Audio Version available in YouTube Link : www.youtube.com/Aksharam
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Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
Chapter 2 Data Representation on CPU (part 1)Frankie Jones
This topic introduces the numbering systems: decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal. The topic covers the conversion between numbering systems, binary arithmetic, one's complement, two's complement, signed number and coding system. This topic also covers the digital logic components.
1. NUMBER SYSTEM.pptx Computer Applications in PharmacyVedika Narvekar
B.Pharm SEM 2 Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal
number system, Hexadecimal number systems, conversion decimal to
binary, binary to decimal, octal to binary etc, binary addition, binary
subtraction – One’s complement ,Two’s complement method, binary
multiplication, binary division
Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whet.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whether Class level, Time
Studying, Tutor, Midterm and Final Score are categorical or quantitative. Categorical Variables:
Quantitative variables: -Identify and draw one chart that is appropriate to how many students
used a tutor.
Solution
1) categorical: Tutor ,class level
quantitative:mid term score,final scor,studying time
2) john ,sophia,sarah ,andrew.
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program runnin.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program running on your computer
indefinitely since you did not want to lose the list of players. Finally, you are ready to add the
components to your team management program that will allow you to store the player’s
information on your computer’s hard drive, thus, allow you to shut down your program without
losing your data.
You will need to modify your program to:
include a Save option in the main menu which will prompt the program to write the player’s data
to a text file.
modify the startup code so that the program calls a function that reads the player’s data from the
text file into the list of member objects.
For this project:
You will submit your python code in either the original .py file, or copied into a .txt file.
A screenshot of your code having been executed (run). How to Take a Screenshot
Tips: Think about how you are going to write the data to the text file when you create the load
function. Your write function needs to read in the data in the same pattern as the load function,
otherwise the data will get jumbled.
****BELOW IS MY CURRENT WORK*** Im having issues printing the data (printmember)
and saving data. Am I using .keys() wrong? using PYTHON
class Team:
members = {}
member = \"\"
phone = \"\"
jersey = 0
def __init__(self, member, phone, jersey):
self.member = member
self.phone = phone
self.jersey = jersey
def setmember(self, member):
self.member = member
def setphone(self, phone):
self.phone = phone
def setjersey(self, jersey):
self.jersey = jersey
def getmember(self, member):
return self.member
def getphone(self, phone):
return self.phone
def getjersey(self, jersey):
return self.jersey
def displayData(self):
print(\"Name : \", self.member)
print(\"Phone Number : \", self.phone)
print(\"Jersey Number : \", self.jersey)
def displayMenu():
print(\"===========Main Menu===========\")
print(\"1. Display Members.\")
print(\"2. Add member\")
print(\"3. Remove member\")
print(\"4. Edit member\")
print(\"5. Save data.\")
print(\"6. Load data.\")
print(\"7. Exit Program\")
return int(input(\"Selection> \"))
def printmember(members):
if len(members) == 0:
print(\"No current members\")
else:
for x in members.keys():
members[x].diaplydata()
def addmember(members):
newMember = input(\"Enter Members Name : \")
newPhone = int(input(\"Phone Number : \"))
newJersey = int(input(\"Jersey Number : \"))
members[newMember] = (newMember, newPhone, newJersey)
print(\"Member has been added\")
return members
def removemember(members):
removemember = input(\"Please Enter Member to be Removed : \")
if removemember in members:
del members[removemember]
print(\"Member removed\")
else:
print(\"Member not found.\")
return members
def editmember(members):
oldmember = input(\"Enter the name of the member you want to edit: \")
if oldmember in members:
newmember = input(\"Enter the members new name : \")
newphone = int(input(\"Please enter new phone number : \"))
newjersey = input(\"Please enter new Jers.
More Related Content
Similar to 1. First convert the decimal input values in Table 1 to signed binar.pdf
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : www.youtube.com/Aksharam
subscribe the channel
Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
Chapter 2 Data Representation on CPU (part 1)Frankie Jones
This topic introduces the numbering systems: decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal. The topic covers the conversion between numbering systems, binary arithmetic, one's complement, two's complement, signed number and coding system. This topic also covers the digital logic components.
