The document discusses a study on the realization and application of fiber optics for vibration measurement in electrical switchgear, outlining the objectives and overview of the project which includes understanding fiber optic principles and applications, studying vibration sensors and their use, and analyzing how fiber optics can benefit vibration measurement in switchgear. It provides background on fiber optics, lasers, detectors, and sensors before reviewing vibration measurement and analyzing the advantages and limitations of using fiber optics for this application in electrical equipment.

1. A STUDY ON REALIZATION OF FIBRE OPTICS AND ITS
APPLICATION IN VIBRATION MEASUREMENT IN
ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR
Presented By:-
Mayank shekhar (13001619088)
Ankit Kumar (13001619082)
Manish kumar (13001619068)
Amrendra kumar (13001619079)
Deepak kumar (13001619089)
Vishant Trivedi (13001619083)
Under the guidance and supervision of
Dr. Tarun Kumar Gangopadhyay
Professor, Electrical Engineering Department
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2. Objective of the Project
By the end of this presentation we will be able to :
 Understand the structure and working principle of optical fibre.
 Know about Laser and collect some information on Optical Detectors.
 Know some application of optical fibre along with the optical fibre
Based-Telecommunication.
 Collect Knowledge about optical fibre sensor and Types of Fiber Optic
Sensors based on their principles of operation.
 Study of Vibration sensor, their types and application of vibration sensor.
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3. Overview of Project
 Acknowledgement
 Introduction.
 What is Optical Fibre.
 Working Principle of Optical Fibre.
 Lasers and its uses
 Application of Optical Fiber.
 Optical Fiber sensor.
 Review on Vibration Sensors.
 Benefit of using fiber optics for measurement in electrical switchgear
 Real time analysis and processing of vibration data in electrical switchgear
 Application to switchgear Monitoring
 Limitations of using fiber optics for vibration measurement in electrical switchgear .
 Conclusion. 3

4. Introduction
Fibre optics has undoubtedly had a profound impact
on the communications industry. This can be traced
back to the seminal papers of Kao and Hockham,
and Simon and Spitz, who basically appreciated in
the early to mid 1960s that optical signals could be
transmitted along glass or silica fibers with a loss
potentially below that experienced in coaxial copper
cables. Further, unlike copper where skin effect
increases loss with baseband modulation frequency,
the loss in optical fibers could be maintained for all
conceivable modulation frequencies.
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5. 5
Father of Fiber Optics :
Narinder Singh Kapany
Optical Fibre Basics Short history of fiber optics
•The history of fiber optics dates back to the 19th century, when researchers began
experimenting with transmitting light through glass or plastic fibers. However, it was
not until the 1950s and 1960s that the first practical fiber optic systems were
developed.
•In 1952, physicist Narinder Singh Kapany demonstrated the first practical fiber optic
system that could transmit images over a distance. Kapany used thousands of glass
fibers (multimode fiber around 75cm long) bundled together to create an image
transmitting system that he called "optical fiber." This early technology was used
primarily for medical applications, such as endoscopes.
•In the following years, fiber optic technology continued to improve, with
advancements in laser technology and the development of single-mode fibers that
could transmit light over even longer distances. The use of fiber optics in
telecommunications networks became increasingly widespread, as it offered faster
data transmission rates and greater bandwidth than traditional copper wire systems.

6. What is Optical Fiber ?
 An optical fiber is a thin hair like cylindrical fiber
of glass or any transparent dielectric medium.
 It’s function is to guide visible and infrared light
over long distance.
 Diameter of Fiber= 125 micron
 Diameter of Core= 8 to 10 micron
 Diameter with Cladding= 125 micron
 Overall Diameter with plastic protection cover =
250 micron
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7. Structure of Optical Fiber
1.- Core 8-10 µm
2.- Cladding 125 µm
3.- Coating 250 µm
4.- Jacket 900 μm
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8. o When a ray of light enters from a denser medium to a
rarer medium, it bends away from the normal (Case I).
o The incident ray is partially reflected and partially
transmitted or refracted, the angle of refraction being
larger than the angle of incidence (Case II).
o As the angle of incidence increases, so does the angle of
refraction.
o The refracted ray is bent so much away from the normal
that it grazes the surface at the interface between the two
media (Case III).
o If the angle of incidence is increased still further ,
refraction is not possible, and the incident ray is totally
reflected(Case IV). This is called total internal
reflection.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL
FIBER
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9.  Optical fibres uses the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
 When a signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the fibre at a suitable angle, it
undergoes repeated total internal reflections along the length of the fibre and finally
comes out at the other end.
 Since light undergoes total internal reflection at each stage, there is no appreciable loss
in the intensity of the light signal.
 Optical fibres are fabricated such that light reflected at one side of inner surface strikes
the other at an angle larger than the critical angle.
 Even if the fibre is bent, light can easily travel along its length. Thus, an optical fibre can
be used to act as an optical pipe.
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10. Laser
 The letters in the word laser stand
for Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
 Light travels in waves, and the distance
between the peaks of a wave is called the
wavelength.
 Lasers produce a narrow beam of light in
which all of the light waves have same
wavelengths.
 The laser’s light waves travel together with
their peaks all lined up, or in
phase(diameter proportional to
waveguide). This is why laser beams are
very narrow, very bright, and can be
focused into a very tiny spot.
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Helium Laser

