1. In situ hybridisation of satellite DNA clusters in heterochromatic regions flanking
centromeres.
2. In humans, most satellite DNA is of the alphoid family found mainly in cntromeric regions
that total up to 3 million base pairs.
3. Base sequences and organizational motifs of satellite DNA are common to many regions
within and flanking centromeric DNA.
4. Rapid renaturation of DNA indicates the presence of repetitive sequences.
Solution
1. In situ hybridisation of satellite DNA clusters in heterochromatic regions flanking
centromeres.
2. In humans, most satellite DNA is of the alphoid family found mainly in cntromeric regions
that total up to 3 million base pairs.
3. Base sequences and organizational motifs of satellite DNA are common to many regions
within and flanking centromeric DNA.
4. Rapid renaturation of DNA indicates the presence of repetitive sequences..
Polytene chromosome with respect to historical basis, occurrence, structural organisation, bands and inter bands, puff are briefly stated for basic idea.
You may find this interesting understand the reason behind the gaint structure of these chromosomes.
This study material is a compilation of various sources such as text books, website etc...
Enjoy the process of Learning
Thank you
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Since, these chromosomes were discovered in the salivary gland cells, they are called
as "Salivary Gland Chromosomes".
The present name polytene chromosome was suggested by kollar due to the
occurrence of many chromonemata (DNA) in them.
Bridges (~1936) 1st constructed a salivary chromosome map of D melanogaster and
found 5000 special bands in polytene chromosomes.
In this paper, we briefly reviewed the numbers in life from a statistical genetic approach. The human genome comprises of 6 billion chemical bases of DNA. The DNA encodes 30,000 genes. It consists of two parts; the nuclear genome; which consists of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 50,000,000 nucleotides in length and the longest 260,000,000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome and the mitochondrial genome; which contains approximately 16,600 base pairs encoding 37 genes. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes. However, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of a person with Down syndrome is 47. The DNA of any two people on Earth is 99.6 percent identical, the 0.4 percent variation represents about 20 million base pairs. Almost all 98 percent of the human DNA is noncoding, while in bacteria, only 2% of the genetic material does not code for anything.
Molecular Systematics provides a solid conceptual basis for the evolutionary history of organisms. Molecular systematics is the study of DNA and RNA sequences to infer evolutionary links across organisms. Molecular approaches/ techniques provide excellent resources for the study of evolution and phylogeny.
Polytene chromosome with respect to historical basis, occurrence, structural organisation, bands and inter bands, puff are briefly stated for basic idea.
You may find this interesting understand the reason behind the gaint structure of these chromosomes.
This study material is a compilation of various sources such as text books, website etc...
Enjoy the process of Learning
Thank you
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Since, these chromosomes were discovered in the salivary gland cells, they are called
as "Salivary Gland Chromosomes".
The present name polytene chromosome was suggested by kollar due to the
occurrence of many chromonemata (DNA) in them.
Bridges (~1936) 1st constructed a salivary chromosome map of D melanogaster and
found 5000 special bands in polytene chromosomes.
In this paper, we briefly reviewed the numbers in life from a statistical genetic approach. The human genome comprises of 6 billion chemical bases of DNA. The DNA encodes 30,000 genes. It consists of two parts; the nuclear genome; which consists of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 50,000,000 nucleotides in length and the longest 260,000,000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome and the mitochondrial genome; which contains approximately 16,600 base pairs encoding 37 genes. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes. However, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of a person with Down syndrome is 47. The DNA of any two people on Earth is 99.6 percent identical, the 0.4 percent variation represents about 20 million base pairs. Almost all 98 percent of the human DNA is noncoding, while in bacteria, only 2% of the genetic material does not code for anything.
Molecular Systematics provides a solid conceptual basis for the evolutionary history of organisms. Molecular systematics is the study of DNA and RNA sequences to infer evolutionary links across organisms. Molecular approaches/ techniques provide excellent resources for the study of evolution and phylogeny.