1. NUMBER SYSTEM.pptx Computer Applications in PharmacyVedika Narvekar
B.Pharm SEM 2 Binary number system, Decimal number system, Octal
number system, Hexadecimal number systems, conversion decimal to
binary, binary to decimal, octal to binary etc, binary addition, binary
subtraction – One’s complement ,Two’s complement method, binary
multiplication, binary division
Similar to 1. First convert the decimal input values in Table 1 to signed binar.pdf (20)
Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whet.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Use the following information to answer questions 1-8. -Identify whether Class level, Time
Studying, Tutor, Midterm and Final Score are categorical or quantitative. Categorical Variables:
Quantitative variables: -Identify and draw one chart that is appropriate to how many students
used a tutor.
Solution
1) categorical: Tutor ,class level
quantitative:mid term score,final scor,studying time
2) john ,sophia,sarah ,andrew.
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program runnin.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Until now, you have had to leave your team management program running on your computer
indefinitely since you did not want to lose the list of players. Finally, you are ready to add the
components to your team management program that will allow you to store the player’s
information on your computer’s hard drive, thus, allow you to shut down your program without
losing your data.
You will need to modify your program to:
include a Save option in the main menu which will prompt the program to write the player’s data
to a text file.
modify the startup code so that the program calls a function that reads the player’s data from the
text file into the list of member objects.
For this project:
You will submit your python code in either the original .py file, or copied into a .txt file.
A screenshot of your code having been executed (run). How to Take a Screenshot
Tips: Think about how you are going to write the data to the text file when you create the load
function. Your write function needs to read in the data in the same pattern as the load function,
otherwise the data will get jumbled.
****BELOW IS MY CURRENT WORK*** Im having issues printing the data (printmember)
and saving data. Am I using .keys() wrong? using PYTHON
class Team:
members = {}
member = \"\"
phone = \"\"
jersey = 0
def __init__(self, member, phone, jersey):
self.member = member
self.phone = phone
self.jersey = jersey
def setmember(self, member):
self.member = member
def setphone(self, phone):
self.phone = phone
def setjersey(self, jersey):
self.jersey = jersey
def getmember(self, member):
return self.member
def getphone(self, phone):
return self.phone
def getjersey(self, jersey):
return self.jersey
def displayData(self):
print(\"Name : \", self.member)
print(\"Phone Number : \", self.phone)
print(\"Jersey Number : \", self.jersey)
def displayMenu():
print(\"===========Main Menu===========\")
print(\"1. Display Members.\")
print(\"2. Add member\")
print(\"3. Remove member\")
print(\"4. Edit member\")
print(\"5. Save data.\")
print(\"6. Load data.\")
print(\"7. Exit Program\")
return int(input(\"Selection> \"))
def printmember(members):
if len(members) == 0:
print(\"No current members\")
else:
for x in members.keys():
members[x].diaplydata()
def addmember(members):
newMember = input(\"Enter Members Name : \")
newPhone = int(input(\"Phone Number : \"))
newJersey = int(input(\"Jersey Number : \"))
members[newMember] = (newMember, newPhone, newJersey)
print(\"Member has been added\")
return members
def removemember(members):
removemember = input(\"Please Enter Member to be Removed : \")
if removemember in members:
del members[removemember]
print(\"Member removed\")
else:
print(\"Member not found.\")
return members
def editmember(members):
oldmember = input(\"Enter the name of the member you want to edit: \")
if oldmember in members:
newmember = input(\"Enter the members new name : \")
newphone = int(input(\"Please enter new phone number : \"))
newjersey = input(\"Please enter new Jers.
What are the various methods for recruiting employees Why are some .pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
What are the various methods for recruiting employees? Why are some better than others? In
what sense are they better?
(Bateman 363)
Bateman, Thomas, Scott Snell. Management: Leading & Collaborating in a Competitive World,
11th Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2015. VitalBook file.
The citation provided is a guideline. Please check each citation for accuracy before use.
