people also experience:
· Fever.
· Headache.
· Sensitivity to light.
· Fatigue.
Pain is always the first symptom of PR. For some, it can be intense. Depending on the location of the pain, it can sometimes be mistaken for a symptom of problems affecting the heart, lungs, or kidneys. Some people experience PR pain without ever developing the rash. The degree of pain that the individual experiences is seemingly proportional to the number of lesions.
Dr. Zobb is extremely concerned that this new variant is especially challenging to the younger population, who are active and like to be outdoors. She has asked you as an analyst and statistician for some assistance in analyzing her initial data. She is not a biostatistician, so she requests that you explain the process you use and your interpretation of the results for each task.
Initial Data Analysis
Dr. Zobb has accumulated some data on an initial set of 20 patients across multiple age groups. She believes that the data suggests younger individuals are affected more than others. She wants you to complete the tasks shown here based on the data below.
For each of the following, provide a detailed explanation of the process you used along with your interpretation of the results. Submit the response in a Word document and attach your Excel spreadsheet to show your calculations (where applicable). Be sure to number each response (e.g., 1.a, 1.b,…).
1. Develop an equation to model the data using a regression analysis approach and explain your calculation process in Excel.
1. Calculate the r-square statistic using Excel. Interpret the meaning of the r-square statistic in this case.
1. Determine three conclusions that address the initial observations and are supported by the regression analysis.
Regression Anal ...
This document outlines the typical chapters and sections contained in a research paper or thesis. It includes an introduction presenting the problem, a literature review section, methodology section describing the research design and subjects, a results and discussion section, and a conclusion. It provides examples of how each section might be structured and the types of information typically included.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. 2
Chapter Objectives
Understand the different aspects relevant to
designing a research study.
Identify the scope of any given study and the
end use of the results.
Describe the type of investigation needed,
the study setting, the extent of researcher
interference, the unit of analysis, and the
time horizon of the study.
Identify which of the two, a causal or a
correlational study, would be more
appropriate in a given situation.
3. 3
The Research Design
In this step we need to design the
research in a way that the requisite
data can be gathered and analyzed to
arrive at a solution.
The research design was originally
presented in a simple manner in box 6
of Figure 6.1.
8. 8
Purpose of The Study
The Nature of Studies:
Exploratory Study
Descriptive Study
Hypothesis Testing (Analytical and
Predictive)
Case Study Analysis
9. 9
Exploratory Study
Exploratory Study is undertaken when
not much is known about the situation
at hand, or no information is
available on how similar problems or
research issues have been solved in the
past.
10. 10
Example 6.1
The manager of a multinational corporation is
curious to know if the work ethic values of
employees working in Prince Hassan
Industrial City would be different from those
of Americans.
That city is a small city, and no information
about the ethic values of its workers.
Also, the work ethic values mean be different
to people in different cultures.
11. 11
Example 6.1 (Cont.)
The best way to study the above
situation is by conducting an
exploratory study, by interviewing the
employees in organizations in Irbid
area.
12. 12
Descriptive Study
Is undertaken in order to ascertain and be
able to describe the characteristics of the
variables of interest in a situation.
For instance, a study of a the Research
Methods 200 class in terms of the percentage
of members who are in their senior (will be in
the graduation stage), sex composition, age
groupings, number of semesters left until
graduation, can be considered as descriptive
in nature.
13. 13
Descriptive Study
In addition, descriptive studies are
undertaken in organizations to learn
about and describe the characteristics
of a group of employees, as for
example, the age, education level, job
status, and length of service.
14. 14
Example 6.2
A bank manager wants to have a profile of
the individuals who have loan payments
outstanding for 6 months and more.
This profile would include details of their
average age, earnings, nature of occupation,
full-time/ part-time employment status, and
the like.
The above information might help the
manager to decide right away on the types of
individuals who should be made ineligible for
loans in the future.
15. 15
Example 6.4
A marketing manager might want to develop a
pricing, sales, distribution, and advertising
strategy for his product.
The manager might ask for information regarding the
competitors, with respect to the following:
1. the percentage of companies who have prices higher
and lower than the industry norm.
2. the percentage of competitors hiring in-house staff
to handle sales and those who use independent
agents.
