This document provides an outline and table of contents for the course "Thermal Energy" taught at MIT in Fall 2002. It covers topics in thermodynamics including the first and second laws of thermodynamics, power and propulsion cycles, thermochemistry, and heat transfer. The course is divided into three parts: the second law of thermodynamics, power and propulsion cycles, and an introduction to engineering heat transfer. Within each part are various sections and subsections that delve deeper into each topic.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines the second law as stating that some heat must always be rejected by a system, even though the net heat supplied equals the net work done according to the first law. The second law implies that the thermal efficiency of heat engines must always be less than 100% because the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done. The document also discusses heat pumps and how they operate in the reverse of heat engines, requiring work input to transfer heat from a cold to hot reservoir.
Simultaneousnonlinear two dimensional modeling of tubular reactor of hydrogen...Arash Nasiri
This paper develops two mathematical models of a packed tubular reactor for methane steam reforming to produce hydrogen. The models generate 2D radial and axial plots of component concentrations and temperature over time. Both steady state and transient flow regimes are considered. The models consist of two coupled partial differential equations, one for material balance and one for energy balance, with initial and boundary conditions. The equations include terms for convection, diffusion, reaction, and heat transfer. Simplifying assumptions are made to reduce complexity, such as ignoring pressure drop and the water-gas shift reaction.
To overcome the problem of mismatched voltage levels between parallel-connected low voltage photovoltaic (PV)
arrays and the higher grid voltage, a hybrid boost three level dc-dc converter is developed based on three level inverter with
the traditional single phase diode clamping. Only one inductor, two capacitors in series, and those power switches and diodes,
which are easy to be integrated, are used for establish the topology with transformerless high voltage gain. The operation
principle of the topology is analyzed, and then the pulse width modulation (PWM) control method is obtained according to
the switching functions about the output pulse voltages of both half-bridges. Therefore, the converter can not only operate
with high voltage gain, but also make the duty cycles of power switches closer to 0.5. A feedforward closed loop control
operation is proposed such that even in varying input the converter is capable of giving a constant output. Finally an
experimental is set up in the laboratory for open loop control operation. All experimental results verify the feasibility of the
circuit and validity of the PWM control method.
US DOE 90.1 2010 HVAC & SWH-presentations_中英對照erik chiang
This document summarizes key requirements for HVAC compliance from ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010. It discusses compliance options including prescriptive and trade-off options. For alterations to existing HVAC systems, the standard requires meeting certain provisions while providing exceptions. It also summarizes the simplified compliance approach available for small buildings, including criteria for single zone VAV controls, equipment efficiency standards, economizer requirements, and exceptions.
This document summarizes the development of a high-power lithium target for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Key points:
- A water-cooled conical target is being developed to accept a 50 kW proton beam and produce neutrons via the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction for BNCT applications.
- Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used to design the target with 20 helical water channels to keep the lithium surface below 150°C with a water flow of 80 kg/min.
- An initial prototype target was fabricated and underwent preliminary hydraulic testing matching CFD predictions. Further electron beam thermal testing is planned at Sandia National Laboratories to validate the
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides guidance on the design and layout of civil works pumping stations. It discusses environmental requirements, electric power supply considerations, station design factors like capacity and location, equipment selection criteria, sump design principles, discharge arrangements, and necessary station auxiliaries. The document emphasizes dependability, economics, and avoiding unnecessary refinements in design. It also addresses local cooperation requirements and responsibilities for operation, maintenance, repair and rehabilitation.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment, vehicles, and troops around the world for the US military. Production of the C-124 continued until 1955, with most being retired from active service by 1974 after being passed to the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines the second law as stating that some heat must always be rejected by a system, even though the net heat supplied equals the net work done according to the first law. The second law implies that the thermal efficiency of heat engines must always be less than 100% because the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done. The document also discusses heat pumps and how they operate in the reverse of heat engines, requiring work input to transfer heat from a cold to hot reservoir.
Simultaneousnonlinear two dimensional modeling of tubular reactor of hydrogen...Arash Nasiri
This paper develops two mathematical models of a packed tubular reactor for methane steam reforming to produce hydrogen. The models generate 2D radial and axial plots of component concentrations and temperature over time. Both steady state and transient flow regimes are considered. The models consist of two coupled partial differential equations, one for material balance and one for energy balance, with initial and boundary conditions. The equations include terms for convection, diffusion, reaction, and heat transfer. Simplifying assumptions are made to reduce complexity, such as ignoring pressure drop and the water-gas shift reaction.