Solution
recruitment is the process of attracting the applications to a job from all the suitable candidates.
the moto of recruitment is to collect more number of related resumes to a job. there are different
methods in recruitment: usually they are divided as internal sources and external sources.
internal sources are: Job rotaion, promotions of the employees from one stage to another and one
department to another. here the recruiter only focuses on the existing employees of the
organisation. the positive thing here is, easy to recruit and the cost of recruitment also very less.
and as an existing employee the HR can estimate the abilities of the employee.
external sources: it is the process of attracting and selecting a person who is unrelated to the
orgnaisation. there are many methods:
walk ins/ drives: the suitable candidate can enters into organisation and faces the interview
campus drives: organisation goes to the college campus to attract new potential students and
offers them a job
appointing by consultancies: consultancies are the third party recruiters. they recurit employees
(off roles) by guidelines and requirements followed by an organisation
third party services: like government employment agencies
employee referrels: an existing employee can reffer a potential person for a position. if he selects
in the organisation, he is going to be provide some benefit by the organisation.
here every method has its own merrits and weakness. we can not say the one is superior is than
other and good or bad. based on the time availability and requirements of the organisation, they
can follow any of the above strategy..
Why is mobile computing so important to these three firms Evaluate .pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Why is mobile computing so important to these three firms? Evaluate the mobile strategies of
each firm (apple, google and facebook).
Solution
Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a
computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed
physical link. The main concept involves mobile communication and mobile hardware.
Mobile computing is very important to Apple, Google and Facebook because it has saved Apple,
made Facebook and may upend Google. It has the following advantages:
(a) Location Flexibility: This has enabled users to work from anywhere as long as there is a
connection established. A user can work without being in a fixed position.
(b) Saves Time: The time consumed or wasted while travelling from different locations or to the
office and back, has been slashed. One can now access all the important documents and files
over a secure channel or portal and work as if they were on their computer.
(c) Enhanced Productivity: Users can work efficiently and effectively from whichever location
they find comfortable. This in turn enhances their productivity level.
(d) Ease of Research: Research has been made easier, since users earlier were required to go to
the field and search for facts and feed them back into the system. It has also made it easier for
field officers and researchers to collect and feed data from wherever they are without making
unnecessary trips to and from the office to the field.
(e) Entertainment: Video and audio recordings can now be streamed on-the-go using mobile
computing. It\'s easy to access a wide variety of movies, educational and informative material.
With the improvement and availability of high speed data connections at considerable cost, one
is able to get all the entertainment they want as they browse the internet for streamed data.
(f) Streamlining of Business Processes: Business processes are now easily available through
secured connections. Looking into security issues, adequate measures have been put in place to
ensure authentication and authorization of the user accessing the services.
At 2014’s WWDC, Apple announced Extensions, which allow app developers to expose a bit of
interface in other apps while the user is handling certain contexts.The main extensions of interest
are “share” and “action” Extensions, which are used in the context of other apps (technically
“Storage Provider” and “Custom Keyboard” do as well). Apple has always been concerned with
data privacy on iOS, and its implementation is a bit on the extreme side. Apps are very much
silos of data, and their ability to talk to one another is extremely limited. In the case of
Extensions, this means that Extensions only have access to the data provided to them by the
caller app.
Google made its strategy clear at I/O: It wants to be able to search app content and provide
results alongside the Web, and direct users into apps if they offer the most relevant experience..
When a heterozygous plant with round seeds is mated to a plant with .pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
When a heterozygous plant with round seeds is mated to a plant with wrinkled seeds what
fraction of the progeny are homozygous?
2/3 or 1/4 or 3/4 or 1/2
Solution
1/2 of the progeny will be homozygous because in heterozygous condition the genotype will be
Rr and wrinkled seed will have rr genotype because it is expressed only in recessive condition.so
when a cross is made between both then half of the progeny will be homozygous recessive (rr)
and half will be heterozygous (Rr)..
What is the waiting time of each process for each of the scheduling a.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
What is the waiting time of each process for each of the scheduling algorithms?
Solution
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:
P1
P2
P3
0 24 27 30
Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
SJF
Process Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
SJF (non-preemptive)
P1
P3
P2
P4
0 7 8 12 16
Average waiting time = [0 +(8-2)+(7-4) +(12-5)] /4 =4
Example of Preemptive SJF
Proces Arrival Time Burst Time
P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
SJF (preemptive)
P1
P2
P3
P2
P4
P1
0 2 4 5 7 11 16
Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 =3
Round Robin (RR)
Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After
this time has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the end of the ready queue.
If there are n processes in the ready queue and the time quantum is q, then each process gets 1/n
of the
CPU time in chunks of at most q time units at once. No process waits more than (n-1)q time
units.
Performance
1. q large _ FIFO
2. q small _ q must be large with respect to context switch, otherwise overhead is too high.
