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The integration of research and extension in the
USA – the experience at Cornell University


Helene Dillard, Ph.D.
Associate Dean, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences
Director, Cornell Cooperative Extension
Professor, Plant Pathology
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York, USA
Cooperative Extension Structure
   Federal Government
   Land Grant University System
   National Cooperative Extension Service
   Cornell University
   Cornell Cooperative Extension

   Working together for a strong partnership to assist
    communities
Federal Government
   1862 Established a Land Grant University in every
    state
   1914 Established the national Cooperative
    Extension Service and placed this service under the
    guidance of the United States Department of
    Agriculture
     Agriculture Research Service
     National Institute of Food and Agriculture

     Competitive Grants
Land Grant University
   Land Grant Universities were established under the
    Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. Their purpose was
    to educate citizens in agriculture, home economics,
    mechanical arts, and practical professions.
   The result was the establishment of at least one
    institution of higher education in each state
National Cooperative Extension
Service
   Formalized in 1914 with the Smith Lever Act
   The Act established the partnership between the land
    grant agricultural colleges and the US Department of
    Agriculture to provide for cooperative agricultural
    extension work
   Federal funding is provided to support the national
    system
   Nationwide non-credit educational network
   Each state and territory has an office at its land grant
    university and a network of local or regional offices
United States of America Federal Government


                     United States Department of Agriculture


                     National Institute of Food and Agriculture




   Smith Lever                        Hatch                       Competitive Grants
Federal Form Funds              Federal Form Funds
   (Extension)                      (Research)


    Land Grant                     Land Grant                         Land Grant
  University (LGU)               University (LGU)                   University (LGU)


  Extension Faculty                 All Faculty                        All Faculty
        and                                                                and
Extension Field Staff                                             Extension Field Staff
Extension Hierarchy
Cornell Cooperative Extension
   Established in 1911 - “Extension Teaching”
   Headquarters are at Cornell University
   Hosted in the College of Agriculture and Life
    Sciences (CALS) and in the College of Human
    Ecology
   CALS:
     3,200 Undergraduate enrollment
     1,000 Graduate Enrollment

     380 Professorial Faculty in the College
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
Cornell Cooperative Extension
   Mission Statement:


    The Cornell Cooperative Extension educational system
    enables people to improve their lives and communities
    through partnerships that put experience and
    research knowledge to work.
Cornell Cooperative Extension
Is a partnership involving…


   412 extension educators in New York State
   200 faculty and staff in CALS and Human Ecology
   40,000 volunteers participating in both program
    and organizational leadership
Cornell Cooperative Extension
Is a partnership involving…


103 land-grant institutions across the United States
Statewide and community agencies, organizations,
 and businesses
New York State’s people
Cornell Cooperative Extension

              Sources of Income, 2008
                     Extn. Assn
                                  Donor .2%
                       9.8%                   County 28.2%
Grants & Contracts
      24.2%




                                                      Federal 9.3%
                              State 28.3%
Cornell Cooperative Extension
Five major program areas; guided by a program
   council comprised of stakeholders, faculty, and
   extension field staff
 Agriculture and Food Systems

 Youth Development

 Natural Resources and Environment

 Quality of Life for Individuals and Families

 Community and Economic Vitality
Agriculture and Food Systems
Agriculture in New York State

   $4.5 billion contribution to the farm economy
   Agriculture is 25% of the state’s land area
   34,000 farms
   7.5 million acres
    (3 million hectares)
Agriculture in New York State
   The USDA defines small farms as farms with
    $250,000 or less in sales of agricultural
    commodities per year
   In the US, 91% of all farms are small farms
   In New York, 90% of the farms are small farms
   The number of farmers markets in New York State
    has increased from 240 in 2000, to 475 farmers
    markets in 2010
Agriculture in New York State
   Milk is New York’s leading agricultural product
   Milk sales account for one-half of total New York
    agricultural receipts
   New York is the 3rd leading milk producer in the
    USA
   Milk production in 2007 was 12.1 billion pounds
    (5.5 billion kilos) with a value over $2.4 billion
   Other livestock include: cattle, hogs, pigs, sheep,
    lambs, chickens, turkeys
Agriculture in New York State
   Fruits (valued at $333 million)
     Apples (rank #2 in USA)
     Grapes (rank #3 in USA), wine and juice

