Fiber optics technology uses glass or plastic threads to transmit data as pulses of light. Starting in the 1850s with experiments transmitting light through curved streams of water, researchers demonstrated that signals could be sent over long distances using fiber. In the 1960s, glass fibers were developed that could carry information across oceans as an alternative to copper cables. Today fiber optic networks have largely replaced copper wires for telecommunications due to their much larger bandwidth and data carrying capacity.
Photonics, the science of light, generates, detects and controls photons, harnessing the power of light energy. We can thank photonics for our flat-panel computers, HDTVs, smart phone displays, fast tele-communications lines, and even laser surgery.
Imagine the looming benefits of personalised medicine, where photonics is used to analyse your genetics and determine your best treatment options. Yes, the future of photonics is bright, pardon the pun, and is highly relevant for any students considering a career in physics.
Targeted at Years 7-10 teachers, this presentation from A/Prof David Lancaster from The University of Adelaide’s Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing outlined the scientific principles behind photonics, how it is being used currently and the problems it could help to solve in the future. Potential career paths and in-class activities were also discussed.
For more information on the event head to http://ow.ly/A369P
Chemistry ppt on magnetic radiation and youngs experiment vishalmhaske13
the powerpoint is about electromagnetic radiation and its types and example with its configuration and also images to identify the different magnetic radiation
It also include its advantage and its disadvantages and uses.
In second topic includes youngs experiment and its uses and derivation and formula
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Photonics, the science of light, generates, detects and controls photons, harnessing the power of light energy. We can thank photonics for our flat-panel computers, HDTVs, smart phone displays, fast tele-communications lines, and even laser surgery.
Imagine the looming benefits of personalised medicine, where photonics is used to analyse your genetics and determine your best treatment options. Yes, the future of photonics is bright, pardon the pun, and is highly relevant for any students considering a career in physics.
Targeted at Years 7-10 teachers, this presentation from A/Prof David Lancaster from The University of Adelaide’s Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing outlined the scientific principles behind photonics, how it is being used currently and the problems it could help to solve in the future. Potential career paths and in-class activities were also discussed.
For more information on the event head to http://ow.ly/A369P
Chemistry ppt on magnetic radiation and youngs experiment vishalmhaske13
the powerpoint is about electromagnetic radiation and its types and example with its configuration and also images to identify the different magnetic radiation
It also include its advantage and its disadvantages and uses.
In second topic includes youngs experiment and its uses and derivation and formula
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
A brief history of fiber optics beginning in the 1840s with the discovery of the ability to direct light along curved water, for use in water fountain displays to today when Amphenol Fiber Systems International is the largest manufacturer of harsh environment cable assemblies in the world.
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
A brief history of fiber optics beginning in the 1840s with the discovery of the ability to direct light along curved water, for use in water fountain displays to today when Amphenol Fiber Systems International is the largest manufacturer of harsh environment cable assemblies in the world.
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Infrared Spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopyPreeti Choudhary
Instrumentation of Infrared Spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy
Discuss the fundamentals and concepts behind Infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
I hope this presentation helpful for you.
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Practical Fibre Optics & Interfacing Techniques to Industrial Ethernet and Wi...Living Online
This manual will provide you with the necessary background to understand the fundamentals of fibre optic systems and their individual components including fibres, cable construction, connectors, splices and optical sources and detectors. Various pitfalls associated with the implementation of fibre optic systems are discussed and workable solutions to these problems are provided. It will provide you with the knowledge to develop the required techniques for design, installation and maintenance of fibre optic systems.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-fibre-optics-and-interfacing-techniques-industrial-ethernet-and-wireless-23?id=58
TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR 2024.pptxnikitacareer3
Looking for the best engineering colleges in Jaipur for 2024?
Check out our list of the top 10 B.Tech colleges to help you make the right choice for your future career!