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic SystemsBir Bahadur Thapa
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems!! It is prepared under the syllabus of Tribhuwan University, Nepal, MSc. 3rd Semester as a lecture class!!
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA are true, and wh.pdfthangarajarivukadal
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA are true, and which are false?
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA.
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides.
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides.
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA.
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides.
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides.
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
Solution
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded - True.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA -
False
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides - False
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides - False
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells -
False.
Both RNA and DNA are made of nucleotides and take similar shapes. Both contain five-carbon sugars, phosphate groups, and nucleobases (nitrogenous bases). They both play important roles in protein synthesis. DNA has the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and RNA has the five-carbon sugar ribose, hence their names
you need to know the half life of this element in.pdfARYAN20071
you need to know the half life of this element in order to find concentration. After
one half life the element reached its peak concentration, further half life will decay it and
concentration goes on decreasing.
Solution
you need to know the half life of this element in order to find concentration. After
one half life the element reached its peak concentration, further half life will decay it and
concentration goes on decreasing..
1. The termites get their nourishment form the cellulose, which is t.pdfARYAN20071
1. The termites get their nourishment form the cellulose, which is the material that makes up the
wood.
2. The three domains shown in the video along with the tupe sof cells discussed in the video are:
3. It is difficult to identify prokaryotes through a microscope because their size is too small. They
are identified by sorting their genome.
4. The number of copies produced after PCR cycles can be calculated as follows: 2n where n=
number of cycles
So, after 30 cycles, 230= 1.02 X 109 copies of DNA will be produced.
5. In Agarose gel electrophoreses, the DNA move towards the positively charged terminal
(Anode)because the phosphate group of the DNA is negatively charged. The wells are near the
negatively charged terminal (Cathode).
6. When exposed to electric current in a gel electrophoreses, the smaller strands of the DNA
move more quickly as their Molecular weight is lower as compared to the larger fragments. SO,
they will experience less resistance in the gel. Thus, this movement results in fragments arranged
in order of size.
7. Dr. Nelson found a surprising fact about Thermotoga that inspite being belong to the Bacteria
Domain ,thermotoga shows many similarities with the Archae domain.
8. This shows that thermotoga has the closest relatedness with the first life on the earth. It also
shows that it is the deepest lineage of the bacteria.
9. Thermotoga belong to the Bacterial domain of life.
10. The rRNA gene sequences are as means of determining phylogenetic relatedness in
micororganisms because through variation in rRNA sequence(divergence), we can distinguish
organisms on the species level and trace the evolutionary relationships.
11. The viruses are not considered in the phylogenetic trees because they don\'t carry the same
complement of genes that we can find on other organisms.
12. Some organisms pointed out by Tom in the video are Proteobacter, E-coli, Nocardia.
13. Eukaryotes, Chordates, Arthropods, Bacteria.
14. Culturing of micoroorganisms is useful to increase the number of microorganisms. It is a
method of multiplying the numebr of microorgainsms by giving them a media to grow and
divide.
15. Norm said \"Microbial world is most of the biology\" because the microorganisms play a
major role in all the various activities of the life. They help in maintaining the chemistry of
biosphere. Also, if we remove all the microorganisms from the world, our life will be disrupted
and if we remove all animals then microorganisms adapt themselves for those condition, life will
sustain.
16. Functions of microorganisms in the environment:
Solution
1. The termites get their nourishment form the cellulose, which is the material that makes up the
wood.
2. The three domains shown in the video along with the tupe sof cells discussed in the video are:
3. It is difficult to identify prokaryotes through a microscope because their size is too small. They
are identified by sorting their genome.
4. The number of copies produced after PCR cycles can be calcu.
More Related Content
Similar to 1. In situ hybridisation of satellite DNA clusters in heterochromati.pdf
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
A long molecule that looks like a twisted ladder made up of four types of simple units and the sequence of these units carries genetic information.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic SystemsBir Bahadur Thapa
DNA organization or Genetic makeup in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems!! It is prepared under the syllabus of Tribhuwan University, Nepal, MSc. 3rd Semester as a lecture class!!
