The document models the structure and relationships between different players in internet peering ecosystems from 1998-2000. It defines key concepts like Internet regions, the internet peering ecosystem within each region, and categories of players like Tier 1 and Tier 2 ISPs. It describes the behaviors of Tier 1 ISPs, including their restrictive peering policies where they claim they do not need any additional peering relationships. The model of Tier 1 ISPs is then critiqued by pointing out that the definition of an Internet region is not strictly bound by geographical boundaries.
Understanding Remote Peering - Connecting to the Core of the InternetWilliam Norton
Understanding Remote Peering – The New Wave of Interconnection at the Core of the Internet.
Using real-world case studies, this free webinar explains remote peering and what it means to ISPs, content providers and the global Internet peering ecosystem. Learn from William B. Norton who has presented three popular USTelecom webinars on Internet peering.
Background
The Internet peering ecosystem is going through a historic and rapid paradigm shift.
The largest ISPs and content providers have always interconnected their networks at the core of the Internet using a technique called "Internet peering," the free and reciprocal exchange of access to each other's customers. In this way, networks of scale can exchange a large enough amount of traffic for free with one another to offset the cost of deployment (equipment, colocation, and transport to the colocation center). This justification is the basis for the business case for peering.
However, a recent trend -- called "remote peering" -- has emerged as a way to get these peering benefits but without the cost of additional equipment, transport, or colocation. The remote peering model is where a remote peering provider delivers transport to the customer router with Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) extension(s) from the largest exchange points in the world. In this way, the customer gets all of the benefits of peering (performance, control over routing, direct relationships with the peer networks, etc.) without the large initial capital and operational costs.
This is not just a fringe or small change to peering - it is a fundamental shift in the Internet architecture. Remote peering is a new technique that helps make peering accessible to a much larger population. As a result of the cost shift, an increasing percentage of networks are peering across great distances. The peering paradigm of "peering keeps local traffic local" is no more.
During the free webinar you will hear case studies from the field where medium-sized content companies are able to enter the peering ecosystem and connect to multiple Internet Exchange Points over a single circuit. These companies have graciously allowed their cost numbers to be shared so the traditional peering model can be compared against the emerging remote peering model. Also, the webinar will highlight the strongest arguments on both sides of the debate over whether remote peering is good or bad for the global Internet peering ecosystem.
William B. Norton, Executive Director, DrPeering International and Author of the new 2014 Edition of “The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet” which includes a new chapter dedicated to remote peering.
These are the graphics (in higher resolution) for my presentation, Internet Peering with annotations. See "Internet Peering, with annotations" for details.
PTC'14 Presentation by Steve Wilcox: “The Role IXPs and Peering Play in the E...Nicole White
Presentation given by Stephen Wilcox, CEO of IX Reach at PTC'14, entitled “The Role IXPs and Peering Play in the Evolution of the Internet”.
Excerpt:
"There are over 400 Internet Exchange Points distributed across the world, and growing. The largest and most successful reside in Europe and play a vital role in the growth and evolution of the Internet. There are over 50 IXPs in Europe alone, most promoting local traffic exchange but only a handful recognised as international hubs for interconnections. These particular IXPs continue to increase their value added services and expand globally - most recently to the US - promoting their non-for-profit and neutral business models in varying and emerging markets. This recent expansion makes it all the more important to consider the role IXPs and peering play in the continuing evolution of the Internet and how network operators should approach peering in a network blend.
The reciprocal interplay between Tier 1, 2 and 3 networks over IXPs, particularly those with an international focus, has become an interesting addition to the global Internet topology, enabling networks to reduce their costs and the Internet to grow in-line with end-user demand for high-bandwidth content and mobile usage. However, given 99.5% of peering agreements are completed on a hand shake, and the majority are settlement-free, scenarios such as de-peering can still occur, leading to partial Internet black-outs and events such as these need to be taken into consideration when building redundancy into a network.
This industry briefing will discuss the most common ways different networks value and utilise IXPs in their network blend, what to consider when choosing peering locations, why some participate at an IXP while others do not, and the de-peering scenarios that can occur and the impact this can have on a network's service. It will also touch on the geographical positioning of major IXPs and the trends in peering partners by selected countries."