11. Because laser light stays focused
and does not spread out much
(like a flashlight would), and due
to coherence pattern (in same
phase) laser beams can travel very
long distances. They can also
concentrate a lot of energy on a
very small area.
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SPECTRUM OF LIGHT

12. Application of Laser
 They are used in precision tools and can cut through diamonds or
thick metal. (For eg:- CO2 laser having 10,600 nm wavelength)
 They can also be designed to help in delicate surgeries.
 Lasers are used for recording and retrieving information.
 We also find them in laser printers and bar code scanners.
A semiconductor diode laser is used in printer & emits light at
around 800 nm wavelengths.
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13. Optical Detectors
 A transducer is a device that converts input energy of one
form into output energy of another.
 An optical detector is a transducer that converts an optical
signal into an electrical signal. It does this by generating an
electrical current proportional to the intensity of incident
optical radiation.
 Photodetector responsivity is a measure of optical-to-electrical
conversion efficiency of a photodetector and is usually
expressed by the value of the photocurrent (mA) generated by
each milliwatt of optical signal.
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14. Types of Optical Detectors
 Photoconductive. The incoming light produces free electrons which can carry
electrical current so that the electrical conductivity of the detector material
changes as a function of theintensity of the incident light. Photoconductive
detectors are fabricated from semiconductor materials such as silicon.(Eg-
Infrared detectors)
 Photovoltaic. Such a detector contains a junction in a semiconductor material
between a region where the conductivity is due to electrons and a region where
the conductivity is dueto holes. A voltage is generated when optical energy strikes
the device.(Eg: Solar Panel)
 Photoemissive. These detectors are based on the photoelectric effect, in which
incident photons release electrons from the surface of the detector material. The
free electrons are thencollected in an external circuit.(Eg: Night Vision goggles,
Camera)
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15. Application of Optical fibre
The application and uses of optical fibre can be seen in:
 Communication (Eg:Internet Service)
 Lighting and Decorations (Eg: Dance Floor Lighting)
 Mechanical Inspections (Eg:Break and suspension)
 Industries (Eg: Power Generation Plant)
 Defense (Eg:Secure Data Transmission)
 Medical Industry (Eg: Eandoscopy)
15

16. Optical fiber as a sensor
 A sensor which measures physical quantity based on its intensity, phase
or polarization of light traveling through the optical fiber system is known
as fiber optic sensor.
 Optical sensor is a device which converts light rays into electronic signals.
 These devices changes its resistance based on quantity of light falling on
it and the same is read by the instrument.
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17. Fiber Optic Sensor Working principle
• As shown, it consists of light source, optical
fiber, sensing element or transducer and a
detector.
• The working operation of fiber optic sensor is
that transducer modulates some parameter of
optical fiber system (e.g. intensity, wavelength,
polarization, phase etc.).
• This gives rise to change in characteristics of the
optical signal at the detector.
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Fiber Optic Sensor Block Diagram

18. Advantages of Optical fiber sensor
 They consist of electrically insulating materials (no electric cables are required),
which makes possible their use e.g. in high-voltage environments.
 They can be safely used in explosive environments, because there is no risk of
electrical sparks, even in the case of defects.
 They are immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI), even to nearby lightning
strikes, and do not themselves electrically disturb other devices.
 They have multiplexing capabilities: multiple sensors in a single fiber line can be
interrogated with a single optical source.
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19. INTRODUCTION:-
 Vibration can be defined as any persistent motion about a
mean position above a given frequency threshold.
 The spectrum of vibration frequencies, or a vibration
signature, is taken as an indicator of mechanical condition.
 Vibration signature analysis can be used to prevent component
deformation, machine failure, and propagation of intense
acoustic fields.
A review on Vibration Sensors
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20. What is a Vibration Sensor?
 A vibration sensor is a measuring device. As the
name implies it senses the vibration or to and fro
movement of any equipment or system at the
location where it is applied.
 It measures the amplitude and frequency of
vibration of the system under study.
 The most widespread application of vibration
sensors is found to measure the vibration of
rotating equipment and machines like pumps,
compressors, steam turbines, and connected
lines.
 These measured outputs are then studied to
detect any imbalance or issues in the asset or
equipment under investigation to predict the
condition of the system.
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Low Frequency (Seismic) Vibration Sensors
(measuring range 0.5 to 50g)