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA are true, and wh.pdfthangarajarivukadal
Which of the following statements about DNA and RNA are true, and which are false?
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA.
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides.
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides.
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA.
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides.
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides.
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells.
Solution
DNA is usually a double-stranded molecule, and RNA is usually single-stranded - True.
The nitrogenous base thymine is present in DNA and RNA, while uracil is present only in RNA -
False
A hydrogen atom is present on the 3? carbon in the ribose of DNA nucleotides, whereas a
hydroxyl group is present at the same position on RNA nucleotides - False
The DNA and RNA molecules in a cell are copied by replication before a cell divides - False
RNA is the primary long-term storage molecule for genetic information in eukaryotic cells -
False.
Both RNA and DNA are made of nucleotides and take similar shapes. Both contain five-carbon sugars, phosphate groups, and nucleobases (nitrogenous bases). They both play important roles in protein synthesis. DNA has the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and RNA has the five-carbon sugar ribose, hence their names
you need to know the half life of this element in.pdfARYAN20071
you need to know the half life of this element in order to find concentration. After
one half life the element reached its peak concentration, further half life will decay it and
concentration goes on decreasing.
Solution
you need to know the half life of this element in order to find concentration. After
one half life the element reached its peak concentration, further half life will decay it and
concentration goes on decreasing..
1. The termites get their nourishment form the cellulose, which is t.pdfARYAN20071
1. The termites get their nourishment form the cellulose, which is the material that makes up the
wood.
2. The three domains shown in the video along with the tupe sof cells discussed in the video are:
3. It is difficult to identify prokaryotes through a microscope because their size is too small. They
are identified by sorting their genome.
4. The number of copies produced after PCR cycles can be calculated as follows: 2n where n=
number of cycles
So, after 30 cycles, 230= 1.02 X 109 copies of DNA will be produced.
5. In Agarose gel electrophoreses, the DNA move towards the positively charged terminal
(Anode)because the phosphate group of the DNA is negatively charged. The wells are near the
negatively charged terminal (Cathode).
6. When exposed to electric current in a gel electrophoreses, the smaller strands of the DNA
move more quickly as their Molecular weight is lower as compared to the larger fragments. SO,
they will experience less resistance in the gel. Thus, this movement results in fragments arranged
in order of size.
7. Dr. Nelson found a surprising fact about Thermotoga that inspite being belong to the Bacteria
Domain ,thermotoga shows many similarities with the Archae domain.
8. This shows that thermotoga has the closest relatedness with the first life on the earth. It also
shows that it is the deepest lineage of the bacteria.
9. Thermotoga belong to the Bacterial domain of life.
10. The rRNA gene sequences are as means of determining phylogenetic relatedness in
micororganisms because through variation in rRNA sequence(divergence), we can distinguish
organisms on the species level and trace the evolutionary relationships.
11. The viruses are not considered in the phylogenetic trees because they don\'t carry the same
complement of genes that we can find on other organisms.
12. Some organisms pointed out by Tom in the video are Proteobacter, E-coli, Nocardia.
13. Eukaryotes, Chordates, Arthropods, Bacteria.
14. Culturing of micoroorganisms is useful to increase the number of microorganisms. It is a
method of multiplying the numebr of microorgainsms by giving them a media to grow and
divide.
15. Norm said \"Microbial world is most of the biology\" because the microorganisms play a
major role in all the various activities of the life. They help in maintaining the chemistry of
biosphere. Also, if we remove all the microorganisms from the world, our life will be disrupted
and if we remove all animals then microorganisms adapt themselves for those condition, life will
sustain.
16. Functions of microorganisms in the environment:
Solution
1. The termites get their nourishment form the cellulose, which is the material that makes up the
wood.
2. The three domains shown in the video along with the tupe sof cells discussed in the video are:
3. It is difficult to identify prokaryotes through a microscope because their size is too small. They
are identified by sorting their genome.
4. The number of copies produced after PCR cycles can be calcu.
1- D-These acannot be synthesised by the human body as we lack the D.pdfARYAN20071
1- D-These acannot be synthesised by the human body as we lack the DESATURASEENZYME
required for their production.
