This document discusses the application of domain and waveguide structures in crystals for nonlinear optics. It describes how periodic poling of ferroelectric crystals can be used to fabricate structures that improve nonlinear optical conversion efficiency. Local electron beam irradiation is used to invert ferroelectric domains and create periodic polarity patterns in lithium niobate crystals for applications such as second harmonic generation. Chemical etching can be used to visualize the poled structures. Periodically poled crystals allow for efficient frequency conversion and have applications in laser technology.

1. APPLICATION OF DOMAIN
AND WAVEGUIDE
STRUCTURES IN CRYSTALS
FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS

2. Optical technologies vs. others
Data storage Magnetic Optical (CD, DVD,...)
Sensors Electrical Optical
Display Cathode Ray Tube Optical Flat Panels
Material
processing Mechanical Optical
Long haul data Copper Cable Optical Fibre Cable
transmission
1900 1950 2000 2050
2

3. 1. ICT & Consumer Photonics
Displays Optical Data Storage
• Microdisplays • CD and DVD media recorders, and
• Televisions 2D and 3D Blu-ray
• Holographic displays • Workstation and PC network data
• Advertising, indoor and outdoor storage
messaging systems
• Low-power displays Consumer Products
• Projection and light shutters • Mobile phones: displays, cameras,
• Low-and high resolution displays and LEDs
• Flat panel high definition LCD TVs:
Optical Communications
displays and backlights
• Internet: Voice over IP, music,
• Portable music and video players:
email, Web, eCommerce
displays
• Fibre to the premises : Video on
• Digital camera: displays, image
Demand, telemedicine
sensor and flash
• Entertainment: displays, data 3
storage, communications

4. 2. Life Sciences & Healthcare
Biophotonics
• Diagnostics: non invasive imaging
• Treatment: laser surgery (cutting, drilling), Photodynamic Therapy
• Pathogen detection: Raman spectroscopy
• Drug development
• Biometrics
Bio-chip
Instrumentation
• Microscopy (confocal, etc)
• Endoscopy
• Genomics/proteomics
• Biosensors: Pulse Oximetry 4
• Cellular and Clinical imaging: 4D studies, Tomography

5. 3. Defence and Security
Command, Control, Communications Computers, and Intelligence
• Secure communications: Quantum computing and Quantum Cryptography
• Optical fibre: RF signal processing and transmission
Surveillance, Targeting Acquisition, and Reconnaissance
• Visual sights, periscopes
• Displays
• Lasers: range-finding, laser imaging, systems
• Remote sensing: typically employing multi-spectral techniques or passive IR
sensors
• Forward Looking IR-imaging (thermal)
• Perimeter security: IR sensors, image processing, optical sensors
• Checkpoint/Port/Airport security:THz imaging, Raman spectroscopy and
image processing
• Target imaging and identification
5
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
• Sensing: Chemical & biohazard, structural health monitoring

6. 4. Lighting and Energy
Solid State Lighting
• Architectural, amenity, messaging systems, signal, commercial and
residential lighting:
- Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes,
- Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Photovoltaics
• Solar cells
Fuel Analysis
Energy Infrastructure
Security 6

7. 5. Industrial Photonics
Lasers
• Cutting, welding, drilling and marking
• Micromachining
• Non-contact metrology and reverse engineering
• Material processing including surface hardening
• Scanning and positioning Sensing
• Security and intrusion
• Chemical and Biological agents
• Smart industrial and powerutility monitoring
• Biophotonic/medical applications
• Positioning and control
• Traffic monitoring
Imaging
• Quality control and inspection
• Automated recognition
• Thermal imaging 7
• Security certification
• Document scanning

8. Example 1
Information & Communication
Technologies
8
The Network of the Future: broadband networks and ultra
high speed

9. Opportunities of optical
communications
© Telekom © France Telecom
“…Light transmission through optical fibers will enable transmission
capacities per carrier in the 100 Tbps range by 2015…”
9
source: Photonics 21: European Technology platform, 2006

10. Example 2
Lighting and Displays
10

11. Evolution of the light sources
19 th century 20 th century gas 21 st century
incandescent discharge solid state
11

12. LED lighting
New generation of
MultiLEDs ©Osram
мост
12
LED lighting: library La Roche HBLED lighting: bridge in
sur Yon, France, © Philips Scotland, UK, © Philips

13. LED displays
Large outdoor displays based on The World’s lagest LED-based LCD
LEDs, Chicago, © Barco TV-82” © Sumsung
13

14. Flexible OLED displays
14
Transtarent FOLED Flexible active matrix e-paper display
©Universal Display Corp. ©Plastic Logic Limited

15. NONLINEAR CRYSTALS FOR
LASER AND OPTICAL
TECHNOLOGIES
 Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3 )
 Potassium niobate (KNbO3)
 Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP, KTiOPO4) The “KTP family” of
materials also includes KTA (KTiOAsO4), RTP (RbTiOPO4) and RTA
(RbTiAsPO4).
A block of LBO and some crystals cut
from such material.
KDP crystals, including one with very large size.

16. Second harmonic generation

17. Effects on Conversion Efficiency

18. TECHNIQUE OF PLANAR
PERIODICALLY-POLED STRUCTURES
(PPS) FABRICATION
Ferroelectric domain inverted
gratings were fabricated by a
set of local e-beam irradiations
in a scanning electron Schematic presentation of direct e-beam
writing upon Y-cut surface by the set
microscope with the use of the local irradiations to fabricate a planar
NanoMaker program to domain grating
construct the set of
irradiations and to vary doses
of them.

19. VISUALIZATION OF IMAGE BY CHEMICAL
ETCHING
The surface of one LiNbO3
crystal that was chemically
etched.
Application of this method
doesn’t permit further use of
crystal as radiation converter.
Photo of PPS fragment obtained by
chemical etching of Y-cut Zn:LiNbO3
waveguide

20. Photos of different PPS obtained by chemical etching of nominally pureY-cut
LiNbO3

21. Fragment for image of PPS obtained in Y-cut LiNbO3 sample by the
method of the second harmonic microscopy by the objective with the
zoom 20* and digital camera-ocular DCM 310

22. Thank You for Your Attention!