Remote Internet Peering Vs IP Transit: A Shift in Internet ArchitectureRuth Plater
An overview explaining the reasons fo peering at Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), versus IP Transit, and the known benefits and uses of both approaches to a network blend.
The presentation brings to light the decline in pricing of IP Transit and what this means for the financial benefits that peering used to offer and how remote peering (or virtual connectivity at Internet Exchanges) continues to alter this landscape.
It also highlights how remote peering has changed the way network operators exchange traffic and made peering more accessible to smaller/medium sized companies and developing markets, by removing the initial barriers in terms of legal, billing and technical; simplifying the whole process of expanding a network.
Developing markets are also discussed, such as the Middle East, and the peering paradigm of 'keeping local traffic local' Vs virtually/remotely connecting to Internet Exchanges and the issues with both.
It touches on the shift in the industry and how Internet Exchanges and Data Centres are behaving more like networks and vice versa, explaining the new Central European Peering Hub project by LU-CIX - with IX Reach as the first carrier partner - whereby they encourage members to join major Internet Exchanges (DE-CIX, LINX, France-IX and AMS-IX) via their Internet Exchange platform.
APNIC Infrastructure and Development Director Che-Hoo Cheng presents on IXP development in the region at SANOG 33 in Thimpu, Bhutan from 9 to 16 January 2019.
Understanding Remote Peering - Connecting to the Core of the InternetWilliam Norton
Understanding Remote Peering – The New Wave of Interconnection at the Core of the Internet.
Using real-world case studies, this free webinar explains remote peering and what it means to ISPs, content providers and the global Internet peering ecosystem. Learn from William B. Norton who has presented three popular USTelecom webinars on Internet peering.
Background
The Internet peering ecosystem is going through a historic and rapid paradigm shift.
The largest ISPs and content providers have always interconnected their networks at the core of the Internet using a technique called "Internet peering," the free and reciprocal exchange of access to each other's customers. In this way, networks of scale can exchange a large enough amount of traffic for free with one another to offset the cost of deployment (equipment, colocation, and transport to the colocation center). This justification is the basis for the business case for peering.
However, a recent trend -- called "remote peering" -- has emerged as a way to get these peering benefits but without the cost of additional equipment, transport, or colocation. The remote peering model is where a remote peering provider delivers transport to the customer router with Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) extension(s) from the largest exchange points in the world. In this way, the customer gets all of the benefits of peering (performance, control over routing, direct relationships with the peer networks, etc.) without the large initial capital and operational costs.
This is not just a fringe or small change to peering - it is a fundamental shift in the Internet architecture. Remote peering is a new technique that helps make peering accessible to a much larger population. As a result of the cost shift, an increasing percentage of networks are peering across great distances. The peering paradigm of "peering keeps local traffic local" is no more.
During the free webinar you will hear case studies from the field where medium-sized content companies are able to enter the peering ecosystem and connect to multiple Internet Exchange Points over a single circuit. These companies have graciously allowed their cost numbers to be shared so the traditional peering model can be compared against the emerging remote peering model. Also, the webinar will highlight the strongest arguments on both sides of the debate over whether remote peering is good or bad for the global Internet peering ecosystem.
William B. Norton, Executive Director, DrPeering International and Author of the new 2014 Edition of “The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet” which includes a new chapter dedicated to remote peering.
These are the graphics (in higher resolution) for my presentation, Internet Peering with annotations. See "Internet Peering, with annotations" for details.
PTC'14 Presentation by Steve Wilcox: “The Role IXPs and Peering Play in the E...Nicole White
Presentation given by Stephen Wilcox, CEO of IX Reach at PTC'14, entitled “The Role IXPs and Peering Play in the Evolution of the Internet”.
Excerpt:
"There are over 400 Internet Exchange Points distributed across the world, and growing. The largest and most successful reside in Europe and play a vital role in the growth and evolution of the Internet. There are over 50 IXPs in Europe alone, most promoting local traffic exchange but only a handful recognised as international hubs for interconnections. These particular IXPs continue to increase their value added services and expand globally - most recently to the US - promoting their non-for-profit and neutral business models in varying and emerging markets. This recent expansion makes it all the more important to consider the role IXPs and peering play in the continuing evolution of the Internet and how network operators should approach peering in a network blend.