To overcome the problem of mismatched voltage levels between parallel-connected low voltage photovoltaic (PV)
arrays and the higher grid voltage, a hybrid boost three level dc-dc converter is developed based on three level inverter with
the traditional single phase diode clamping. Only one inductor, two capacitors in series, and those power switches and diodes,
which are easy to be integrated, are used for establish the topology with transformerless high voltage gain. The operation
principle of the topology is analyzed, and then the pulse width modulation (PWM) control method is obtained according to
the switching functions about the output pulse voltages of both half-bridges. Therefore, the converter can not only operate
with high voltage gain, but also make the duty cycles of power switches closer to 0.5. A feedforward closed loop control
operation is proposed such that even in varying input the converter is capable of giving a constant output. Finally an
experimental is set up in the laboratory for open loop control operation. All experimental results verify the feasibility of the
circuit and validity of the PWM control method.
US DOE 90.1 2010 HVAC & SWH-presentations_中英對照erik chiang
This document summarizes key requirements for HVAC compliance from ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010. It discusses compliance options including prescriptive and trade-off options. For alterations to existing HVAC systems, the standard requires meeting certain provisions while providing exceptions. It also summarizes the simplified compliance approach available for small buildings, including criteria for single zone VAV controls, equipment efficiency standards, economizer requirements, and exceptions.
This document summarizes the development of a high-power lithium target for accelerator-based boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Key points:
- A water-cooled conical target is being developed to accept a 50 kW proton beam and produce neutrons via the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction for BNCT applications.
- Computational fluid dynamics modeling was used to design the target with 20 helical water channels to keep the lithium surface below 150°C with a water flow of 80 kg/min.
- An initial prototype target was fabricated and underwent preliminary hydraulic testing matching CFD predictions. Further electron beam thermal testing is planned at Sandia National Laboratories to validate the
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides guidance on the design and layout of civil works pumping stations. It discusses environmental requirements, electric power supply considerations, station design factors like capacity and location, equipment selection criteria, sump design principles, discharge arrangements, and necessary station auxiliaries. The document emphasizes dependability, economics, and avoiding unnecessary refinements in design. It also addresses local cooperation requirements and responsibilities for operation, maintenance, repair and rehabilitation.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment, vehicles, and troops around the world for the US military. Production of the C-124 continued until 1955, with most being retired from active service by 1974 after being passed to the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve.
1. The document discusses limitations on the work that can be supplied by a heat engine according to the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces the Carnot cycle as a model heat engine and derives an expression for the maximum efficiency and work that can be achieved by any heat engine operating between two temperatures.
2. It describes how the thermodynamic temperature scale can be defined independently of the working medium based on the heat exchanged in Carnot cycles.
3. Methods for representing thermodynamic processes on temperature-entropy and enthalpy-entropy diagrams are discussed, including how to analyze the Carnot and Brayton cycles on these plots.
The Northrop F-20 Tigershark was a privately developed fighter aircraft intended to compete with the F-16. It began as an evolution of the F-5 Freedom Fighter but used a more powerful engine. Three prototypes were built in the 1980s but no major orders were placed, as customers preferred the F-16. The project was ultimately cancelled after six years due to lack of sales. While its performance was comparable to early F-16 models, the F-20 lacked expansion capability and lost out to the newer and more supported F-16.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment, vehicles, and troops around the world for the US military. Production of the C-124 continued until 1955, with most being retired from active service by 1974 after being passed to the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment and troops. Over 400 C-124s were produced before retiring from military service in 1974.
The Boeing 377 Stratocruiser was developed towards the end of World War II by adapting an enlarged upper fuselage onto the lower fuselage and wings of the B-50 Superfortress bomber. It had a double-decker fuselage that provided seating for over 100 passengers and could fly nonstop across the Atlantic. While complex and expensive to produce, it served as the flagship of Pan Am and BOAC from 1949 until being replaced by early jetliners in the 1960s due to its high operating costs. Only 56 Stratocruisers were ultimately built.
The document introduces some fundamental concepts in aerodynamics. It defines aerodynamics as the study of forces on objects in air and discusses the key physical quantities involved - pressure, density, temperature, compressibility, and viscosity. It also describes flow velocity, streamlines, and how aerodynamic forces like lift and drag arise from pressure and shear stress distributions on surfaces.