1) MNIT
2) MANIPAL UNIV
3) LNMIIT
4) NIMS UNIV
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6) VIVEKANANDA GLOBAL UNIV
7) BIT JAIPUR
8) APEX UNIV
9) AMITY UNIV.
10) JNU
TO KNOW MORE ABOUT COLLEGES, FEES AND PLACEMENT, WATCH THE FULL VIDEO GIVEN BELOW ON "TOP 10 B TECH COLLEGES IN JAIPUR"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSNje0MBh7g
VISIT CAREER MANTRA PORTAL TO KNOW MORE ABOUT COLLEGES/UNIVERSITITES in Jaipur:
https://careermantra.net/colleges/3378/Jaipur/b-tech
Get all the information you need to plan your next steps in your medical career with Career Mantra!
https://careermantra.net/
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
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source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
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plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
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Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
2. OBJECTIVES
• Define optical communications
• Present an overview of the history of optical fiber
• Compare the advantages and disadvantages of
optical fibers over metallic cables
• Describe several types of optical fiber construction
• Describe how light waves propagate through an
optical fiber cable.
• Define modes of propagation and index profile
• Describe the three types of optical fiber
configurations
3. W H E R E IT STARTED?
1854
John Tyndall demonstrated to the
Royal Society that light could be
conducted through a curved stream of
water, proving that a light signal could
be bent.
4. TYNDALL’S H I S T O R I C A L E X P E R I M E N T
What was expected
to happen?
What actually
happened?
5. The tank of water had a
horizontal pipe extending out
one side which allowed water
to flow out in an arc to a
collection pan on
the floor
.
A bright light was directed into
the pipe and the light rays
traveled within
the water until they were
broken up by the
turbulence of the water hitting
the collection pan.
6. L I G H T G U I D I N G A P P L I C A T I O N S
• Road Signs
• Endoscopes
• HazardousAreas
• All at Sea
• Communications
7. C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
1880
Alexander Graham Bell invented his
"Photophone," which transmitted a
voice signal on abeam of light.Bell
focused sunlight with amirror and
then talkedinto amechanism that
vibrated the mirror.
At the receiving end,adetector picked
up the vibrating beam and decoded it
back into avoice the same way a
phone did with electrical signals.
However, many things — acloudy day
,
for instance — could interfere with the
Photophone, causing Bell to stop any
further research with this invention.
8. P H O T O P H O N E
• Uses light for the transmission of speech.
• It was atube with aflexible mirror atits end.
• He spoke down the tube and the sound vibrated the
mirror.
• The modulated light was detected by aphotocell
placed atadistance of two hundred meters or so.
• The result was certainly not hi-fi but the speech
could atleast be understood.
9. C O M M U N I C A T I O N S
Kao co-authored aproposal that
would revolutionize global
communications and laythe
groundwork for the internet we
know today
.
Along with collaborator George
Hockham, Kao proposed using
thin glass fibers to transmit data
across long distances, replacing
the bulky copper wires then in
use in telecommunications
10. FIBER O P T I C S T E C H N O L O G Y
• Optic Fiber is the transparent material, along which
we can transmit light.
• Fiber Optics is the system, or branch of
engineering concerned with using the optic fibers.
Optic fiber is therefore used in afiber optic system.
• Fiber is afriendly abbreviation for either
,so we
could say that fiber is used in afiber system.
11. FATHER OF O P T I C A L FIBER
Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany
Coined the term “Fiber Optics in 1956”
12. F IBER S C O PE
• Heel, Hopkins and Kapany- In
1950’sthey experimented with
light transmission through bundles
of fibers. It led to the development
of the flexible fiberscope.
• A fiberscope is a flexible fiber
optic bundle with an eyepiece at
one end, and a lens at the other.
• It is used for inspection work, often
to examine small components in
tightly packed equipment, when the
inspector cannot easily access the
part requiring inspection.
13. PR IN C IPL E OF O P E R AT I O N
• The system is basically very simple: asignal is used to
vary
,or modulate, the light output of asuitablesource
— usually alaser or an LED (light emittingdiode).