     Tart cherries, pears, strawberries

   Vegetables (valued at $648 million)
     Cabbage (rank #2 in USA)
     Sweet corn (rank #4 in USA)

     Snap beans (rank #4 in USA)

     Onion, tomato, pumpkin, cucumber, squash, pea, etc
Agriculture in New York State
   Field Crops
       Corn, oats, wheat, soybeans, hay, potato, dry beans
   Maple Syrup
       Ranks #2 in USA
   Floriculture Crops
       Mainly bedding and garden plants
Cornell Cooperative Extension
   New York Agriculture is diverse and widespread
    throughout the state.
   Extension educators must
     Understand the farming community in which they work
     Have good communication/people skills; ability to
      facilitate discussions
     Have cutting edge subject matter knowledge

     Use appropriate extension/teaching techniques for
      different audiences
Cornell Cooperative Extension
Key ingredients:
 Local knowledge

 Community wisdom

 Research & scholarly knowledge
Program Influences
                 Program
                  Work
                  Teams
      Applied               College
      Research              Priorities


 National          CCE             Local
 Priorities      Programs          Needs
Cornell Cooperative Extension
Individual Consultations
Classes
Short Courses
Applied Research
Mass Media
Distance Learning
Community Collaboration
Training for Extension Educators
   Orientation for new staff
   Technical Training (in subject areas)
   Process Training (planning, evaluation)
     Workshops
     Online courses

     Study groups

   Program work teams
   Attendance at professional societies
Keys for Success
   Extension work is linked to and supported by
    federal, state, and local governments
   There is an extension system in each state
   Reliable source of funding
   Local offices in the counties are staffed with skilled
    extension agents/educators with a college
    education (Bachelor and Master degrees) – this
    educational requirement is very important
Keys for Success, continued
        Some university professors are assigned formal extension
        responsibilities - for example, 70% research and 30% extension




                                         OR




___% Research + __% Classroom Teaching        ___% Research + __% Extension Teaching
Keys for Success, continued
   Extension work is integrated with university research
    and university teaching - Integration of teaching,
    research, extension
   There is a strong University commitment to Extension
    work with stakeholders (farmers)
   A strong working relationship is established between
    local extension educators and university educators
   There is joint participation of extension educators and
    professors in field trials, field demonstrations, and
    preparation of fact sheets, bulletins, and web pages
Keys for Success, continued
   Access to computers, digital technologies and
    distance learning facilities
   Access to radio and television
   Ability to travel for on-farm visits and
    troubleshooting
   Access to professional development opportunities
   Ability to earn a good salary
   Extension educator is trusted and respected in the
    community
Keys for Success, continued
   Programs for rural youth and beginner farmers
   Programs that demonstrate the health benefits of
    nutritious food from the farm
   Programs on farm business management
   Programs on environmentally safe and sustainable
    food production (reduced pesticide use)
   Programs focused on developing long term,
    sustainable solutions
Extension methodologies
   Information flow is complex and multidirectional
    between research, extension and the farmer
   Learning occurs as a continuous dialogue among
    groups rather than linear descending teacher
    (technical) to student (producer)

    Successful strategies promote interaction and
    creation of “continuous social conversations”
Communication is very important
   Printed materials - text, photos, graphics, maps,
    databases
   Audio (radio), video (television), rural telecasts,
    telephone helplines
   Face to face – producer discussion groups
   Internet technology – websites, webinars, online
    videos (you-tube), digital diagnostics, Facebook,
    Twitter, blogs
   Cellular phones – “apps” (=applications, downloads
    for i-phones)
Extension 2010 and beyond
 Food security
 Strong markets