2-d- The trans fatty acids increase the plasma Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels,
when exchanged for cis unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, they may lower the HDL and
increase the Triglyceride and lopoproteins level in plasma, therefore we should avoid food both
with trans fatty acids as well as saturated fatty acids.
3.Terpene-belongs to a large class of hydrocarbon, with the molecular formula (C5H8)n, that are
produced by a large variety of plants like the conifers. They are also produced by some other
living organisms such as Swallowtail butterfl;ies, which emit Terpene from their Osmeterium,
and a fungus isolated from St.John\'s Wort. terpenes are the primary constitutent of the Essential
Oils of many plants and flower, such as Citrus Fruits. Terpenes are the major constitutent of
resins as well as Turpentine from the resins. Apart from their roles as end products in many
organisms, terpenes are the major biosynthetic building blocks within nearly every living
creature.Eg-Steroids are derivative of the Triterpene Squalene. Carotenoids are terpenoids and a
number of these can be made to Vitamin A. They are used to attract pollinating insects, and also
used to provide defense mechanism by attracting animals such as mites.
4- Steroids are the type of lipid that contain four rings of Carbon atom. They can act as hormone
in the body. The natural steroid hormone are synthesised from Cholesterol in the Gonads and the
Adrenal Glands. These type of hormones are Lipids, and they can pass the cell membrane as they
are fat soluble. The Cholesterol is the precursor of 5 major classes of the Steroid Hormone-
Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids (corticisteroid),these are produced by the Adrenal
Gland, and the others -Androgens, estrogens and progestogens (produced in the gonads).
5- Simple Metabolite-Ceramide and Sphingisine-1-phosphate-They are important mediators in
signalling cascades involved in apoptosis, proliferation, necrosis, imflammation, autophagy,
senecence, and differentiation.
6-E
7-a
8-a-Van der waals contact
9-B
10-B
11-D
12-True-Lipids
13-C-Triglycerols
14-e-Glucocorticoids
15-Components of Wool Wax
16-d Physical state at room temperature
17-Glycerophospholipids
Solution
1- D-These acannot be synthesised by the human body as we lack the DESATURASEENZYME
required for their production.
2-d- The trans fatty acids increase the plasma Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels,
when exchanged for cis unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, they may lower the HDL and
increase the Triglyceride and lopoproteins level in plasma, therefore we should avoid food both
with trans fatty acids as well as saturated fatty acids.
3.Terpene-belongs to a large class of hydrocarbon, with the molecular formula (C5H8)n, that are
produced by a large variety of plants like the conifers. They are also produced by some other
l.
let p(n) be the number of partition types of an n element set. Find.pdfARYAN20071
let p(n) be the number of partition types of an n element set. Find p(1), p(2), p(3), p(4)
WHAT IS P[N] ..NOT GIVEN ....OK...TAKING THE N ELEMENT SET AS
S=[1,2,3,.....N] ...THEN TAKING NUMBER OF PARTITIONS...P[N] ...LET ME CALL IT
INSHORT P ... ..IT MEANS WE HAVE P SUBSETS OF S , SAY S1 , S2 , S3 , .....SP
EACH PAIR OF WHICH ARE DISJOINT AND UNION OF ALL EQUALS S....
SO IF WE TAKE A
ONE ELEMENT SET S = [1] .....ITS PARTITIONS ARE ONLY 1........P[1]=1......................
TWO ELEMENT SET S = [1,2] .....ITS PARTITIONS ARE [(1),(2)]........P[2]=2...............
THREE ELEMENT SET S = [1,2,3] .....ITS PARTITIONS ARE [(1),(2),(3)]
..OR..[(1),(2,3)]..OR..[(2),(1,3)]...OR...[(3),(1,2)]........P[3]=4...............