16. 16
Example 6.4 (Cont.)
3. percentage of sales groups organized by
product line, by accounts, and by region.
4. the types of distribution channels used and
the percentage of customers using each.
5. percentage of competitors spending more
dollars on advertising/promotion than the
firm and those spending less.
6. Percentage of those using the web to sell
the product.
17. 17
Hypotheses Testing
Studies that engage in hypotheses testing
usually explain the nature of certain
relationships, or establish the differences
among groups or the independence of two or
more factors in a situation.
Hypotheses testing is undertaken to explain
the variance in the dependent variable or to
predict organizational outcomes.
18. 18
Example 6.5
A marketing manager wants to know if the
sales of the company will increase if he
doubles the advertising dollars.
Here, the manager would like to know the
nature of the relationship between
advertising and sales by testing the
hypothesis:
If advertising is increased, then sales will also
go up.
19. 19
Case Study Analysis
Case studies involve in-depth, contextual
analyses of matters relating to similar
situations in other organizations.
Case studies, as a problem solving
technique, are not frequently resorted to in
organizations because findings the same type
of problem in another comparable setting is
difficult due to the reluctance of the
companies to reveal their problems.
20. 20
Case Study Analysis
Case studies that are qualitative in
nature are, however, useful in applying
solutions to current problems based on
past problem-solving experiences.
Also, case studies are useful in
understanding certain phenomena, and
generating further theories for empirical
testing.
21. 21
Type of Investigation: Causal
versus Correlational
A causal study: Is an inquiry to know
the cause of one or more problems.
A correlational study: Is an inquiry to
know the important variables associated
with the problem.
22. 22
Example 6.9
A causal study question:
Does smoking cause cancer?
A correlational study question:
Are smoking and cancer related?
Or
Are smoking, drinking, and chewing
tobacco associated with cancer?
If so, which of these contributes most to the
variance in the dependent variable?
23. 23
Example 6.10
Fears of an earthquake predicted
recently in an area were causal of a
number of crashes of some houses in
the area in order to be eligible of
insurance policy.
24. 24
Example 6.11
Increases in interest rates and property
taxes, the recession, and the predicted
earthquake considerably slowed down
the business of real state agents in the
country.
25. 25
Extent of Researcher Interference
With the Study
The extent of interference by the
researcher with the normal flow of work
at the workplace has a direct bearing
on whether the study undertaken is
causal or correlational.
26. 26
Extent of Researcher Interference
With the Study
A correlational study is conducted in
the natural environment of the
organization with minimum interference
by the researcher with the normal flow
of work.
27. 27
Extent of Researcher Interference
With the Study
In studies conducted to establish cause-
and-effect relationships, the researcher
tries to manipulate certain variables so as
to study the effects of such manipulation on
the dependent variable of interest.
In other words, the researcher deliberately
changes certain variables in the setting
and interferes with the events as they
normally occur in the organization.
28. 28
Minimal Interference
Example 6.12
A hospital administrator wants to
examine the relationship between the
perceived emotional support in the
system and the stress experienced by
the nursing staff. In other words, she
wants to do a correlational study.
29. 29
Example 6.12 (Cont.)
The researcher will collect data from the
nurses ( through a questionnaire) to indicate
how much emotional support they get in the
hospital and to what extent they experience
stress. By correlating the two variables, the
answer is found.
In this case, beyond administering a
questionnaire to the nurses, the researcher
has not interfered with the normal
activities in the hospital.
30. 30
Moderate Interference
If the researcher wants to establish a
causal connection between the
emotional support in the hospital and
stress, or, wants to demonstrate that if
the nurses had emotional support, this
indeed would cause them to
experience less stress.
31. 31
Moderate Interference
To test the cause-and-effect relationship,
the researcher will measure the stress
currently experienced by the nurses in three
wards in the hospital, and then deliberately
manipulate the extent of emotional support
given to the three groups of nurses in the
three wards for perhaps a week, and
measure the amount of stress at the end of
that period.
32. 32
Moderate Interference
For one group, the researcher will ensure
that a number of lab technicians and doctors
help and comfort the nurses when they face
stressful events.