 Quality of life

 End to poverty
 Emerging issues
 Technological innovation

 Strengthen small and medium size agricultural
 producers
Final Thoughts on Extension
   Focused on education for farmers & their
    communities
   Linked to research based knowledge from the
    universities, research centers, and extension centers
   Collaboration with the people in the communities
   Trusted in the community
   Not biased
   No regulatory function
There are challenges!
The extension system is not perfect!
   Budget cuts; insufficient funds; local vs regional
    presence
   Hiring professors who want to do extension work in
    addition to research
   Hiring extension workers who want to help others
    improve their quality of life
   Communicating in many different ways
   Maintaining the capacity to respond to many
    different and competing needs in the community
Internet resources
   http://www.rimisp.org
   http://www.inia.cl
   http://extensionenespanol.net/index.cfm
   http://www.e-agriculture.org
   http://iica.int
Internet resources
   http://www.worldbank.org
   http://www.extension.org/
   http://www.cce.cornell.edu
   http://www.smallfarms.cornell.edu/
   http://www.fsis.usda.gov/En_Espanol/
Global Extension Resource
   Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory
    Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transforming,
    and Evaluating Extension Systems
    Written by Burton E. Swanson & Riikka Rajalahti
    Published by The World Bank
    Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper
    45
US Agency for International Development

   Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services (MEAS)
   Proposal funded for $9 million in 2010
   Partnership includes 5 universities and 7 organizations:
     Michigan State, Cornell, UC Davis, University of Florida,
      North Carolina A&T
     Catholic Relief Services, Cultural Practices LLC,
      International Food Policy Research Institute, Winrock
      Intl, Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education,
      Sasakawa Africa Association, Alliance for a Green
      Revolution in Africa
USAID MEAS Project - 2010
   20 Target Countries
   Focus on three major key areas
     Develop a  wide range of training materials
     Conduct case studies and pilot projects

     Conduct in-depth assessments of extension in 20 target
      countries
USAID MEAS Project
Bangladesh    Mali
Cambodia      Mozambique
Ethiopia      Nepal
Ghana         Nicaragua
Guatemala     Rwanda
Haiti         Senegal
Honduras      Tajikistan
Kenya         Tanzania
Liberia       Uganda
Malawi        Zambia
1. Dillard Oct 31 RIMISP 2010

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1. Dillard Oct 31 RIMISP 2010