The reciprocal interplay between Tier 1, 2 and 3 networks over IXPs, particularly those with an international focus, has become an interesting addition to the global Internet topology, enabling networks to reduce their costs and the Internet to grow in-line with end-user demand for high-bandwidth content and mobile usage. However, given 99.5% of peering agreements are completed on a hand shake, and the majority are settlement-free, scenarios such as de-peering can still occur, leading to partial Internet black-outs and events such as these need to be taken into consideration when building redundancy into a network.
This industry briefing will discuss the most common ways different networks value and utilise IXPs in their network blend, what to consider when choosing peering locations, why some participate at an IXP while others do not, and the de-peering scenarios that can occur and the impact this can have on a network's service. It will also touch on the geographical positioning of major IXPs and the trends in peering partners by selected countries."
Remote Internet Peering Vs IP Transit: A Shift in Internet ArchitectureRuth Plater
An overview explaining the reasons fo peering at Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), versus IP Transit, and the known benefits and uses of both approaches to a network blend.
The presentation brings to light the decline in pricing of IP Transit and what this means for the financial benefits that peering used to offer and how remote peering (or virtual connectivity at Internet Exchanges) continues to alter this landscape.
It also highlights how remote peering has changed the way network operators exchange traffic and made peering more accessible to smaller/medium sized companies and developing markets, by removing the initial barriers in terms of legal, billing and technical; simplifying the whole process of expanding a network.
Developing markets are also discussed, such as the Middle East, and the peering paradigm of 'keeping local traffic local' Vs virtually/remotely connecting to Internet Exchanges and the issues with both.
It touches on the shift in the industry and how Internet Exchanges and Data Centres are behaving more like networks and vice versa, explaining the new Central European Peering Hub project by LU-CIX - with IX Reach as the first carrier partner - whereby they encourage members to join major Internet Exchanges (DE-CIX, LINX, France-IX and AMS-IX) via their Internet Exchange platform.
APNIC Infrastructure and Development Director Che-Hoo Cheng presents on IXP development in the region at SANOG 33 in Thimpu, Bhutan from 9 to 16 January 2019.
PacNOG 25: Keeping local traffic local by doing local peering APNIC
APNIC Infrastructure and Development Director Che-Hoo Cheng presented on 'Keeping Local Traffic Local by Doing Local Peering'. about the concepts of peering, the benefits of peering, and the roles of Internet exchange Points (IXPs) to facilitate easier local peering. Che-Hoo also shared his experience in operating an IXP.
This is the slide deck for the webinar I did Jan 18, 2012 for US Telecom.
I talk about connecting to the edge of the Internet by purchasing Internet Transit, connecting to the Core of the Internet by peering and the business case for peering.
TWNOG 3.0: Stories of IXP development and the way forwardAPNIC
APNIC Infrastructure & Development Director Che-Hoo Cheng gives some examples of regional IXP development and what the future holds at TWNOG 3.0 in Taipei from 20 to 21 June 2019.
https://www.sas.co.uk/get-your-guide-to-reducing-the-cost-of-your-wan
If you could save money on your WAN, what would you spend it on?
This comprehensive guide will explain why you're paying too much and what to do about it.
Learn how costs can be saved:
Understanding price changes
Leveraging new networking models
Improving your commercial deal
Learn how to do it:
Step by Step guide with ten-point action plan
https://www.sas.co.uk/get-your-guide-to-reducing-the-cost-of-your-wan
Equinix - supporting Cloud opportunities in EuropeRobert Blackburn
My presentation as part of the Breakfast Seminar "Cloud Computing Opportunities in the Netherlands" held at the Dutch Foreign Consulate on January 25th, 2013. Speakers included the Vice Mayor of Amsterdam, Carolien Gehrels, and representatives form the Dutch Foreign Embassy, Ernst & Young and Equinix.
This seminar focused on business and tax (US, Netherlands and EU VAT) considerations with cloud computing in and through the Netherlands. The goal was to help Finance, Tax and Business development professionals understand how your company can benefit from having a virtual and / or physical presence in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
PacNOG 25: Keeping local traffic local by doing local peering APNIC
APNIC Infrastructure and Development Director Che-Hoo Cheng presented on 'Keeping Local Traffic Local by Doing Local Peering'. about the concepts of peering, the benefits of peering, and the roles of Internet exchange Points (IXPs) to facilitate easier local peering. Che-Hoo also shared his experience in operating an IXP.