Example of RR with Time Quantum = 4
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
The Gantt chart is:
P1
P2
P3
P1
P1
P1
P1
P1
0 4 7 10 14 18 22 26 30
Average waiting time = [(30-24)+4+7]/3 = 17/3 =5.66
P1
P2
P3.
The mayor of a town has proposed a plan for the construction of an a.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
The mayor of a town has proposed a plan for the construction of an adjoining bridge. A political
study took a sample of 1200 voters in the town and found that 37% of the residents favored
construction. Using the data, a political strategist wants to test the claim that the percentage of
residents who favor construction is more than 34%. Determine the P-value of the test statistic.
Round your answer to four decimal places.
Solution.
PROBLEM 5 Find the inverse of each ofthe following z-transforms .pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
PROBLEM 5 Find the inverse of each ofthe following z-transforms
Solution
Inverse Z_transform can be calculated as following methods
1) Parial fraction method
2)Long division (Power Series Method)
3)By using Complex Power series method
Below problems are solved by using partial fraction methods.
The Hazen-Williams hydraulic formula for the mass-flow rate, m throug.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
The Hazen-Williams hydraulic formula for the mass-flow rate, m through a pipe of diameter D
and length L is given by m = K rho D^2.63 (delta_p/L)^0.54 where delta_p is the pressure drop
and rho is the liquid\'s density. What are the base dimensions, SI units and US customary units of
the constant K?
Solution.
The first crop produced by african slave labor in the Caribbean was _.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
The first crop produced by african slave labor in the Caribbean was _______________.
Solution
A) plantations of sugarcane...
In mid 17 century, sugarcane was the major economic crop.
It was most efficiently grown on large plantations by many workers...
As a result,black men and women were taken to Caribbean from Africa,and made to work on
sugar plantations.
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B f.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
The degree of freedom table is available online. Please answer A&B for question 2 In humans,
the dominant allele N causes an abnormal shape of the patella in the knee (n is the normal allele).
A separate gene affects finger length, and the dominant allele B causes abnormally short fingers,
whereas b gives normal length. A study focused on people who have both abnormal patellae and
short fingers (they most likely have the genotype N/n B/b). They inherited the N allele from one
parent and the B allele from the other parent. These N/n B/b individuals mated with normal
spouses. (The spouses had no history of abnormal patellae or short fingers in their families; they
can be assumed to be homozygous normal.) 40 progeny were boom; they are classified as
follows. Using the chi square test, determine whether there is significant linkage between the
B/b and the N/n gene. X^2 = P = linked? If you conclude there is linkage, what is the distance
between the two genes?
Solution
Answer:
a). N/n; B/b x n/n; b/b
N/n B/b : N/n b/b ; n/n B/b ; n/n b/b
1:1:1:1
Chi-square vale = 22.60
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
p value = 0.00004893
The genes are not linkedPhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/ENormal310-
749.004.90Abnormal knees and fingers210-864.006.40Abnormal knees
only1710749.004.90Abnormal fingers only1810864.006.404022.60.
the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Ty.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
the american red cross gives the following distribution for Blood Type in the U.S. population:
(a) Someone volunteers to give blood. What is the probability that this donor:
i. Has Type A or Type B blood?
ii. Is not Type O?
(b) Among four potential donors, what is the probability that:
i. All are Type O?
ii. No one is Type AB?
iii. Not all are Type A?
iv. At least one person is Type B?
(c) If you examine one person, are the events that the person is Type A and that the person is
Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain.
(d) If you examine two persons, are the events that one person is Type A and that the second is
Type B disjoint, independent or neither? Explain.
Blood TypePercentA40B11O45AB4
Solution
a)
i. As they are mutually exclusive events,
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) = 40% + 11% = 51% [answer]
****
ii.
P(not O) = 1 - P(O) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55 = 55% [answer]
************************
b)
i. P(4 are O) = 0.45^4 = 0.04100625
ii. P(no one are type AB) = (1-0.04)^4 = 0.84934656
iii. P(not all are A) = 1 - P(all are A) = 1 - 0.40^4 = 0.9744
iv. P(at least one B) = 1 - P(all are not B) = 1 - (1-0.11)^4 = 0.37257759
***************************
c.
They are disjoint, as no person is both a type A and type B at the same time.