For a second group of nurses in another
ward, the researcher might arrange for them
only a moderate amount of emotional support
and employing only the lab technicians and
excluding doctors.
33. 33
Moderate Interference
The third ward might operate without any
emotional support.
If the experimenter’s theory is correct,
then the reduction in the stress levels
before and after the 1-week period should be
greater for the nurses in the first ward,
moderate for those in the second ward, and
nil for the nurses in the third ward.
34. 34
Moderate Interference
We find that not only does the researcher
collect data from nurses on their experienced
stress at two different points in time, but also
manipulated the normal course of events by
deliberately changing the amount of
emotional support received by the
nurses in two wards, while leaving things in
the third ward unchanged.
Here, the researcher has interfered more
than minimally.
35. 35
Excessive Interference
Example 6.14
IF the researcher feels, after conducting the previous
experiments, that the results may not be valid
since other external factors might have influenced
the stress levels experience by the nurses.
For example, during that particular experimental
week, the nurses in one or more wards may not have
experienced high levels of stress because there were
no serious illnesses or deaths in the ward. Hence the
emotional support received might not be related to
the level of stresses experienced.
36. 36
Excessive Interference
The researcher want to make sure that
such external factors that might affect
the cause-and-effect relationship
are controlled.
37. 37
Controlling the External factors
The researcher might take three groups of
medical students, put them in different
rooms, and confront all of them with the
same stressful task.
For example, he might ask them to describe
in detail, the surgical procedures in
performing surgery on a patient who has not
responded to chemotherapy and keep asking
them with more and more questions.
38. 38
Controlling the External factors
Although all are exposed to the same
intensive questioning, one group might get
help from a doctor who voluntarily offers
clarifications and help when students
stumble.
In the second group, a doctor might be
nearby, but might offer clarifications and help
only if the group seeks it.
In the third group, there is no doctor
present and no help is available.
39. 39
Controlling the External factors
In the above example, not only is the
support manipulated, but even the
setting in which this experiment is
conducted is artificial inasmuch as the
researcher has taken the subject away from
their normal environment and put them in a
totally different setting.
The researcher has intervened maximally
with the normal setting, the participants, and
their duties.
40. 40
Excessive Interference
The extent of researcher interference
would depend on whether the study is
correlational or causal and also the
importance of establishing causal
relationship beyond any doubt.
Most organizational problems seldom
call for a causal study, except in some
market research areas.
41. 41
Study Setting: Contrived and
Noncontrived
Correlational studies are conducted
in noncontrived settings (normal
settings), whereas most causal
studies are done in contrived settings.
Correlational studies done in
organizations are called field studies.
42. 42
Study Setting: Contrived and
Noncontrived
Studies conducted to establish cause-and-
effect relationship using the same natural
environment in which employees normally
function are called field experiments.
Experiments done to establish cause-and-
effect relationship in a contrived
environment and strictly controlled are
called lab experiments.
43. 43
Example 6.15 Field Study
A bank manager wants to analyze the
relationship between interest rates and bank
deposit patterns of clients.
The researcher tries to correlate the two by
looking at deposits into different kinds of
accounts (such as savings, certificates of
deposit, and interest-bearing checking
accounts) as interest rates changed.
44. 44
Example 6.15 Field Study
This is a field study where the bank
manager has taken the balances in various
types of accounts and correlated them to the
changes in interest rates.
Research here is done in a noncontrived
setting with no interference with the normal
work routine.
45. 45
Example 6.16 Field Experiment
The bank manager now wants to
determine the cause-and-effect
relationship between interest rate and
the inducements it offers to clients to
save and deposit money in the bank.
The researcher selects four branches
within 60/km radius for the experiment.
46. 46
Example 6.16 Field Experiment
For 1 week only, he advertises the annual
rate for new certificates of deposit received
during that week. The interest rate would be
9% in one branch, 8% in another, and
10% in the third. In the fourth branch, the
interest rate remains unchanged at 5%.
Within the week, the researcher would be
able to determine the effects, if any, of
interest rates on deposit mobilization.
47. 47
Example 6.16 Field Experiment
This example would be a field experiment
since nothing but the interest rate is
manipulated, with all activities occurring in
the normal and natural work environment.