This is the slide deck for the webinar I did Jan 18, 2012 for US Telecom.
I talk about connecting to the edge of the Internet by purchasing Internet Transit, connecting to the Core of the Internet by peering and the business case for peering.
TWNOG 3.0: Stories of IXP development and the way forwardAPNIC
APNIC Infrastructure & Development Director Che-Hoo Cheng gives some examples of regional IXP development and what the future holds at TWNOG 3.0 in Taipei from 20 to 21 June 2019.
https://www.sas.co.uk/get-your-guide-to-reducing-the-cost-of-your-wan
If you could save money on your WAN, what would you spend it on?
This comprehensive guide will explain why you're paying too much and what to do about it.
Learn how costs can be saved:
Understanding price changes
Leveraging new networking models
Improving your commercial deal
Learn how to do it:
Step by Step guide with ten-point action plan
https://www.sas.co.uk/get-your-guide-to-reducing-the-cost-of-your-wan
Equinix - supporting Cloud opportunities in EuropeRobert Blackburn
My presentation as part of the Breakfast Seminar "Cloud Computing Opportunities in the Netherlands" held at the Dutch Foreign Consulate on January 25th, 2013. Speakers included the Vice Mayor of Amsterdam, Carolien Gehrels, and representatives form the Dutch Foreign Embassy, Ernst & Young and Equinix.
This seminar focused on business and tax (US, Netherlands and EU VAT) considerations with cloud computing in and through the Netherlands. The goal was to help Finance, Tax and Business development professionals understand how your company can benefit from having a virtual and / or physical presence in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
The Internet backbone consists of just over 6000 independent networks that exchange traffic in fashions that are not well understood outside of the backbone networking community. We explain how it works, how it has evolved and how it is continuing to evolve today.
This is a revised and annotated version of material most recently given as an invited presentation at OFC 2014, the optical fiber conference in San Francisco, in March 2014.
To provide higher resolution, I've also uploaded a version w/o annotations, i.e. just the graphics.
SDN, Network Virtualization and the Software Defined Data Center – Brad HedlundChef Software, Inc.
IT organizations around the world are transforming data center operations and economics by virtualizing their networks. Much like server virtualization decoupled VMs from the underlying X86 server hardware transforming the operational model of compute, network virtualization decouples software-based virtual networks from the underlying network hardware to enable a new operational model for networking. Deployed non-disruptively on any existing network without change, network virtualization transforms the physical network into a pool of capacity that can be consumed and repurposed on demand.
You will learn how, today, companies like AT&T, NTT, eBay and Rackspace have transformed their operational model and reduced network provisioning time from days/weeks to seconds. You will learn how network virtualization, OpenStack cloud management and Chef automation can be leveraged together and examine the architectural decisions you should be considering now to prepare for this transformation
African Peering and Interconnection Forum 2010
Despite the growing regional infrastructure, most of the cross-border Internet traffic exchange is done in Europe and North America. This is a clear indication that the satellite routing policies are still predominant in a submarine and terrestrial fiber setting.
A visible example is a trace of the path followed by an Internet packet from Nairobi, Kenya to Kigali, Rwanda. The packet from Nairobi will go to Europe then back to Kigali. The anomaly is that Rwanda is a landlocked country, and has its international fiber connectivity terrestrially connected through the Kenyan coastal city of Mombasa.
The scenario is replicated across the entire region and serves a barrier to growth, innovation and operational efficiency. Of most concern is, cross-border and regional communications are entirely dependent on global connectivity. Africa Peering and Interconnection Forum is a two day forum that aims to address the key Interconnection opportunities and challenges that exist in the region
AfPIF Session 1: Peering vs Transit Economics
An update of the infrastructure status covering IXPs, terrestrial to submarine cables in the region will be provided. Panellists will discuss the economic concepts of peering and transit from an operator’s perspective in order to be to introduce the participants to main interconnection concepts and how it impacts on their operational efficiency.