The Northrop F-20 Tigershark was a privately developed fighter aircraft intended to compete with the F-16. It began as an evolution of the F-5 Freedom Fighter but used a more powerful engine. Three prototypes were built in the 1980s but no major orders were placed, as customers preferred the F-16. The project was ultimately cancelled after six years due to lack of sales. While its performance was comparable to early F-16 models, the F-20 lacked expansion capability and lost out to the newer and more supported F-16.
The document summarizes the structure and properties of the standard atmosphere model used in aerospace engineering. It describes the standard atmosphere as divided into layers of either constant temperature or linear temperature gradients. Equations are provided to calculate how pressure, temperature, and density vary with altitude based on the temperature profile and hydrostatic equation. Standard atmosphere tables in appendices provide mean property values as a function of altitude that serve as a reference for aircraft and vehicle design and performance calculations.
The F-117 Nighthawk was the world's first operational stealth aircraft, designed by Lockheed for the US Air Force. It first flew in 1977 and was used in combat during the invasion of Panama in 1989 and the Gulf War, performing effectively. One F-117 was shot down over Serbia in 1999, compromising some of its stealth technology. The Air Force is retiring the F-117 by 2006 due to the deployment of the more advanced F-22 Raptor.
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and the Carnot cycle.
2. A Carnot cycle involves four processes - two isothermal and two adiabatic reversible processes - between two heat reservoirs at different temperatures.
3. The maximum possible efficiency of any heat engine is given by the Carnot efficiency, which depends only on the temperatures of the heat reservoirs.
The document defines and explains the basic components of a typical aircraft, including:
- The fuselage, which contains the crew and payload.
- The wing, which produces lift and is made of two halves connected by the fuselage.
- The engine, which can be piston-driven or jet-powered.
- Horizontal and vertical stabilizers, which provide stability and are made of airfoil cross-sections.
It also describes basic control surfaces like the elevator, rudder, and ailerons, and additional components such as flaps, the cockpit/cabin, landing gear, and trim tabs.
The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in immediate contact with a bounding surface, where the effects of viscosity are important. Within the boundary layer, the fluid velocity increases from zero at the surface to 99% of the free-stream velocity. The boundary layer equations allow simplifying the full Navier-Stokes equations by dividing flow into viscous and inviscid regions. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers can form, with laminar producing less drag but being prone to separation in adverse pressure gradients. Boundary layer control techniques influence transition and separation.
This document describes the ideal Rankine cycle, which is the thermodynamic cycle that forms the basis for steam power plants. It consists of four processes: 1) isentropic compression of water in a pump, 2) constant pressure heat addition to produce high-temperature, high-pressure steam in a boiler, 3) isentropic expansion of the steam in a turbine to produce work, and 4) constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser to return the steam to liquid water. The Rankine cycle is the idealized model that closely approximates the actual thermodynamic cycle used in steam power plants to convert heat into useful work.
This document discusses heat transfer processes involving phase change that are important in nuclear reactors. It begins by explaining why understanding two-phase heat transfer is essential, as liquids in reactors experience high heat fluxes that can lead to boiling and void formation. It then defines key terms used to describe vaporization, evaporation, boiling, two-phase flow, and condensation. Boiling is classified based on its location, mechanism, and the temperature of the liquid. The document also discusses different types of two-phase flows and experimental setups used to study flow patterns. Finally, it describes characteristics of specific flow patterns like bubbly, slug, and annular flow that can occur in adiabatic vertical two-phase flows.
1. The document describes a course on engineering plant technology over 15 weeks. It covers various types of power plants including steam, gas turbine, diesel, compressed air, and water pumps.
2. The course learning outcomes are for students to understand different power plant systems, sketch diagrams of power plants and their components, and identify relevant regulations for different power plant systems.
3. The course syllabus details the key topics to be covered for each type of power plant, including descriptions of components, working principles, and relevant procedures and regulations.
1. The document discusses limitations on the work that can be supplied by a heat engine according to the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces the Carnot cycle as a model heat engine and derives an expression for the maximum efficiency and work that can be achieved by any heat engine operating between two temperatures.
2. It describes how the thermodynamic temperature scale can be defined independently of the working medium based on the heat exchanged in Carnot cycles.
3. Methods for representing thermodynamic processes on temperature-entropy and enthalpy-entropy diagrams are discussed, including how to analyze the Carnot and Brayton cycles on these plots.