Hopefully, all four branches chosen would be
compatible in size, number of depositors,
deposit patterns, and the like, so that the
interest-savings relationships are
influenced by some third factor.
48. 48
Example 6.17 Lab Experiment
To be sure about the true relationship
between the interest rate and deposits, the
researcher could create an artificial
environment by choosing, for instance, 40
students who are all business majors in their
final year of study and in the same age. The
researcher splits the students into four
groups and give each one of them $1000,
which they are told they might buy their
needs or save for the future, or both.
49. 49
Example 6.17 Lab Experiment
The researcher offers them interest on what
they save as followings:
6% on savings for group 1.
8% for group 2.
9% for group 3.
1% for group 4 (the old rate of interest).
Here, the researcher has created an artificial
laboratory environment and has manipulated
the interest rates for savings. He also chosen
subjects with similar backgrounds.
50. 50
Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis refers to the level
of aggregation of the data collected
during the subsequent data analysis.
Individual
Dyads
Groups
Organizations
Cultures
51. 51
Unit of Analysis: Individual
If the researcher focuses on how to
raise the motivational levels of
employees, then we are interested in
individual employees in the
organization. Here the unit of
analysis is the individual (the data
will be gathered from each
individual).
52. 52
Unit of Analysis: Dyads
If the researcher is interested in
studying two-person interaction, then
several two-person groups also
known as dyads, will become the
unit of analysis ( analysis of
husband-wife, and supervisor-
subordinate relationships at the work
place.
53. 53
Unit of Analysis
Groups as a unit of analysis
Organizations as a unit of
analysis
Cultures as a unit of analysis
54. 54
Example 6.18 Individuals as The
Unit of Analysis
The Chief Financial Officer of a manufacturing
company wants to know how many of the
staff would be interested in attending a 3-day
seminar on making appropriate investment
decisions.
Data will have to be collected from each
individual staff member and the unit of
analysis is individual.
The unit of analysis is the individual.
55. 55
Example 6.19 Dyads as the Unit
of Analysis
A human resources manager wants to
first identify the number of employees
in three departments of the
organization who are in mentoring
relationships, and then find out what
the jointly perceived benefits of such a
relationship are.
56. 56
Example 6.19 Dyads as the Unit
of Analysis
Once the mentor and the mentored pairs are
identified, their joint perceptions can be
obtained by treating each pair as one unit.
If the manager wants data from a sample of
10 pairs, he will have to deal with 20
individuals, a pair at a time. The information
obtained from each pair will be a data point
for subsequent analysis.
Thus, the unit of analysis is the dyad.
57. 57
Example 6.20 Groups as Unit of
Analysis
A manager wants to see the patterns of
usage of the newly installed Information
System (IS) by the production, sales, and
operations personnel.
Here three groups of personnel are involved
and information on the number of times the
IS is used by each member in each of the
three groups as well as other relevant issues
will be collected and analyzed.
Here the unit of analysis is the group.
58. 58
Example 6.21 Divisions as the
Unit of Analysis
Johnson & Johnson company wants to see
which of its various divisions (soap, shampoo,
body oil, etc.) have made profits of over 12%
during the current year.
Here, the profits of each of the divisions will
be examined and the information
aggregated across the various geographical
units of the division.
The unit of analysis will be the division,
at which level the data will be
aggregated.
59. 59
Example 6.22 Industry as the
Unit of Analysis
An employment survey specialist wants to see
the proportion of the workforce employed by
the health care, transportation, and
manufacturing industries.
The researcher has to aggregate the data
relating to each of the subunits
comprised in each of the industries and
report the proportions of the workforce
employed at the industry level.
60. 60
Example 6.22 Industry as the
Unit of Analysis
The health care industry, for instance,
includes hospitals, nursing homes, small and
large clinics, and other health care providing
facilities.
The data from these subunits will have to be
aggregated to see how many employees are
employed by the heath care industry.
This will need to be done for each of the
other industries.
61. 61
Example 6.23 Countries as the
Unit of Analysis
The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of
a multinational corporation wants to
know the profits made during the past
5 years by each of the subsidiaries in
England, Germany, and France. It is
possible that there are many regional
offices of these subsidiaries in each of
these countries.