************
d.
Neither. Those two persons can be relatives, and their blood types can be related..
Suppose that the probability that a head appears when a coin is tosse.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Suppose that the probability that a head appears when a coin is tossed is p and the probability
that a tail occurs is q = 1 - p. Person A tosses the coin until the first head appears and stops.
Person B does likewise. The results obtained by persons A and B are assumed to be independent.
What is the probability that A and B stop on exactly the same number toss.
Solution.
Suppose a student mbs a Teflon rod with wool and then briefly touches.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Suppose a student mbs a Teflon rod with wool and then briefly touches it to an initially neutral
aluminum rod suspended by insulating threads. What would the net charge on the Teflon rod be
What would the net charge on the aluminum rod be After the student has touched the aluminum
rod with the rubbed Teflon rod. as described above, the student then holds the Teflon rod near
the aluminum rod. but does not allow them to touch. The student observes that when the rods are
close enough together, they attract as shown in the diagram. Which statement below correctly
explains what is observed The aluminum rod which has a net zero (neutral) charge has become
polarized. In a conductor, because the charges can move, the positive charges have been attracted
to the Teflon rod and negative charge is repelled toward the other end. Because the Teflon is
closer to the positively charged end. the net force is attractive. After the Teflon touched the
aluminum, it gave up all of its Negative charge and became positively charged, and the
aluminum rod became negatively charged. Since the aluminum and Teflon have opposite
charges, they are attracted to each other. The charge on the aluminum distributes itself evenly
over the surface. So the fact that the two rods are attracted to each other means that they must be
oppositely charged. Thus the aluminum rod has a net positive charge. Whenever two charged
objects are near each other, they become polarized: the opposite charges in each move towards
each other and the negative charges move away. This gives a net attractive force between the two
objects, since the polarized Teflon is attracted to the polarized aluminum. Negative charges in
the aluminum are repelled by the Teflon and positive charges are attracted to the Teflon. Since
the aluminum is a conductor, the charges can move which causes the aluminum to become
polarized. So. even though the aluminum is has a nonzero net charge (due to the initial touch by
the Teflon), because the force between charges is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them, the attractive force between the Teflon and the near end of the aluminum
is stronger than the repulsive force between the Teflon and the far end of the aluminum , the net
force is attractive.
Solution
Due to touch of teflon, its charge will reduce but will not go to zero. Some amount of its initial
charge will be transferred to Aluminum rod. So, aluminum rod will have a non-zero negative
charge.
For the next part last option is correct, which explains why the force is attractive rather than
repulsive..
Review the section Investigating Life Clues to the Origin of Langu.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Review the section \"Investigating Life: Clues to the Origin of Language.\" Scientists know that
the mutations to FOXP2 arose before Neandertals. To determine how old the Neandertal fossils
are, researchers must use radiometric dating. They use an isotope with a half-life of 12,000 years,
and find that fossils from one Neandertal have 1/256^th (=1/2^8) of the isotope found In
currently living organisms. How old would you predict these Neandertal fossils to be? about
50,000 years about 200,000 years about 400,000 years about 10,000 years about 100,000 years
Solution
age of substannce = no of halflives passed * half life
here no of half lives passed are 8 beacuse 1/256 of orginal sample is left
and half life of isotope is 12000
so age would be 12000*8 years = 96000
so the rough age is about 100,000 (which is most close to 96000).
QUESTION 4 Choose true or false as applicable for each of the.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
QUESTION 4 Choose \"true\" or \"false\" as applicable for each of the following items as they
pertain to responsibility center reporting. In analyzing the operating results of an individual A.
TRUE B. FALSE center, it would be most meaningful to deduct common fixed costs in
calculating the operating income of the center A responsibility center manager could potentially
have control over costs, revenues, and/or assets invested Responsibility center operating income
includes the impact of controllable variable costs. C. Residual income is used in the numerator to
compute asset turnover in a ROI analysis. Inventory would typically be EXCLUDED as part of
assets invested the ROI calculation. - Residual income is equal to the difference CWhen using
residual income as a measure of The use of return on investment (ROI) as a between total
revenues and operating expenses. performance, it is not meaningtl to compare the residual
incomes of divisions of different sizes. performance measure could potentially lead a
responsibility center manager to accept a project that might be unfavorable for the company as a
whole.