  • 1.
  • 2. The integration of research and extension in the USA – the experience at Cornell University Helene Dillard, Ph.D. Associate Dean, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Director, Cornell Cooperative Extension Professor, Plant Pathology Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
  • 3. Cooperative Extension Structure  Federal Government  Land Grant University System  National Cooperative Extension Service  Cornell University  Cornell Cooperative Extension  Working together for a strong partnership to assist communities
  • 4. Federal Government  1862 Established a Land Grant University in every state  1914 Established the national Cooperative Extension Service and placed this service under the guidance of the United States Department of Agriculture  Agriculture Research Service  National Institute of Food and Agriculture  Competitive Grants
  • 5. Land Grant University  Land Grant Universities were established under the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. Their purpose was to educate citizens in agriculture, home economics, mechanical arts, and practical professions.  The result was the establishment of at least one institution of higher education in each state
  • 6. National Cooperative Extension Service  Formalized in 1914 with the Smith Lever Act  The Act established the partnership between the land grant agricultural colleges and the US Department of Agriculture to provide for cooperative agricultural extension work  Federal funding is provided to support the national system  Nationwide non-credit educational network  Each state and territory has an office at its land grant university and a network of local or regional offices
  • 7. United States of America Federal Government United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Smith Lever Hatch Competitive Grants Federal Form Funds Federal Form Funds (Extension) (Research) Land Grant Land Grant Land Grant University (LGU) University (LGU) University (LGU) Extension Faculty All Faculty All Faculty and and Extension Field Staff Extension Field Staff
  • 9.
  • 10. Cornell Cooperative Extension  Established in 1911 - “Extension Teaching”  Headquarters are at Cornell University  Hosted in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) and in the College of Human Ecology  CALS:  3,200 Undergraduate enrollment  1,000 Graduate Enrollment  380 Professorial Faculty in the College
  • 12.
  • 13. Cornell Cooperative Extension  Mission Statement: The Cornell Cooperative Extension educational system enables people to improve their lives and communities through partnerships that put experience and research knowledge to work.
  • 14. Cornell Cooperative Extension Is a partnership involving…  412 extension educators in New York State  200 faculty and staff in CALS and Human Ecology  40,000 volunteers participating in both program and organizational leadership
  • 15. Cornell Cooperative Extension Is a partnership involving… 103 land-grant institutions across the United States Statewide and community agencies, organizations, and businesses New York State’s people
  • 16. Cornell Cooperative Extension Sources of Income, 2008 Extn. Assn Donor .2% 9.8% County 28.2% Grants & Contracts 24.2% Federal 9.3% State 28.3%
  • 17. Cornell Cooperative Extension Five major program areas; guided by a program council comprised of stakeholders, faculty, and extension field staff  Agriculture and Food Systems  Youth Development  Natural Resources and Environment  Quality of Life for Individuals and Families  Community and Economic Vitality
  • 19. Agriculture in New York State  $4.5 billion contribution to the farm economy  Agriculture is 25% of the state’s land area  34,000 farms  7.5 million acres (3 million hectares)
  • 20. Agriculture in New York State  The USDA defines small farms as farms with $250,000 or less in sales of agricultural commodities per year  In the US, 91% of all farms are small farms  In New York, 90% of the farms are small farms  The number of farmers markets in New York State has increased from 240 in 2000, to 475 farmers markets in 2010
  • 21. Agriculture in New York State  Milk is New York’s leading agricultural product  Milk sales account for one-half of total New York agricultural receipts  New York is the 3rd leading milk producer in the USA  Milk production in 2007 was 12.1 billion pounds (5.5 billion kilos) with a value over $2.4 billion  Other livestock include: cattle, hogs, pigs, sheep, lambs, chickens, turkeys
  • 22. Agriculture in New York State  Fruits (valued at $333 million)  Apples (rank #2 in USA)  Grapes (rank #3 in USA), wine and juice  Tart cherries, pears, strawberries  Vegetables (valued at $648 million)  Cabbage (rank #2 in USA)  Sweet corn (rank #4 in USA)  Snap beans (rank #4 in USA)  Onion, tomato, pumpkin, cucumber, squash, pea, etc
  • 23. Agriculture in New York State  Field Crops  Corn, oats, wheat, soybeans, hay, potato, dry beans  Maple Syrup  Ranks #2 in USA  Floriculture Crops  Mainly bedding and garden plants
  • 24. Cornell Cooperative Extension  New York Agriculture is diverse and widespread throughout the state.  Extension educators must  Understand the farming community in which they work  Have good communication/people skills; ability to facilitate discussions  Have cutting edge subject matter knowledge  Use appropriate extension/teaching techniques for different audiences
  • 25. Cornell Cooperative Extension Key ingredients:  Local knowledge  Community wisdom  Research & scholarly knowledge