FOUR ELEMENT SET S = [1,2,3,4] .....ITS PARTITIONS
ARE....[(1),(2,3,4)]..OR.............[(2),(1,3,4)]...OR...[(3),(1,2,4)]...OR.....[(4),(1,2,3].OR...[(1,2),(3
,4)]...OR....[(1,3),(2,4)] .....OR.....[(1,4),(2,3)].....P[4]=7...ETC...
Solution
let p(n) be the number of partition types of an n element set. Find p(1), p(2), p(3), p(4)
WHAT IS P[N] ..NOT GIVEN ....OK...TAKING THE N ELEMENT SET AS
S=[1,2,3,.....N] ...THEN TAKING NUMBER OF PARTITIONS...P[N] ...LET ME CALL IT
INSHORT P ... ..IT MEANS WE HAVE P SUBSETS OF S , SAY S1 , S2 , S3 , .....SP
EACH PAIR OF WHICH ARE DISJOINT AND UNION OF ALL EQUALS S....
SO IF WE TAKE A
ONE ELEMENT SET S = [1] .....ITS PARTITIONS ARE ONLY 1........P[1]=1......................
TWO ELEMENT SET S = [1,2] .....ITS PARTITIONS ARE [(1),(2)]........P[2]=2...............
THREE ELEMENT SET S = [1,2,3] .....ITS PARTITIONS ARE [(1),(2),(3)]
..OR..[(1),(2,3)]..OR..[(2),(1,3)]...OR...[(3),(1,2)]........P[3]=4...............
FOUR ELEMENT SET S = [1,2,3,4] .....ITS PARTITIONS
ARE....[(1),(2,3,4)]..OR.............[(2),(1,3,4)]...OR...[(3),(1,2,4)]...OR.....[(4),(1,2,3].OR...[(1,2),(3
,4)]...OR....[(1,3),(2,4)] .....OR.....[(1,4),(2,3)].....P[4]=7...ETC....
Statistics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation.pdfARYAN20071
Statistics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is
about the discipline. For other uses, see Statistics (disambiguation). Statistics is the study of the
collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.[1][2] It deals with all
aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and
experiments.[1] A statistician is someone who is particularly well-versed in the ways of thinking
necessary for the successful application of statistical analysis. Such people have often gained
experience through working in any of a wide number of fields. There is also a discipline called
mathematical statistics that studies statistics mathematically. The word statistics, when referring
to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in \"Statistics is an art.\"[3] This should not be confused
with the word statistic, referring to a quantity (such as mean or median) calculated from a set of
data,[4] whose plural is statistics (\"this statistic seems wrong\" or \"these statistics are
misleading\"). More probability density will be found the closer one gets to the expected (mean)
value in a normal distribution. Statistics used in standardized testing assessment are shown. The
scales include standard deviations, cumulative percentages, percentile equivalents, Z-scores, T-
scores, standard nines, and percentages in standard nines. Contents 1 Scope 2 History 3
Overview 4 Statistical methods 4.1 Experimental and observational studies 4.2 Levels of
measurement 4.3 Key terms used in statistics 4.4 Examples 5 Specialized disciplines 6 Statistical
computing 7 Misuse 8 Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts 9 See also 10 References
Scope Some consider statistics to be a mathematical body of science pertaining to the collection,
analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data,[5] while others consider it a
branch of mathematics[6] concerned with collecting and interpreting data. Because of its
empirical roots and its focus on applications, statistics is usually considered to be a distinct
mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics.[7][8] Much of statistics is non-
mathematical: ensuring that data collection is undertaken in a way that allows valid conclusions
to be drawn; coding and archiving of data so that information is retained and made useful for
international comparisons of official statistics; reporting of results and summarised data (tables
and graphs) in ways that are comprehensible to those who need to make use of them;
implementing procedures that ensure the privacy of census information. Statisticians improve
the quality of data by coming up with a specific design of experiments and survey sampling.
Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting the use of data and statistical
models. Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, including natural and
social sciences, government.
the link is not working i think the file size is .pdfARYAN20071
the link is not working i think the file size is too large can u please post the
questions directly here thanks
Solution
the link is not working i think the file size is too large can u please post the
questions directly here thanks.