Solution
1. False, because the common fixed cost would have been incurred whether individual center
existed or not.
2. True, an investment responsibility center manager could have responsibility for assets,
income, and expenses
3. True, variable cost is deducted
4. False, residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit, we take profit as a
numerator.
5. False, inventory is added as current assets
6. False. residual income is the profit earned in excess of required profit
7. True, residual income in absolute terms may create distorted pictures
8. False, if the project is beneficial to the center than it is beneficial for the company also
generally. Exceptions can be there but in general not..
Problem 4 Briefly, explain the steps of the Alkaline Lysis “minipre.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Problem 4: Briefly, explain the steps of the Alkaline Lysis “miniprep”.
Problem 5: Briefly, explain how qPCR can be used to quantify the level of gene expression
Solution
Problem 4 )
Alkaline lysis is a method used in molecular biology , to isolate plasmid DNA or other cell
components such as proteins by breaking the cells open. Bacteria containing the plasmid of
interest is first grown, and then allowed to lyse with an alkaline lysis buffer consisting of a
detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a strong base sodium hydroxide. The detergent
cleaves the phospholipid bilayer of membrane and the alkali denatures the proteins which are
involved in maintaining the structure of the cell membrane. Through a series of steps involving
agitation, precipitation, centrifugation, and the removal of supernatant, cellular debris is removed
and the plasmid is isolated and purified.
Problem 5 )
PCR
is used directly to amplify genes. It is mainly used to detect alleles I.e variants of a gene that can
be used to
e.g. identify individuals (e.g. DNA fingerprinting)
identify subpopulations (e.g. tracking ivory poaching)
determine which variants are associated with a condition (e.g. drug efficacy)y
real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), also known as quantitative polymerase chain
reaction (qPCR), is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, i.e. in
real-time, and not at its end, as in conventional PCR. Real-time PCR can be used quantitatively
(quantitative real-time PCR), and semi-quantitatively, i.e. above/below a certain amount of DNA
molecules (semi quantitative real-time PCR).
Two common methods for the detection of PCR products in real-time PCR are: (1) non-specific
fluorescent dyes that intercalate with any double-stranded DNA, and (2) sequence-specific DNA
probes consisting of oligonucleotides that are labelled with a fluorescent reporter which permits
detection only after hybridization of the probe with its complementary sequence..
Please explain In a Drosophila dihybrid cross, a sepia male was mate.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Please explain In a Drosophila dihybrid cross, a sepia male was mated to a apterous female.
Their phenotypically wild F_1 female produced the following offspring when crossed to
phenotypically wild F_1 males: Please set up a null hypothesis and use a Chi-square analysis to
see if the observation follows the Mendelian phenotypic ratio.
Solution
Answer:
Chi-Square value= 1.33
The degrees of freedom = 4-1 = 3
The probability level for df 3
Chi-Square value, 1.33 lies below 0.5 (probability), so we fail to reject null
hypothesis.PhenotypeObserved(O)Expected (E)O-E(O-E)2(O-E)2/EWild
type45045000.000.00Sepia16015010100.000.67Apterous140150-
10100.000.67sepia/aprerous505000.000.008008001.33.
Ganges River question The Ganges River, shown in Figure 4.57, has an.pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Ganges River question The Ganges River, shown in Figure 4.57, has an annual average flow rate
of 12,105 m3/s. The average temperature of the Ganges River was reported to be 24.68C. The
Ganges has become contaminated with raw sewage and industrial waste, so that the dissolved
oxygen in the river upstream of sewage discharges is 4.6 mg/L. Suppose that the raw sewage that
is untreated flows into the Ganges at a rate of 460 m3/s, the temperature is 258C, and the
dissolved oxygen in the sewage stream is completely depleted (i.e., DO 0). How would you
develop a plan for improving water quality in the Ganges River? 90\" 90 5 STAN 00 kn CHINA
BHU NDIA G.aga. Bana Bay of Bengal 20 Figure The Ganges River Basin Source: Based on
Rahaman, M.M. (2006) The Ganges water conflict: A comparative analysis of the 1977
Agreement and the 1996 Treaty
Solution
Ganges, the holiest river of India is 2500 kms long binding 5 different states of India and has a
huge cultural and spiritual signifincance. The Ganga River Basin is home to more than 600
million Indians which is the highest number of people supported by any river in the world.