The Northrop F-20 Tigershark was a privately developed fighter aircraft intended to compete with the F-16. It began as an evolution of the F-5 Freedom Fighter but used a more powerful engine. Three prototypes were built in the 1980s but no major orders were placed, as customers preferred the F-16. The project was ultimately cancelled after six years due to lack of sales. While its performance was comparable to early F-16 models, the F-20 lacked expansion capability and lost out to the newer and more supported F-16.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment, vehicles, and troops around the world for the US military. Production of the C-124 continued until 1955, with most being retired from active service by 1974 after being passed to the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve.
The Douglas C-124 Globemaster II was a heavy-lift cargo aircraft developed from 1947 to 1949 by Douglas Aircraft. It was powered by four large piston engines and could carry up to 68,500 pounds of cargo in its 77-foot cargo bay. The C-124 was first delivered in 1950 and was used extensively during the Korean War and Vietnam War to transport heavy equipment and troops. Over 400 C-124s were produced before retiring from military service in 1974.
The Boeing 377 Stratocruiser was developed towards the end of World War II by adapting an enlarged upper fuselage onto the lower fuselage and wings of the B-50 Superfortress bomber. It had a double-decker fuselage that provided seating for over 100 passengers and could fly nonstop across the Atlantic. While complex and expensive to produce, it served as the flagship of Pan Am and BOAC from 1949 until being replaced by early jetliners in the 1960s due to its high operating costs. Only 56 Stratocruisers were ultimately built.
The document introduces some fundamental concepts in aerodynamics. It defines aerodynamics as the study of forces on objects in air and discusses the key physical quantities involved - pressure, density, temperature, compressibility, and viscosity. It also describes flow velocity, streamlines, and how aerodynamic forces like lift and drag arise from pressure and shear stress distributions on surfaces.
The Northrop F-20 Tigershark was a privately developed fighter aircraft intended to compete with the F-16. It began as an evolution of the F-5 Freedom Fighter but used a more powerful engine. Three prototypes were built in the 1980s but no major orders were placed, as customers preferred the F-16. The project was ultimately cancelled after six years due to lack of sales. While its performance was comparable to early F-16 models, the F-20 lacked expansion capability and lost out to the newer and more supported F-16.
The document summarizes the structure and properties of the standard atmosphere model used in aerospace engineering. It describes the standard atmosphere as divided into layers of either constant temperature or linear temperature gradients. Equations are provided to calculate how pressure, temperature, and density vary with altitude based on the temperature profile and hydrostatic equation. Standard atmosphere tables in appendices provide mean property values as a function of altitude that serve as a reference for aircraft and vehicle design and performance calculations.
The F-117 Nighthawk was the world's first operational stealth aircraft, designed by Lockheed for the US Air Force. It first flew in 1977 and was used in combat during the invasion of Panama in 1989 and the Gulf War, performing effectively. One F-117 was shot down over Serbia in 1999, compromising some of its stealth technology. The Air Force is retiring the F-117 by 2006 due to the deployment of the more advanced F-22 Raptor.
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and the Carnot cycle.
2. A Carnot cycle involves four processes - two isothermal and two adiabatic reversible processes - between two heat reservoirs at different temperatures.
3. The maximum possible efficiency of any heat engine is given by the Carnot efficiency, which depends only on the temperatures of the heat reservoirs.
The document defines and explains the basic components of a typical aircraft, including:
- The fuselage, which contains the crew and payload.
- The wing, which produces lift and is made of two halves connected by the fuselage.
- The engine, which can be piston-driven or jet-powered.
- Horizontal and vertical stabilizers, which provide stability and are made of airfoil cross-sections.
It also describes basic control surfaces like the elevator, rudder, and ailerons, and additional components such as flaps, the cockpit/cabin, landing gear, and trim tabs.
The boundary layer is the layer of fluid in immediate contact with a bounding surface, where the effects of viscosity are important. Within the boundary layer, the fluid velocity increases from zero at the surface to 99% of the free-stream velocity. The boundary layer equations allow simplifying the full Navier-Stokes equations by dividing flow into viscous and inviscid regions. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers can form, with laminar producing less drag but being prone to separation in adverse pressure gradients. Boundary layer control techniques influence transition and separation.
This document describes the ideal Rankine cycle, which is the thermodynamic cycle that forms the basis for steam power plants. It consists of four processes: 1) isentropic compression of water in a pump, 2) constant pressure heat addition to produce high-temperature, high-pressure steam in a boiler, 3) isentropic expansion of the steam in a turbine to produce work, and 4) constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser to return the steam to liquid water. The Rankine cycle is the idealized model that closely approximates the actual thermodynamic cycle used in steam power plants to convert heat into useful work.