  • 26. Program Influences Program Work Teams Applied College Research Priorities National CCE Local Priorities Programs Needs
  • 27. Cornell Cooperative Extension Individual Consultations Classes Short Courses Applied Research Mass Media Distance Learning Community Collaboration
  • 28. Training for Extension Educators  Orientation for new staff  Technical Training (in subject areas)  Process Training (planning, evaluation)  Workshops  Online courses  Study groups  Program work teams  Attendance at professional societies
  • 29. Keys for Success  Extension work is linked to and supported by federal, state, and local governments  There is an extension system in each state  Reliable source of funding  Local offices in the counties are staffed with skilled extension agents/educators with a college education (Bachelor and Master degrees) – this educational requirement is very important
  • 30. Keys for Success, continued Some university professors are assigned formal extension responsibilities - for example, 70% research and 30% extension OR ___% Research + __% Classroom Teaching ___% Research + __% Extension Teaching
  • 31. Keys for Success, continued  Extension work is integrated with university research and university teaching - Integration of teaching, research, extension  There is a strong University commitment to Extension work with stakeholders (farmers)  A strong working relationship is established between local extension educators and university educators  There is joint participation of extension educators and professors in field trials, field demonstrations, and preparation of fact sheets, bulletins, and web pages
  • 32. Keys for Success, continued  Access to computers, digital technologies and distance learning facilities  Access to radio and television  Ability to travel for on-farm visits and troubleshooting  Access to professional development opportunities  Ability to earn a good salary  Extension educator is trusted and respected in the community
  • 33. Keys for Success, continued  Programs for rural youth and beginner farmers  Programs that demonstrate the health benefits of nutritious food from the farm  Programs on farm business management  Programs on environmentally safe and sustainable food production (reduced pesticide use)  Programs focused on developing long term, sustainable solutions
  • 34. Extension methodologies  Information flow is complex and multidirectional between research, extension and the farmer  Learning occurs as a continuous dialogue among groups rather than linear descending teacher (technical) to student (producer) Successful strategies promote interaction and creation of “continuous social conversations”
  • 35. Communication is very important  Printed materials - text, photos, graphics, maps, databases  Audio (radio), video (television), rural telecasts, telephone helplines  Face to face – producer discussion groups  Internet technology – websites, webinars, online videos (you-tube), digital diagnostics, Facebook, Twitter, blogs  Cellular phones – “apps” (=applications, downloads for i-phones)
  • 36. Extension 2010 and beyond  Food security  Strong markets  Quality of life  End to poverty  Emerging issues  Technological innovation  Strengthen small and medium size agricultural producers
  • 37. Final Thoughts on Extension  Focused on education for farmers & their communities  Linked to research based knowledge from the universities, research centers, and extension centers  Collaboration with the people in the communities  Trusted in the community  Not biased  No regulatory function
  • 38. There are challenges! The extension system is not perfect!  Budget cuts; insufficient funds; local vs regional presence  Hiring professors who want to do extension work in addition to research  Hiring extension workers who want to help others improve their quality of life  Communicating in many different ways  Maintaining the capacity to respond to many different and competing needs in the community
  • 39. Internet resources  http://www.rimisp.org  http://www.inia.cl  http://extensionenespanol.net/index.cfm  http://www.e-agriculture.org  http://iica.int
  • 40. Internet resources  http://www.worldbank.org  http://www.extension.org/  http://www.cce.cornell.edu  http://www.smallfarms.cornell.edu/  http://www.fsis.usda.gov/En_Espanol/
  • 41. Global Extension Resource  Strengthening Agricultural Extension and Advisory Systems: Procedures for Assessing, Transforming, and Evaluating Extension Systems Written by Burton E. Swanson & Riikka Rajalahti Published by The World Bank Agriculture and Rural Development Discussion Paper 45
  • 42.
  • 43. US Agency for International Development  Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services (MEAS)  Proposal funded for $9 million in 2010  Partnership includes 5 universities and 7 organizations:  Michigan State, Cornell, UC Davis, University of Florida, North Carolina A&T  Catholic Relief Services, Cultural Practices LLC, International Food Policy Research Institute, Winrock Intl, Sasakawa Africa Fund for Extension Education, Sasakawa Africa Association, Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa
  • 44. USAID MEAS Project - 2010  20 Target Countries  Focus on three major key areas  Develop a wide range of training materials  Conduct case studies and pilot projects  Conduct in-depth assessments of extension in 20 target countries
  • 45. USAID MEAS Project Bangladesh Mali Cambodia Mozambique Ethiopia Nepal Ghana Nicaragua Guatemala Rwanda Haiti Senegal Honduras Tajikistan Kenya Tanzania Liberia Uganda Malawi Zambia