However, this huge population has made the Ganges one of the most polluted rivers in the world.
Despite this iconic status and religious heritage, the Ganges today is facing formidable pollution
pressures and associated threats to its biodiversity and environmental sustainability. Increased
dumping of human waste, as well as industrial waste, is noted as the most common form of
pollution of the river. The studies indicate that a large proportion of pollution load in the river
came from the municipal wastewater generated in twenty-five Class I towns located on the banks
of the Ganges, each with a population exceeding 100,000. It constituted around 75% of the
pollution from all point-sources. Remaining 25% of the pollution from point-sources was mainly
due to untreated industrial effluent. Therefore, emphasis is to be given on interception and
diversion of wastewater and its treatment in Sewage Treatment Plants, before discharging into
river.
The data given are -
Annual average flow rate = Qr = 12105 m3/sec
DO in the river upstream of the sewage discharge = DOr = 4.6 mg/l
Flow rate of raw sewage flowing into the river = 460 m3/sec
DO of the mix is given by ( Qr x DOr + Qsewage x DOsewage ) / (Qr + Qsewage) which
according to the question gets depleted completely and one can observe the amount of sewage
that is being dump in the river every day.
Improving the water quality in Ganges can be initiated by preparing a plan, that guides
investment and choices. An obvious focus to be given on the critically polluted stretch and the
plan should prioritize the pollution hot spots and the investments with the greatest impact.Scarce
resources must be allocated to investments with the highest returns. The paucity of credible and
reliable water quality data on the Ganges must be rectified. The global experience shows that we
need good data, including.
Locomotion is important for many Bacteria Which of the following are .pdfpearlcoburnsanche303
Locomotion is important for many Bacteria Which of the following are common forms of
motility? Transient Gliding Swimming Random walk Lateral Bacterial cells frequently
produce inclusions in the cytoplasm or periplasm. What are functions that these serve?
Exporting nutrients to the environment Nutrient reserve Producing membrane bound organelles
survival during desiccation or starvation signal transduction to neighboring cells Which of the
following cell wall polysaccharides are sensitive to lysozyme? Teichoic acid Chitin
Poptdoglycan Cellulose Pseudonmurein
Solution
Question 6) Gliding is the common form of the motility. This allows the bacteria to move over
the solid surface.It involves ejection of polysaccharide slime from exit points at both the ends of
the body.
Question 7) Nutrient reserve (Inclusion bodies are the reserve material for the later use, they
have glycogen which is a polymer that is carbohydrate reserve for carbohydrate and energy)
Question 8) Peptidoglycan (catalyze hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic
acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan in cell wall of the bacterial cell).
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
1. First convert the decimal input values in Table 1 to signed binar.pdf
1. 1. First convert the decimal input values in Table 1 to signed binary. Then, using the logic
diagram in Figure 1 as a guide, fill in the output binary values in Table 1 and convert these
signed binary values to decimal. First convert the decimal input values in Table 1 to signed
binary. Then, using the logic diagram in Figure 1 as a guide, fill in the output binary values in
Table 1 and convert these signed binary values to decimal 1. Table 1 Input Values Output Values
(Decimal)(Binary) (Binary)(Decimal) 31 23 15 4 2 0 -4 -16 24 -32
Solution
This is how the Table is filled using the Saturator
Input in Decimal : 31
Binary conversion of 31 is 011111
Most significant bit(MSB) is at the very left. Hence the inputs will be,
X0 = 1, X1 = 1, X2 = 1, X3 = 1, X4 = 1, X5 = 0
C1 = 1
C0 = 0 , So now S = 0
Hence the set of inputs, A gets selected for the multiplexer.
Output is 0111 where the left most bit is the MSB.
Hence 0 being positive and 111 being the binary number.
Decimal conversion of this is -7.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Input: 23
Decimal Conversion: 010111
X0 = 1, X1 = 1, X2 = 1, X3 = 0, X4 = 1, X5 = 0
C1 = 0
C0 = 0
S = 0
B set is selected.
OUTPUT: 0111
DECIMAL CONVERSION: 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Input: 15
Decimal Conversion: 001111
X0 = 1, X1 = 1, X2 = 1, X3 = 1, X4 = 0, X5 = 0
C1 = 0