62. 62
Example 6.23 Countries as the
Unit of Analysis
The profits of the various regional
centers for each country have to be
aggregated and the profits for each
country for the past 5 years provided to
the CFO.
The data will now have to be
aggregated at the country level.
63. 63
Time Horizon: Cross-Sectional
Versus Longitudinal Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
A study can be done in which data are
gathered just once, perhaps over a
period of days or weeks or months, in
order to answer a research question.
64. 64
Time Horizon: Cross-Sectional
Versus Longitudinal Studies
Example 6.24
Data were collected from stock brokers
between April and June of last year to
study their concerns in a turbulent stock
market.
Data has to be collected at one
point in time. It is a cross-sectional
design.
65. 65
Time Horizon: Cross-Sectional
Versus Longitudinal Studies
Example 6.25
A drug company desirous of investing in
research for a new headache pill conducted a
survey among headachy people to see how
many of them would be interested in trying
the new pill.
This is a one-shot or cross-sectional
study to assess the likely demand for the
new product.
66. 66
Time Horizon: Cross-Sectional
Versus Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Studies
Studying people or phenomena at more
than one point in time in order to
answer the research question.
Because data are gathered at two
different points in time, the study is not
cross-sectional kind, but is carried
longitudinally across a period of time.
67. 67
Example 6.27
A marketing manager is interested in tracing
the pattern of sales of a particular product in
four different regions of the country on a
quarterly basis for the next 2 years.
Since the data are collected several
times to answer the same issue, the study
falls under the longitudinal category.
68. 68
Time Horizon: Cross-Sectional
Versus Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal studies take more time and effort
and cost more than cross-sectional studies. However,
will-planned longitudinal studies could help to identify
cause-and-effect relationships.
For example, one could study the sales volume of a
product before and after an advertisement, and
provided other environmental changes have not
impacted on the results, one could attribute the
increase in the sales volume, if any, to the
advertisement.
69. 69
Exercise 6.1
A supervisor thinks that the low
efficiency of the machine tool operators
is directly linked to the high level of
fumes emitted in the workshop. He
would like to prove this to his
supervisor through a research study.
1. Would this be a causal or a
correlational study? Why?
70. 70
Exercise 6.1
2. Is this an exploratory, descriptive, or
hypothesis-testing (analytical or predictive)
study? Why?
3. What kind of study would this be: field
study, lab experiment, or field experiment?
Why?
4. What would be the unit of analysis? Why?
5. Would this be a cross-section or a
longitudinal study? Why?
71. 71
Exercise 6.1
Answers:
1. This would be a causal study because the operator
wants to prove to the supervisor that the fumes are
causing operators to be low in their efficiency. In
other words, the machine tool operator is trying to
establish the fact that fumes cause low efficiency in
workers.
2. This is an analytical study because the machine tool
operator wants to establish that fumes cause low
efficiency and convince his workshop supervisor
through such analysis (i.e. establish cause and effect
relationship).
72. 72
Exercise 6.1
3. This would be a field experiment. Though the study
would be set up in the natural environment of the
workers where the work is normally done, the
amount of fumes will have to be manipulated while
other factors such as atmospheric pressure may
have to be controlled. Because of the location of
the study, it will be a field experiment.
4. The unit of analysis would be the individual
operators. The data will be collected with respect
to each operator and then the conclusions will be
made as to whether the operators are less efficient
because of the fumes emitted in the workshop.
73. 73
Exercise 6.1
5. This would be a longitudinal study because
data will be gathered at more than one
point in time. First, the efficiency of the
operators would be assessed at a given rate
of fume emission. Then the fumes emitted
would be manipulated to varying degrees,
and at each manipulation, the efficiency of
the workers would again be assessed to
confirm that the high rate of fume emission
causes a drop in operators’ efficiency.
74. 74
Exercise 6.1
6. This would be a longitudinal study because
data will be gathered at more than one
point in time. First, the efficiency of the
operators would be assessed at a given rate
of fume emission. Then the fumes emitted
would be manipulated to varying degrees,
and at each manipulation, the efficiency of
the workers would again be assessed to
confirm that the high rate of fume emission
causes a drop in operators’ efficiency.