In terms of thermodynamics, when molecules of sub.pdfARYAN20071
In terms of thermodynamics, when molecules of substance have enough energy to
overcome intermolecular forces, they get miscible with each other. In case of intermolecular
force, when molecules have enough energy to approach atom of other molecule
Solution
In terms of thermodynamics, when molecules of substance have enough energy to
overcome intermolecular forces, they get miscible with each other. In case of intermolecular
force, when molecules have enough energy to approach atom of other molecule.
Iodine is used for visualization of compounds on .pdfARYAN20071
Iodine is used for visualization of compounds on TLC plats especially when they
are showing up well. This method is particular useful when identifying unsaturated and aromatic
compounds. These compounds have an affinity for iodine which turns the spots dark brown
allowing them to be seen easily.
Solution
Iodine is used for visualization of compounds on TLC plats especially when they
are showing up well. This method is particular useful when identifying unsaturated and aromatic
compounds. These compounds have an affinity for iodine which turns the spots dark brown
allowing them to be seen easily..
d. sublimation of dry ice because it gets conver.pdfARYAN20071
d. sublimation of dry ice because it gets converted into gaseous state gaseous state
has more entrophy when compared to the liquid followed by solid substance....... so the given
process accounts for an increase in the entrophy values...
Solution
d. sublimation of dry ice because it gets converted into gaseous state gaseous state
has more entrophy when compared to the liquid followed by solid substance....... so the given
process accounts for an increase in the entrophy values....
c. different resonance forms of the same species .pdfARYAN20071
c. different resonance forms of the same species as the number of atoms and there
position did not changed, only the position of the pi-bond changes!
Solution
c. different resonance forms of the same species as the number of atoms and there
position did not changed, only the position of the pi-bond changes!.
Lets put this in something that python can understandCode Example.pdfARYAN20071
Lets put this in something that python can understand:
Code Example 7 - Python verion of menu
Solution
Lets put this in something that python can understand:
Code Example 7 - Python verion of menu.
Virus-induced mortality of microbes has direct effects on ecosystem .pdfARYAN20071
Virus-induced mortality of microbes has direct effects on ecosystem function. Lysis of microbes
involves the release of organic carbon and other nutrients back into the environment. This
redirection is known as the viral shunt .The viral shunt denotes the fact that cellular materials
released as particular or dissolved organic material are not directly available for utilization by
organisms from higher trophic levels (e.g. plankton and fish) but are primarily utilized by
predominantly heterotrophic bacteria, although some efforts have shown nutrients released in
this manner to be rapidly assimilated by eukaryotic plankton
Direct efforts to estimate the viral shunt are rare, with most indirectly determining virus turnover
rates and from this inferring virus-mediated elemental release. While several approaches exist to
estimate virus production, currently favoured approaches all depend on the same steps: dilution
of samples and estimates of virus reoccurrence. Application of these approaches in recent years
has begun to provide a broad overview of the variability of virus effects across different oceanic
realms, with all observations pointing to differing constraints on virus activities in different
systems.
In addition, recent evidence suggests that viral lysis of microbes changes the relative distribution
of dissolved organic matter with many indirect effects in ocean ecosystems. For example, viral
lysis of microbes shifts organic matter from cells into dissolved and particular organic pools. The
type of organic material released in viral lysis includes a spectrum of molecules ranging from
bio-available (i.e. “labile”) to recalcitrant and may be dependent as much on the location of the
lytic event as the players involved. In the deep ocean, the fate of virus-released organic matter
remains a mystery, but this process may drive the generation of the ancient organic carbon
measured by marine chemists. Moreover, it is known that virus activity may drive the formation
of marine snow by releasing “sticky” components from within cells, while at the same time
disaggregating particles through cell lysis. Overall, we still know little about how virus activity
changes the character of dissolved organic matter, the effect of viruses on carbon distribution
(i.e. fixation, respiration, mineralization and export) in marine systems, despite the potential
impacts on global budgets on both short-term and geological time scales.