Xin Jin
Princeton University
Research Track Part 1
ONS2015: http://bit.ly/ons2015sd
ONS Inspire! Webinars: http://bit.ly/oiw-sd
Watch the talk (video) on ONS Content Archives: http://bit.ly/ons-archives-sd
Purpose of this guide is to demonstrate the features and benefits of Peering as a resource, and how it helps businesses connect faster, operate more efficiently and lower costs. Visit https://www.telehouse.com/solutions/connectivity/peering/ to learn more about data peering and conncetivity.
Benefits of doing Internet peering and running an Internet Exchange (IX) pres...APNIC
Che-Hoo Cheng, Senior Director, Development at APNIC presents on the "Benefits of doing Internet peering and running an Internet Exchange (IX)" at the Communications Regulatory Commission of Mongolia's IPv6, IXP, Datacenter - Policy and Regulation International Trends Forum in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia on 7 March 2024
PacNOG 24: Keeping local traffic local by doing local peeringAPNIC
APNIC Infrastructure & Development Director Che-Hoo Cheng discusses the concept of peering, the benefits of local peering, and the role of IXPs to facilitate easier peering at PacNOG 24 in Apia, Samoa from 24 to 28 June 2019.
APNIC Training Delivery Manager Terry Sweetser presents an overview of Internet Exchange Points at PacNOG 31, held in Port Vila, Vanuatu from 26 to 30 June 2023.
PITA 27th AGM & Business Forum Expo 23: Internet Exchange PointsAPNIC
APNIC Training Delivery Manager Terry Sweetser presented on smarter networking and Internet traffic efficiency with Internet Exchange Points at the PITA 27th AGM & Business Forum Expo 23, held from 29 May to 1 June 2023, in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Hello People.. Welcome to GURUKULA!!!
Have you ever thought that how the protocols that are required for the effective delivery of the messages from one place to anpther place take place in a real time internet..... This video explains about the concept called PROTOCOL LAYERING, where you can learn the way how the protocols are layered in such a way..
Simple examples are also used to make the concepts clean nd clear.
This video will help you to learn:
What is protocol layering in networks, OSI Model in Computer Networks, Layers of OSI Model, OSI Model, OSI Internet Module, OSI Layers and their Functions, Examples of OSI Models, 7 layers of OSI Models, Principles of Protocol Layering, Why layering the Protocols,
Thanks for Watching, Keep Supporting and Keep Sharing...
Cloud Native Bern 05.2023 — Zero Trust VisibilityRaphaël PINSON
As the adoption of Kubernetes continues to grow, so does the need for securing containerized applications and their data. One effective security model that has gained popularity is Zero Trust Networking, which assumes that all resources, devices and users are untrusted, and access to resources is granted only after proper authentication and authorization. However, implementing Zero Trust Networking in Kubernetes can be challenging, given the dynamic nature of containerized workloads and the complexity of network policies.
In this presentation, we will explore how to implement Zero Trust Networking in Kubernetes using Cilium, Hubble & Grafana. We will start by setting up Cilium on a Kubernetes cluster, which provides network security by enforcing identity-based access control policies using eBPF. Next, we will export Network Policy Verdict metrics using Hubble, which allows us to visualize network policies and track security events in real-time. Finally, we will use a Grafana dashboard to visualize these metrics and demonstrate how to secure a Kubernetes namespace without affecting existing traffic in the namespace.
By the end of this presentation, attendees will have a good understanding of the importance of Zero Trust Networking in Kubernetes and how to implement it using Cilium, Hubble & Grafana. They will also learn how to secure a Kubernetes namespace and monitor network policies using a Grafana dashboard.
What is the internet, really? It is a network of networks which are all interconnected to various degrees. Where they interconnect is typically at an internet exchange (IX) or internet exchange point (IXP). IX are important because they make the internet (and especially their user's networks) more resilient (robust and fault tolerant), more performant (higher bandwidth & lower latency), and quite often more cost effective. It's not difficult to connect to an IX but you do need to know the basic requirements, process, and best practices. You can also use a new open-source automation platform, called PeerCtl, to make connecting over an IX even easier.
These slides are from a talk I gave on 4 May 2023 in Albuquerque, NM, USA.
