This document provides an abstract summarizing a report on the production of Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6 polymers. It discusses the chemistry and production processes for both. For Nylon 6, both batch and continuous polymerization processes of caprolactam are presented. The continuous process involves steps of caprolactam addition, hydrolysis, addition, condensation, and pelletization. For Nylon 6,6, both batch and continuous processes are outlined. The continuous process includes steps of salt preparation, polymerization, and optional solid phase polymerization to further increase molecular weight.
New Eco-Sustainable Polyamide-Based Polymers and Compounds for Multipurpose A...RadiciGroup
Nicolangelo Peduto - RadiciGroup Chemicals & Plastics Areas
10th Congress for Bio Based Materials, Natural Fibers and WPC - 24and 25 June, Stuttgart/Fellbach
Polyamide fibers are composed of long molecular chains containing repeating amide groups. The two most common polyamides used to produce nylon fibers are nylon 6, which is made from caprolactam, and nylon 6,6, which is made from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Nylon 6 is produced by polymerizing caprolactam, a white solid made from coal tar derivatives, above 500°C. Nylon 6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine with the loss of water. Both nylons are melt spun into fibers and widely used in applications such as fabrics, carpets, ropes and tires
Macromolecules are large organic molecules that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids are not soluble in water and include fats, oils, and phospholipids that function to store energy. Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds and perform important functions in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
The document describes GB786119 (A), a patent filed on November 13, 1957 regarding improvements to polymers and their uses. Specifically, it describes solid polyvinyl acetals of linear polymeric alcohols containing intralinear vinyl alcohol groups and extralinear vinylidene groups in a conjugated double bond system. It further describes polymerizable compositions containing such a polyacetal and an initiator activatable by light, and sheet articles with a solid layer of such a composition.
This document describes a patent for improvements relating to polymers and their uses. Specifically, it describes solid polyvinyl acetals of linear polymeric alcohols that have intralinear vinyl alcohol groups and extralinear vinylidene groups in a conjugated double bond system. It also describes polymerizable compositions containing such a polyacetal and an initiator that can be activated by actinic light.
This document discusses water soluble polymer blends. It notes that many water soluble polymers can exhibit miscibility when blended with non-water soluble polymers. Examples of water soluble polymers that can form blends include poly(ethylene oxide), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Strong interactions between acidic and basic water soluble polymers can lead to complexes that are insoluble in water. Examples of complexes include poly(styrene sulfonic acid) with poly(vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide) and poly(acrylic acid) with poly(vinyl pyridine). Characterization techniques like conductometry can be used to determine the stoichi
This document summarizes a session on alcohols and phenols taught in an Organic Chemistry course at UNAM School of Medicine. The session introduces the structures, nomenclature, properties and importance of alcohols and phenols. Key learning outcomes include understanding the importance of alcohols and phenols, describing their structures, naming them according to IUPAC rules, and describing their physical properties. Examples of common alcohols like ethanol, methanol and propanol are provided to illustrate applications and properties.
This chapter discusses lipids, which are organic compounds that are nonpolar or only slightly polar. There are several types of lipids, including waxes, fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins, and terpenes. Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol and include fats and oils. Phospholipids are glycerides with a phosphate group and are major components of cell membranes. Steroids include cholesterol, sex hormones, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds derived from fatty acids. Terpenes are composed of repeating five-carbon
New Eco-Sustainable Polyamide-Based Polymers and Compounds for Multipurpose A...RadiciGroup
Nicolangelo Peduto - RadiciGroup Chemicals & Plastics Areas
10th Congress for Bio Based Materials, Natural Fibers and WPC - 24and 25 June, Stuttgart/Fellbach
Polyamide fibers are composed of long molecular chains containing repeating amide groups. The two most common polyamides used to produce nylon fibers are nylon 6, which is made from caprolactam, and nylon 6,6, which is made from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine. Nylon 6 is produced by polymerizing caprolactam, a white solid made from coal tar derivatives, above 500°C. Nylon 6,6 is formed through condensation polymerization of adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine with the loss of water. Both nylons are melt spun into fibers and widely used in applications such as fabrics, carpets, ropes and tires
Macromolecules are large organic molecules that are made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids are not soluble in water and include fats, oils, and phospholipids that function to store energy. Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds and perform important functions in the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
The document describes GB786119 (A), a patent filed on November 13, 1957 regarding improvements to polymers and their uses. Specifically, it describes solid polyvinyl acetals of linear polymeric alcohols containing intralinear vinyl alcohol groups and extralinear vinylidene groups in a conjugated double bond system. It further describes polymerizable compositions containing such a polyacetal and an initiator activatable by light, and sheet articles with a solid layer of such a composition.