Solution
Virus-induced mortality of microbes has direct effects on ecosystem function. Lysis of microbes
involves the release of organic carbon and other nutrients back into the environment. This
redirection is known as the viral shunt .The viral shunt denotes the fact that cellular materials
released as particular or dissolved organic material are not directly available for utilization by
organisms from higher trophic levels (e.g. plankton and fish) but are primarily utilized by
predominantly heterotrophic bacteria, although some effo.
There are only 2 non proper subsets one is NULL set and other is the.pdfARYAN20071
There are only 2 non proper subsets one is NULL set and other is the set itself
Solution
There are only 2 non proper subsets one is NULL set and other is the set itself.
Ques- Please briefly describe the common heirarchial organization i.pdfARYAN20071
Ques-: Please briefly describe the common heirarchial organization in neural circuits of animal
behaviors, such as aggression and courtship?
Answer:
A hierarchical system of neural structures in relation to animal behavior: In animals, it has
observed that “limbic system” and central nervous system in coordination with autonomic
nervous system to deliver motor activity through aggression and courtship. Initially the neural
circuits have developed in invertebrates to aquatic specific finally; a mature developed brain has
developed in mammals to deliver aggression and motivation. Reward related behavior has
strengthened hierarchically “as part of mid brain nigrostraital and mesolimbic pathway” involved
mainly in animal behaviour and motivation. The hormones such as adrenaline and testosterone
(in case of some animals) & serotonin are delivered from neural structures to interact with
cellular mediators as per sensory perception through electrical stimulation
Ques-2: In case of vertebrate mice, cellular mechanisms for scalable control of mounting and
attack behaviors are mainly involve the “reinforced cortico-striatal pathway” of limbic system.
The electrical stimulation neuronal bodies in the midbrain are going to trigger aggressive
behavior whereas hypothalamic perceptions are going to control mounting and attacks on other
species.
Solution
Ques-: Please briefly describe the common heirarchial organization in neural circuits of animal
behaviors, such as aggression and courtship?
Answer:
A hierarchical system of neural structures in relation to animal behavior: In animals, it has
observed that “limbic system” and central nervous system in coordination with autonomic
nervous system to deliver motor activity through aggression and courtship. Initially the neural
circuits have developed in invertebrates to aquatic specific finally; a mature developed brain has
developed in mammals to deliver aggression and motivation. Reward related behavior has
strengthened hierarchically “as part of mid brain nigrostraital and mesolimbic pathway” involved
mainly in animal behaviour and motivation. The hormones such as adrenaline and testosterone
(in case of some animals) & serotonin are delivered from neural structures to interact with
cellular mediators as per sensory perception through electrical stimulation
Ques-2: In case of vertebrate mice, cellular mechanisms for scalable control of mounting and
attack behaviors are mainly involve the “reinforced cortico-striatal pathway” of limbic system.
The electrical stimulation neuronal bodies in the midbrain are going to trigger aggressive
behavior whereas hypothalamic perceptions are going to control mounting and attacks on other
species..
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
GIÁO ÁN DẠY THÊM (KẾ HOẠCH BÀI BUỔI 2) - TIẾNG ANH 8 GLOBAL SUCCESS (2 CỘT) N...
1. In situ hybridisation of satellite DNA clusters in heterochromati.pdf
1. 1. In situ hybridisation of satellite DNA clusters in heterochromatic regions flanking
centromeres.
2. In humans, most satellite DNA is of the alphoid family found mainly in cntromeric regions
that total up to 3 million base pairs.
3. Base sequences and organizational motifs of satellite DNA are common to many regions
within and flanking centromeric DNA.
4. Rapid renaturation of DNA indicates the presence of repetitive sequences.
Solution
1. In situ hybridisation of satellite DNA clusters in heterochromatic regions flanking
centromeres.
2. In humans, most satellite DNA is of the alphoid family found mainly in cntromeric regions
that total up to 3 million base pairs.
3. Base sequences and organizational motifs of satellite DNA are common to many regions
within and flanking centromeric DNA.
4. Rapid renaturation of DNA indicates the presence of repetitive sequences.