The talk covers:
* What is the Internet, really?
* What is an Internet Exchange (IX)?
* Why are IX’ (and interconnection) important?
* How-To Start Interconnecting
Similar to 09 the global-internet-peering-ecosystem (20)
2. Modeling
the
Internet
• Abstrac@on
and
containment
models
• Iden@fy
the
underlying
structure
of
this
network-‐of-‐networks
• Understand
the
rela@onships
between
the
players
and
their
corresponding
mo@va@ons
• Perhaps
predict
their
behavior
• Simplifying
assump@ons,
rule
genera@on,
hypothesis
and
test,
calm
discussions.
• Many
ways
to
model–
this
is
but
one.
2
3. The
Global
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
• Defini&on:
The
Global
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
is
a
set
of
loosely
coupled
Internet
Regions.
3
4. Internet
Regions
• Defini&on:
An
Internet
Region
is
…
HK
the
por@on
of
the
AU
Internet
contained
JP
within
the
US
boundaries
of
a
country.
• Each
Internet
Region
contains
an
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem.
4
5. Internet
Regions
• Each
Internet
Region
has
a
different
set
of
…
– ISPs
HK
– Internet
Services
AU
– IXPs
JP
US
– Transport
op@ons
– Point
of
Presence
op@ons
– Business
Contexts
– Regulatory
Environment
– Interconnec@on
region(s)
– :
5
6. Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
• Defini&on:
The
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
is
a
community
of
network
service
providers
that
interconnect
their
networks
in
various
business
rela@onships
within
an
Internet
Region.
• Transit
and
Peering
6
7. Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
• Each
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
has
– Categories
of
players
– Aka
“Species”
– Interconnected
using
Transit
and
Peering
rela@onships
7
8. Commercial
Internet
• All
Internet
Peering
Ecosystems
are
composed
of
at
least
3
categories
of
players:
• Tier
1
ISPs
• Tier
2
ISPs
• Content
Providers
• Interconnected
using
Transit
and
Peering
We
will
introduce
them,
define
them,
• Organically
grew
into
provide
a
litmus
test,
describe
behaviors
this
structure
observed
in
the
wild.
8
9. Introducing
the
“Tier
1
ISP”
Defini&on:
A
Tier
1
ISP
is
an
ISP
that
has
access
to
the
en@re
Internet
Region
rou@ng
table
solely
through
its
(free)
Peering
rela@onships.
Litmus
test:
If
they
have
to
pay
anyone
to
reach
any
des@na@on
within
the
Internet
Region,
then
they
are
NOT
a
Tier
1
ISP
Interconnect
Regime
Full
Mesh
SeFlement
Free
Peering
(with
other
Tier
1s)
Interconnect
Region(s)…
The
Tier
1
ISP
Model
9
11. Behavior:
Peering
Inclina@ons
and
Policies
• Defini&on:
A
Peering
Inclina&on
is
a
predisposi@on
towards
or
against
peering
as
demonstrated
by
Peering
behavior
in
a
Peering
Ecosystem.
• Defini&on:
A
Peering
Policy
is
an
ar@cula@on
of
the
Peering
Inclina@on;
it
documents
and
defines
the
prerequisites
to
peering.
Open
–
“Yes”
Selec@ve
–
“Yes”
but
some
precondi@ons
Restric@ve
–
“No”
we
have
all
the
peering
we
need
NOPEERING
–
We
do
not
peer
11
12. Tier
1
ISP
Mo@va@ons
and
Behaviors
• RESTRICTIVE
“We
don’t
need
anymore
peering;
we
have
all
of
the
peering
that
we
need”
–
Waqar
Khan,
Qwest
(Almost)
Every
other
Tier
1
ISP
in
every
peering
ecosystem
we
studied
had
the
same
antude.
12
13. Restric@ve
Peering
Policy
• Defini&on:
A
Restric&ve
Peering
Policy
is
an
ar@cula@on
of
an
inclina@on
not
to
peer
with
any
more
en@@es.