This document discusses heat transfer processes involving phase change that are important in nuclear reactors. It begins by explaining why understanding two-phase heat transfer is essential, as liquids in reactors experience high heat fluxes that can lead to boiling and void formation. It then defines key terms used to describe vaporization, evaporation, boiling, two-phase flow, and condensation. Boiling is classified based on its location, mechanism, and the temperature of the liquid. The document also discusses different types of two-phase flows and experimental setups used to study flow patterns. Finally, it describes characteristics of specific flow patterns like bubbly, slug, and annular flow that can occur in adiabatic vertical two-phase flows.
1. The document describes a course on engineering plant technology over 15 weeks. It covers various types of power plants including steam, gas turbine, diesel, compressed air, and water pumps.
2. The course learning outcomes are for students to understand different power plant systems, sketch diagrams of power plants and their components, and identify relevant regulations for different power plant systems.
3. The course syllabus details the key topics to be covered for each type of power plant, including descriptions of components, working principles, and relevant procedures and regulations.
BASIC AND APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS question bank Takshil Gajjar
This document contains a question bank with 38 questions related to thermodynamics. The questions cover topics such as the zeroth law of thermodynamics, quasi-static processes, temperature scales, open/closed/isolated systems, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy, the Carnot cycle, Rankine cycle, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Brayton cycle, refrigeration, coefficient of performance, steam turbines, and losses in steam turbines.
Dr. Prashanth Ramachandran has experience designing and analyzing mechanical systems, precision actuators, linkages, and equipment for industries such as oil/gas, electronics, automotive, and more. His analysis experience includes finite element analysis of structural and thermal systems, stability theory, and numerical techniques. He has expertise in fields like classical mechanics, heat transfer, and project management. Some of his recent projects include designing iPad battery covers, hydrocracker equipment, servo control systems, and automotive synchronizer hubs.
This document discusses sizing various components of electric vehicles, including:
- Sizing power electronics based on switching technology and ripple capacitor design.
- Selecting between energy storage technologies like lead-acid batteries, nickel-based batteries, sodium-based batteries, and flywheels.
- Matching the electric drive system to the internal combustion engine, transmission, and gearing.
- Sizing the propulsion motor based on torque, constant power speed ratio, and machine dimensions.
Boiling heat transfer and Core Hydraulics of NPPMd Asif Imrul
In this report, the objective has been set to provide intense view of boiling heat transfer and core hydraulics. In details the aim was to describe the importance and Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Reactors and thermal hydraulic processes involved in the transfer of power from the core to the secondary systems of a nuclear reactor plant and produce competence in the fundamentals of the calculations associated with these processes.
By this process, here it has been included with a short overview over nuclear power plant definition and types, fission reaction, basic hydraulics, over view over nuclear reactor core and their inter relation.
This document provides an overview of hydraulic fluids and hydraulic system components. It discusses the principles of hydraulics and the requirements for hydraulic fluids, including temperature, viscosity, compatibility with system materials, stability, lubricity, and other considerations. It then describes various power transmission equipment used in hydraulic systems, such as pumps, actuators, intensifiers, reservoirs, filters, accumulators, valves, heat exchangers, piping, shock absorbers, and liquid springs. It also covers fluid properties, significance, and test methods for properties like viscosity, low-temperature properties, flammability, volatility, density, lubrication, and more. The document provides a comprehensive reference on hydraulic fluids and system design.
This document provides details of the Electrical Power Utilization & System Protection course, including the course title and code, credit hours, module topics, outcomes, and specific outcomes. The course has 4 modules that cover fuses and circuit breakers, protective relays and protection schemes, electrical heating, welding, and lighting applications, and electric traction. The modules include topics such as inverse time characteristics of fuses and circuit breakers, protective relay types and applications, heating methods like resistance and induction, and electric traction systems and speed-time curves. The course aims to help students understand various power system protection devices and their applications in power utilization systems.