21. Features & Advantages of Vibration Sensor
 Many form factors available.
 All sensors equipped with high-quality stainless steel
casings.
 Sensors suitable for use in demanding industrial settings
 Almost all vibration sensors come with integrated
amplifiers.
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22. 22
Electrical switchgear refers to a collection of devices
used to control, protect, and isolate electrical power
systems. It includes various components such as
switches, fuses, circuit breakers, relays, and
transformers.
It helps in managing and regulating electrical
currents, protecting equipment from overloads, short
circuits, and other faults, and allows for efficient
maintenance and troubleshooting of electrical
systems.
What is Electrical Switchgear ?
MCB (Rating 32A)

23. IMPORTANCE OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT IN
ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR
Vibration measurement is crucial in electrical switchgear because it
helps to detect potential issues early and prevent damage, misalignment,
and failure of the equipment. Here are some reasons why vibration
measurement is important in electrical switchgear:
1. Early detection of abnormal vibrations: Vibration measurement can
detect abnormal vibrations in switchgear before they cause significant
damage. Early detection allows for timely maintenance, reducing
downtime and costs.
2. Preventing equipment failure: Vibration measurement can identify
potential failures before they occur, allowing for preventive
maintenance to be performed. This reduces the risk of equipment
failure, which can cause production delays, safety hazards, and costly
repairs. 23

24. 3. Ensuring safety: Switchgear failures can result in electrical
hazards and safety risks. Vibration measurement can detect issues before
they become safety hazards, reducing the risk of accidents and injuries.
4. Improving reliability: Vibration measurement can help identify
areas of improvement in switchgear, allowing for necessary upgrades or
repairs. This can improve the overall reliability of the equipment,
reducing the risk of downtime and improving performance.
In conclusion, vibration measurement is an essential tool for
maintaining the performance, reliability, and safety of electrical
switchgear. By detecting abnormal vibrations early, preventive
maintenance can be performed, reducing downtime, costs, and safety
risks.
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25. BENEFIT OF USING FIBER OPTICS FOR VIBRATION
MEASUREMENT IN ELECTRRICAL SWITCHGEAR
There are several benefits of using fiber optics for vibration
measurement in switchgear. Here are some of the key advantages:
• Accurate measurement: Fiber optics provide highly accurate
measurements due to their sensitivity to even small vibrations.
• Immunity to electromagnetic interference: Unlike traditional
sensors, fiber optics are immune to electromagnetic interference,
which can affect the accuracy of measurements. This makes them
particularly useful in switchgear, where electromagnetic
interference can be significant.
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26. 26
• Long-distance transmission: Fiber optic sensors can transmit signals over
long distances without significant signal loss.
• Low maintenance: Fiber optic sensors require minimal maintenance
compared to traditional sensors , This reduces downtime and maintenance
costs.
• Increased safety: By detecting potential issues early, fiber optic sensors can
improve safety in switchgear. This reduces the risk of equipment failure,
electrical hazards, and safety risks.

27. REAL TIME ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING OF
VIBRATION DATA IN ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR
27
Real-time analysis and processing of vibration data in electrical switchgear is a
critical process that enables early detection of potential issues and prevents
equipment failure. Here are some key aspects of real-time analysis and processing
of vibration data:
• Continuous monitoring: Real-time analysis and processing of vibration data
requires continuous monitoring of the equipment. This allows for early detection
of any abnormalities or deviations from normal operating conditions.
• Data collection: Vibration data is collected from sensors installed within the
switchgear. This data is then transmitted to a central monitoring system, where it
can be analyzed and processed in real-time.

28. 28
• Real-time analysis: Real-time
analysis of vibration data
involves using sophisticated
algorithms to detect patterns and
anomalies in the data. This
allows for early detection of
potential issues, such as
misalignment or damage to the
equipment.
Schematic diagram of real time analysis
of vibration through optical fiber

29. LIMITATION OF FIBRE OPTICS VIBRATION
MEASUREMENT IN ELECTRICAL SWICHGEAR
29
 Installation complexity: Fiber optic sensors are delicate and
require skilled professionals for installation, which can be time-
consuming and expensive.
 Limited measurement range: Fiber optic sensors have limited
measurement ranges and may not be suitable for monitoring larger
equipment.
 Cost: Fiber optic sensors can be expensive compared to other
types of vibration sensors.
 Sensitivity to temperature: Fiber optic sensors are sensitive to
temperature changes and require temperature compensation for
accurate measurements.