• The flashes of light travel along the fiber and,atthe
far end,are converted to an electrical signal by means
of aphoto-electriccell.
• Thus the original input signal is recovered
A simple fiber
optic system
14. B L O C K D I A G R A M
Voltage-to-
Current
Converter
Light Source
Source-to-
fiber
Interface
Signal
Regenerator
Fiber-to-light
detector
Interface
Light
Detector
Current-to-
Voltage
Converter
Source
Destination
15. A D VA N TA G E S OF
O P T I C A L FIBER C A B L E S
1. Wider bandwidth and greater information capacity
2. Immunity to crosstalk
3. Immunity to static interference
4. Environmental immunity
5. Safety and convenience
6. Lower transmission loss
7. Security
8. Durability and reliability
9. Economics
16. D I S A D VA N TA G E S OF
O P T I C A L FIBER C A B L E S
1. Interfacing cost
2. Strength
3. Remote electrical power
4. Susceptible to losses introduced by bending
the cable
5. Specialized tools, equipment and training.
17. E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C S P E C T R U M
Fiber optics used visible light and infrared
18. G E N E R A L S U B D I V I S I O N
• Light is an electromagnetic wave having a
very high oscillation frequency and very
short wavelength.
a.Infrared – Band of light wavelengths that
are too long to be seen by the human eye.
(770 nm to 100,000 nm)
b.Visible Light – Band of lightwavelengths
to which the human eye respond 390 nm
to 770 nm)
c.Ultraviolet – Band of lightwavelengths
that are too short to be seen by the
human eye (10 nm to 390 nm)
19. A N G S T R O M & M I C R O N S
• When dealing with light frequencies, it is common to
use units of wavelength rather than frequency.
• Wavelength is often stated in microns where 1
micron = 10-6 meter (1um) or in nanometers
1nm=10-9.
• When describing the optical spectrum, the unit
angstrom is sometimes used to expressed wavelength
where 1 angstrom = 10-10 meters, or 0.001 micron.
20. N A T U R E OF L I G H T
• Albert Einstein & MaxPlanck
– showed that when light is
emitted or absorbed, it behaves
like an electromagnetic wave and
also like aparticle, called aphoton,
which possess energy
proportional to its frequency.
• Planck’s Law – “whenvisiblelight
orhighfrequencyelectromagnetic
radiationilluminatesa metallic
surface,electronsareemitted”
21. P L A N C K ’ S L A W
Ep= energy of the photon (joules)
h= Planck’s constant= 6.625 x 10-34 J-s
f= frequency of light (photon) emitted (Hertz)
22. O P T I C A L P O W E R
• Photometry – is the science of measuring only light
waves that are visible to the human eye.
• Radiometry – measures light throughout the entire
electromagnetic spectrum
• Optical Power – measures the rate atwhich the
electromagnetic waves transfer light energy.It is
described as the flow of light energy past agiven
point in aspecified time. “Radiant Flux”(J/s)
23. V E L O C I T Y OF P R O P A G A T I O N
• Electromagnetic energy (light waves) travels at
approximately 300,000,000 m/s(186,000 mi/s).
• In free space, velocity of propagation is the same for
alllight frequencies.
• EMW travels slower in material more dense than
free space and that alllight frequencies do not
propagate atthe same velocity.
24. R EF RACTIVE I N D E X
Where:
n = refractive index (unitless)
c = speed of light
v = speed of light in a given
material (m/s)
25. I N D E X OF R E F R A C T I O N
SUBSTANCE Refractive Index
Vacuum 1.0000
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.309
Water 1.33
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Magnesium Fluoride 1.38
Glass (fused quarts) 1.46
Glass (crown) 1.52
Sodium Chloride 1.54
Diamond 2.42
27. C R I T I C A L A N G L E
• Minimum angle of incidence atwhich alight ray may
stike the interface of two media and result in an
angle of refraction of 90 degrees or greater
.