Reactivity Feedback Effect on the Reactor Behaviour during SBLOCA in a 4-loop...IJMREMJournal
The reactivity coefficient is a very important parameter for safety and Stability of reactors operation. To provide
the safety analysis of the reactor, the calculation of changes in reactivity caused by temperature is necessary
because it is related to the reactor operation. The objective is to study the effect of the temperature reactivity
coefficients of fuel and moderator of the PWR core, as well as the moderator density and boron concentration on
fluid density, reactivity, void fraction. peak fuel clad temperature and time to core uncover were found for two
feedback cases. This paper focuses on the effect of the Reactivity feedback, of the 6" (6-inch) Cold Leg
SBLOCA sequences in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse nuclear power plant with a scram for various feedback,
moderator density coefficient, MDC, moderator temperature coefficient, MTC, the fuel temperature coefficient,
FTC, and boron concentrations. Dragon neutronic code is used for calculating reactivity's coefficient which is
used in RELAP5 thermal hydraulic computer code to simulate the effect of Reactivity feedback during Cold
Leg SBLOCA. The plant nodalization consists of two loops; the first one represents the broken loop and the
second one represents the other three intact loops. In the present analysis two models in RELAP5 code for
computation of the reactivity feedback, separable and tabular models are used. The 6-inch break size was chosen
because the previous work [1], showed that it was the worst size break in a 4-loop PWR Westinghouse. The
results show that the neglecting of the reactivity feed-back effect causes overheating of the clad and that the
importance of the reactivity feed-back on calculating the power (reactivity) which the key parameter that
controls the clad and fuel temperatures to maintain them below their melting point and therefore prevent core
uncover and fuel damage where the fuel temperature, clad temperature and core water level are in the range.
This document discusses tuning the parameters of a PID controller for a separately excited DC motor drive system using genetic algorithms. It first describes the DC motor model and simulink modeling. It then provides background on PID controllers and genetic algorithms. The document proposes using genetic algorithms to tune the PID controller parameters (KP, KI, KD) to minimize errors and improve the step response of the controlled DC motor system. It presents the tuning methodology, comparing conventional PID tuning to GA-based tuning. Simulation results are presented and discussed, showing that GA tuning improves the step response by reducing overshoot and settling time compared to the conventional PID controller.
This document discusses different forms of catalysts that can be used in fixed-bed reactors. Random packings of spheres, cylinders, or hollow cylinders are commonly used and provide good gas-catalyst mass transfer due to turbulence. However, heat transfer is poorer across the gas-catalyst boundary in random packings. Monolith catalyst structures like parallel channels or stacked plates can provide more uniform heating and flow distribution. The document evaluates different catalyst forms in terms of mass transfer, heat transfer, pressure drop, and catalyst concentration to optimize the design of fixed-bed reactors.
Presentation on CO2 reduction and fuel saving technologies in steelworks by Dr. Chun-Da Chen of China Steel at "Clean Fossil Fuel Technologies" course in National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
IRJET- Certain Investigation on Induction Motor Performance with Variable Fre...IRJET Journal
This document describes a thermal analysis and design optimization of steam turbine blades. It analyzes blades made of different materials including titanium, nickel, and aluminum alloys. A finite element analysis is conducted using ANSYS to simulate the thermal performance of blades with varying hole sizes and materials. Results show that a titanium alloy blade with 5 holes of 0.5mm diameter performed best with lower equivalent stress, higher cyclic life, and reduced damage compared to blades without holes. The analysis provides thermal properties like heat flux, temperature distribution and life cycle assessment for optimized steam turbine blade design.
IRJET- Design and Thermal Analysis of Steam Turbine BladeIRJET Journal
This document describes a thermal analysis and design optimization of steam turbine blades. It analyzes blades made of different materials including titanium, nickel, and aluminum alloys. A finite element analysis is conducted using ANSYS to simulate the thermal performance of blades with varying hole sizes and materials. Results show that titanium alloy blades have the most stable thermal performance with lower heat dissipation temperatures compared to other materials. Blades with 5mm holes exhibited lower stresses and increased cyclic life compared to blades without holes. Therefore, designing steam turbine blades with holes can improve thermal performance and reduce stresses.
This document provides an overview of steam power plants and the Rankine cycle. It describes the key components of a steam power plant including the steam generator, superheater, feedwater heater, furnaces, steam turbine, condenser, and cooling tower. It then explains the ideal Rankine cycle and how it differs from actual power cycles due to irreversibilities. Methods to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle such as lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, using reheat cycles, and feedwater heating are also summarized. The objectives are to describe the steam generator, steam turbine, condensers, and cooling towers.