30. 30
REVIEW 1
Figure 1 :- a) Schematic of the sensor and (b) displacement response of the sensor.
Ref :- Fiber Optic Vibration Sensors
Written By :- Putha Kishore, Dantala Dinakar and Manchineellu Padmavathi
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94013
HTTPS://WWW.INTECHOPEN.COM/CHAPTERS/73691

31. 31
The schematic setup is show in Figure 1(a), the displacement response of the
sensor along with overlapping mechanism between TF and RF cones is
shown in Figure 1(b). It is predicted that the sensor exhibits two linear
regions namely the front slope and back slope. The detector output shows
minimal at zero distance (Z = 0) between reflecting target and sensor probe,
because the reflecting light cone of the TF does not reach the receiving cone
of RF. As the distance from the sensor probe increases (Z < Zmax), the cone
size of the transmitted light on the reflecting surface also increases, thereby
causing the overlap with the RF cone which leads to a negligible output
voltage.
Ref :- Fiber Optic Vibration Sensors
Written By :- Putha Kishore, Dantala Dinakar and Manchineellu Padmavathi
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94013
HTTPS://WWW.INTECHOPEN.COM/CHAPTERS/73691

32. 32
Review 2 :-
Ref :- Fiber Optic Vibration Sensors
Written By :- Putha Kishore, Dantala
Dinakar and Manchineellu
Padmavathi
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.94013
HTTPS://WWW.INTECHOPEN.
COM/CHAPTERS/73691

33. CONCLUSION
33
The use of fiber optic vibration measurement in electrical switchgear is a reliable
and efficient method for early detection of potential equipment failure. The
installation of fiber optic sensors in switchgear enables real-time analysis and
processing of vibration data, providing early warning of any abnormalities or
deviations from normal operating conditions. This early detection allows for timely
maintenance and prevents equipment failure, reducing downtime and costs. While
there are some limitations to the use of fiber optic sensors, their advantages
outweigh their limitations. Overall, fiber optic vibration measurement is an
important tool for maintaining the performance, reliability, and safety of electrical
switchgear.

34. Achievement of the project
After successful completion of this project, we came to know about:
 it highlights the importance of vibration measurement in electrical switchgear and
the benefits of using fiber optic sensors for this purpose.
 it emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the equipment and the
collection of vibration data to detect potential issues early.
 it discusses the real-time analysis of vibration data using sophisticated
algorithms and the conversion of raw data into meaningful metrics for useful
insights.
 it emphasizes the role of alert generation in notifying operators when
abnormalities or deviations are detected.
 it highlights the importance of timely maintenance and preventive action in
preventing equipment failure and reducing downtime and costs.
Overall, the topic has achieved the objective of promoting the use of fiber optic
vibration measurement in electrical switchgear and its importance in maintaining the
performance, reliability, and safety of the equipment.
34

35. References
1. R. Baker, Introduction to Vibration—A Handbook (Ling Dynamic Systems, Royston, England,
1995).
2. M. Serridge, “What makes vibration condition monitoring reliable?,” Noise Vib. Worldwide 17–
24 September 1991.
3. J. Q. Lang and A. D. Stokes, “Vibration monitoring of highvoltage switchgear,” in Proceedings
of the Conference Internationale Des Grands Re ́seaux Electriques (CIGRE), 13th Symposium
on High Voltage Switchgear, Parramatta, Sydney, Australia, 31 May 1995 (CIGRE, Sydney,
Australia, 1995).
4. T. K. Gangopadhyay, P. J. Henderson, and A. D. Stokes, “Vibration monitoring using a dynamic
proximity sensor with interferometric encoding,” Appl. Opt. 36, 5557–5561 (1997). 5. S. S. Rao,
Mechanical Vibrations ~Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1986
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36. References (Continue)
6. W. Horsthuis and J. Fluitman, “Sensitivity dependence on number of
bends in a microbend pressure sensor,” NTG-Fachberichte, vol. 79, pp.
147–152, 1982.
7. B. S. Kawasaki, K. O. Hill, D. C. Johnson, and Y. Fujii, “Narrow-band
bragg reflectors in optical fibers,” Optics Letters, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 66–68,
1978.
8. T. K. Gangopadhyay, “Prospects for Fibre Bragg gratings and Fabry-Perot
interferometers in fibre-optic vibration sensing,” Sensors and Actuators A,
vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 20–38, 2004.
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37. Thank You
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