• Tier
1
ISPs
have
restric@ve
peering
inclina@ons
– May
or
may
not
have
public
posted
peering
policy
• The
‘MILD’
Peering
Tac@c
illustrates
– Peering
“restricted
to
networks
of
similar
scale
and
scope”
– Comindico
builds
out
BW
for
every
kangaroo
– Mee@ngs,
new
mee@ngs,
new
lawyers,
– Years
later
bankruptcy
13
14. Cri@cism
of
the
Tier
1
ISP
model
“I
am
a
Tier
1
ISP
in
my
house.
Internet
Region
is
not
necessarily
bound
by
country
boundaries.”
True
–
You
are
a
Tier
1
in
your
home,
and
you
deserve
all
corresponding
respect.
Defini&on:
A
Tier
1
ISP
is
an
ISP
that
has
access
to
the
en@re
Internet
Region
rou@ng
table
solely
through
its
(free)
Peering
rela@onships.
Litmus
test:
If
they
have
to
pay
anyone
to
reach
The
Tier
1
ISP
Model
any
des@na@on
within
the
Internet
Region,
then
they
are
NOT
a
Tier
1
ISP
14
15. Introducing
the
“Tier
2
ISP”
=
“everyone
else”
• Defini&on:
A
Tier
2
ISP
is
an
Internet
Service
Provider
that
purchases
transit
to
reach
some
des@na@on(s)
within
an
Internet
Region.
• Defini&on:
An
Open
Peering
Policy
is
an
ar@cula@on
of
an
inclina@on
to
peer
with
anyone.
– “Pulse
Peering”
– “Peering
Sluts”
• Defini&on:
A
Selec&ve
Peering
Policy
is
an
ar@cula@on
of
an
inclina@on
to
peer,
but
with
some
condi@ons.
15
16. Tier
2
ISPs
Behaviors
• They
are
a
social
species
• Open
or
Selec@ve
Peering
Policy
• Mo@va@on
–reduce
transit
fees
• Build
community
• Value
of
peering
grows
with
traffic
over
@me
• Improved
performance
• Greater
control
over
rou@ng
• Marke@ng
benefits
16
18. Introducing
the
Content
Providers
• Defini&on:
Content
Providers
are
all
companies
that
operate
an
Internet
Service
but
do
not
sell
transit
within
the
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem.
<We
talk
about
content
companies
that
do
peer
later>
18
19. Content
Provider
Mo@va@on
and
Behavior
• “We
don’t
peer”
• S@ck
to
core
competence
• No
Peering
Policy
• Defini&on:
A
No-‐
Peering
Policy
is
an
ar@cula@on
of
an
inclina@on
not
to
peer
at
all.
19
20. Quiz
P?
• What
happens
when
ISP
B
requests
peering
with
ISP
Y?
20
21. Quiz
No.
P?
I
Like
$
• What
happens
when
ISP
B
requests
peering
with
ISP
Y?
Answer
–
No,
like
$$
And…I
like
customer
Tier
2
ISP
B
21
22. Quiz
P?
• What
happens
when
Content
Provider
C
requests
peering
with
ISP
Y?
22
23. Quiz
No.
P?
• What
happens
when
Content
Provider
C
requests
peering
with
ISP
Y?
• No,
I
Like
Customer
ISP
B
and
I
get
revenue
for
the
traffic
23
24. Quiz
P?
• What
happens
when
ISP
A
requests
peering
with
ISP
Y?
• (Not
a
customer
of
ISP
Y)
24
25. Quiz
P?
No.
• What
happens
when
ISP
A
requests
peering
with
ISP
Y?
• (Not
a
customer
of
ISP
Y)
• No,
I
already
hear
your
routes
for
free.
And
I
Don’t
want
to
irritate
my
peer.
25
26. Applied
to
Real
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
• Why
won’t
Telstra
peer
with
me
in
Australia?
• Why
won’t
Singapore
peer
with
me
in
Singapore?
• Why
won’t
Telekom
SA
peer
with
me?
26
27. Applied
to
Real
Internet
Peering
Ecosystem
• Why
won’t
Telstra
peer
with
me
in
Australia?
• Why
won’t
Singapore
peer
with
me
in
Singapore?
• Why
won’t
Telekom
SA
peer
with
me?
• That’s
right
–
they
don’t
need
to.
And
they
are
no
different
from
any
other
Tier
1
ISP
any
where
else
in
the
world.
27