This document analyzes the energy and exergy of an extraction back-pressure steam turbine used in a power plant in India. It evaluates the turbine's energy efficiency, exergy destruction, and exergy efficiency at 70% and 85% of maximum continuous rating. The analysis shows that operating the turbine at 85% rating improves the heat rate by 17.01 kJ/kWh, reducing CO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, SO2 emissions by 26.89 kg/h, and ash generation by 41.47 kg/day. Exergy, or the useful work potential of energy, provides a more complete analysis than energy alone by considering both quantity and quality of energy.
This document provides an overview of steam power plants and the Rankine cycle. It discusses:
- The basic components of a steam power plant including the steam generator, superheater, feedwater heater, furnaces, steam turbine, condenser, and cooling tower.
- The ideal Rankine cycle and how it models the vapor power cycle used in steam plants. This includes the four processes of pumping, heating, expansion, and cooling.
- How the actual vapor power cycle deviates from the ideal Rankine cycle due to irreversibilities like friction and heat loss.
- Ways to increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle such as lowering the condenser pressure, increasing steam superheating, and raising
This document provides an outline for a course on electrical and electronics engineering. It covers topics such as electrical circuits, measurements, circuit analysis, electrical mechanics, semiconductor devices, digital electronics, and communication engineering. The course is divided into 5 units, with each unit covering multiple chapters. Each chapter provides an introduction to key concepts and principles, examples, applications, and review questions. Appendices include additional sample problems and questions as well as prior exam papers.
The document provides an overview of an introductory aeronautics course, including:
- Course details like instructor, textbook, term work and exams
- Topics covered across two terms like history of flight, aerodynamics, airfoils, and aircraft performance and stability
- A brief history of the development of flight from early attempts to imitate birds to modern airplanes
- Descriptions of key aircraft components like the fuselage, wings, tail assembly, landing gear, and power plants
1. The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and entropy.
2. It provides three common statements of the second law: (1) heat cannot be converted completely to work, (2) heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot bodies, and (3) the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3. Entropy is defined as an extensive property of a system related to the heat transfer and temperature for a reversible process. The change in total entropy for any natural process is positive.
The document provides an overview of key thermodynamic concepts including:
1) Thermodynamics examines the transfer of heat and work to produce mechanical energy.
2) Precise definitions are needed for concepts like system, state, property, process, and reversible process.
3) Ideal gas behavior is an excellent approximation for many aerospace applications and the ideal gas law relates pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas.
1. MIT Course 16
Fall 2002
Thermal Energy
16.050
Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky
Notes by E.M. Greitzer
Z. S. Spakovszky
2. Table of Contents
PART 0 - PRELUDE: REVIEW OF “UNIFIED ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS”
0.1 What it's all about 0-1
0.2 Definitions and fundamentals ideas of thermodynamics 0-1
0.3 Review of thermodynamics concepts 0-2
PART 1 - THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1.A- Background to the Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.A.1 Some Properties of Engineering Cycles: Work and Efficiency 1A-1
1.A.2 Carnot Cycles 1A-3
1.A.3 Brayton Cycles (or Joule Cycles): The Power Cycle for a Gas Turbine Jet 1A-5
Engine
1.A.4 Gas Turbine Technology and Thermodynamics 1A-8
1.A.5 Refrigerators and heat pumps 1A-11
1.A.6 Reversibility and Irreversibility in Natural Processes 1A-12
1.A.7 Difference between Free Expansion of a Gas and Reversible Isothermal 1A-14
Expansion
1.A.8 Features of reversible Processes 1A-16
1.B The Second Law of Thermodynamics
1.B.1 Concept and Statements of the Second Law 1B-1
1.B.2 Axiomatic statements of the Laws of Thermodynamics 1B-3
1.B.3 Combined First and Second Law Expressions 1B-5
1.B.4 Entropy Changes in an Ideal Gas 1B-6
1.B.5 Calculation of Entropy Change in Some Basic Processes 1B-7
1.C Applications of the Second Law
1.C.1 Limitations on the Work that Can be Supplied by a Heat Engine 1C-1
1.C.2 The thermodynamic Temperature Scale 1C-3
1.C.3 Representation of Thermodynamic Processes in T-s coordinates 1C-4
1.C.4 Brayton Cycle in T-s coordinates 1C-5
1.C.5 Irreversibility, Entropy Changes, and Lost Work 1C-8
1.C.6 Entropy and Unavailable Energy 1C-11
1.C.7 Examples of Lost Work in Engineering Processes 1C-14
1.C.8 Some Overall Comments on Entropy, Reversible and Irreversible Processes 1C-23
1.D Interpretation of Entropy on the Microscopic Scale - The Connection between Randomness and
Entropy
1.D.1 Entropy Change in Mixing of Two ideal Gases 1D-1
1.D.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Descriptions of a System 1D-2
1.D.3 A Statistical Definition of Entropy 1D-3
1.D.4 Connection between the Statistical Definition of Entropy and Randomness 1D-5
3. 1.D.5 Numerical Example of the Approach to the Equilibrium Distribution 1D-6
1.D.6 Summary and Conclusions 1D-11
PART 2 - POWER AND PROPULSION CYCLES
2.A Gas Power and Propulsion Cycles
2.A.1 The Internal Combustion Engine (Otto Cycle) 2A-1
2.A.2 Diesel Cycle 2A-4
2.A.3 Brayton Cycle 2A-5
2.A.4 Brayton Cycle for Jet Propulsion: the Ideal Ramjet 2A-6
2.A.5 The Breguet Range Equation 2A-8
2.A.6 Performance of the Ideal Ramjet 2A-11
2.A.7 Effect of departures from Ideal Behavior 2A-14
2.B Power Cycles with two-Phase media
2.B.1Behavior of Two-Phase Systems 2B-1
2.B.2 Work and Heat Transfer with Two-Phase Media 2B-5
2.B.3 The Carnot Cycle as a Two-Phase Power Cycle 2B-8
2.B.4 Rankine Power Cycles 2B-13
2.B.5 Enhancements of, and Effect of Design Parameters on Rankine Cycles 2B-15
2.B.6 Combined Cycles in Stationary Gas Turbine for Power Production 2B-19
2.B.7 Some Overall Comments on Thermodynamic Cycles 2B-21
2.C Introduction to Thermochemistry
2.C.1 Fuels 2C-1
2.C.2 Fuel-Air Ratio 2C-2
2.C.3 Enthalpy of Formation 2C-2
2.C.4 First Law analysis of Reacting systems 2C-4
2.C.5 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 2C-7
PART 3 - INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
1.0 Heat Transfer Modes.......................................................................................................... HT-5
2.0 Conduction Heat Transfer .................................................................................................. HT-5
2.1 Steady-State One-Dimensional Conduction.................................................................... HT-8
2.2 Thermal Resistance Circuits ..........................................................................................HT-10
2.3 Steady Quasi-One-Dimensional Heat Flow in Non-Planar Geometry ........................... HT-14
3.0 Convective Heat Transfer..................................................................................................HT-18
3.1 The Reynolds Analogy..................................................................................................HT-19
3.2 Combined Conduction and Convection .........................................................................HT-24
3.3 Dimensionless Numbers and Analysis of Results ..........................................................HT-29
4.0 Temperature Distributions in the Presence of Heat Sources...............................................HT-32
5.0 Heat Transfer From a Fin ..................................................................................................HT-35
6.0 Transient Heat Transfer (Convective Cooling or Heating) .................................................HT-40
7.0 Some Considerations in Modeling Complex Physical Processes........................................HT-42
8.0 Heat Exchangers ...............................................................................................................HT-43
4. 8.1 Efficiency of a Counterflow Heat Exchanger.................................................................HT-50
9.0 Radiation Heat Transfer (Heat transfer by thermal radiation).............................................HT-52
9.1 Ideal Radiators ..............................................................................................................HT-53
9.2 Kirchhoff's Law and "Real Bodies" ...............................................................................HT-55
9.3 Radiation Heat Transfer Between Planar Surfaces .........................................................HT-55
9.4 Radiation Heat Transfer Between Black Surfaces of Arbitrary Geometry ......................HT-60
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Preparation of these notes has benefited greatly from the expertise of a number of individuals,
and we are pleased to acknowledge this help. Jessica Townsend, Vincent Blateau, Isabel
Pauwels, and David Milanes, the successive Teaching Assistants in this core department course,
provided ideas, corrected errors, inserted “Muddy Points”, supplied the index, and in general,
created a much more readable document. Any errors that remain, or lack of readability, are thus
the sole responsibility of the authors. We also appreciate the work of Diana Park and Robin
Palazzolo, who contributed greatly to the editing and graphics. Finally, we are grateful to have
had the opportunity to discuss some of the material with Professor Frank Marble of Caltech,
whose understanding, insight, and ability to describe thermofluids concepts provide a model of
how to address important technical problems.