This document describes a patent for improvements relating to polymers and their uses. Specifically, it describes solid polyvinyl acetals of linear polymeric alcohols that have intralinear vinyl alcohol groups and extralinear vinylidene groups in a conjugated double bond system. It also describes polymerizable compositions containing such a polyacetal and an initiator that can be activated by actinic light.
This document discusses water soluble polymer blends. It notes that many water soluble polymers can exhibit miscibility when blended with non-water soluble polymers. Examples of water soluble polymers that can form blends include poly(ethylene oxide), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone). Strong interactions between acidic and basic water soluble polymers can lead to complexes that are insoluble in water. Examples of complexes include poly(styrene sulfonic acid) with poly(vinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium hydroxide) and poly(acrylic acid) with poly(vinyl pyridine). Characterization techniques like conductometry can be used to determine the stoichi
This document summarizes a session on alcohols and phenols taught in an Organic Chemistry course at UNAM School of Medicine. The session introduces the structures, nomenclature, properties and importance of alcohols and phenols. Key learning outcomes include understanding the importance of alcohols and phenols, describing their structures, naming them according to IUPAC rules, and describing their physical properties. Examples of common alcohols like ethanol, methanol and propanol are provided to illustrate applications and properties.
This chapter discusses lipids, which are organic compounds that are nonpolar or only slightly polar. There are several types of lipids, including waxes, fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins, and terpenes. Waxes are esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol and include fats and oils. Phospholipids are glycerides with a phosphate group and are major components of cell membranes. Steroids include cholesterol, sex hormones, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins are hormone-like compounds derived from fatty acids. Terpenes are composed of repeating five-carbon
Polysiloxanes, also known as silicones, are synthesized via ring-opening polymerization of cyclosiloxanes. They can be prepared through cationic polymerization using initiators like Lewis acids, or anionic polymerization using bases. Cationic polymerization may proceed by acidolysis/condensation or generation of an active propagating center. Anionic polymerization yields higher molecular weight polymers through chain propagation and termination with end-capping. Copolymers and crosslinked polysiloxanes can also be synthesized. Hybrid polymers combining polysiloxane segments with other backbones can be prepared through step-growth condensation polymerization.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by physical than chemical properties, that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids that occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated based on whether they contain double bonds. Common saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid and stearic acid, while monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds and important examples are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
This document discusses the key topics in Chapter 4 of the textbook, which covers alcohols, phenols, and ethers. The chapter topics include the bonding characteristics of oxygen atoms in organic compounds, structural characteristics and properties of alcohols, phenols and ethers, as well as their nomenclature, isomerism, common examples, and reactions. Important commonly encountered alcohols like methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol are described in more detail.
The document discusses solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methods using different protecting groups. It describes the t-Boc and Fmoc protecting group strategies, comparing their advantages and disadvantages. The t-Boc strategy uses acid-labile protecting groups removed by TFA, while the Fmoc strategy uses a base-labile Fmoc group and acid-labile side chain protecting groups, allowing milder acidic conditions. The document outlines the different protocols used in SPPS, including resin attachment, amino acid coupling and protecting group removal steps. It also discusses side reactions that can occur and strategies to minimize them, such as using orthogonal protecting groups or modified amino acid derivatives.
Spps and side reactions in peptide synthesiskavyakaparthi1
The document discusses side reactions that can occur during solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). It describes several types of side reactions including proton abstraction, racemization through azlactone formation or direct abstraction, cyclization through diketopiperazine formation, and O-acylation. Racemization is a particular concern in SPPS since it changes the stereochemistry of amino acids. The document outlines factors that influence the likelihood of different side reactions such as the amino acid, solvent, and presence of tertiary amines. Understanding side reactions is important for planning and carrying out efficient SPPS.
Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many small monomer units. This document discusses the classification, types, characteristics, and applications of polymers. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, polymerization method, or molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization are addition and condensation. Polymers have characteristics like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment due to these properties.
SAIZONER Mixer Granulator is designed to meet special needs of tablet manufacturing technology. Tapasya Engineering offers rapid mixer, oscillating & high shear mixer granulator, planetary and plough shear mixer.
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The document discusses the steps for designing a heat exchanger. It begins by introducing the basic heat exchanger equation that relates heat transfer rate, surface area, and temperature difference. It then outlines 14 steps for heat exchanger design, which include: 1) assuming tube dimensions and material, 2) fouling factors, 3) tube material properties, 4) determining temperature points, 5) calculating the log mean temperature difference, 6) correction factors, 7) mean temperature difference, 8) heat transfer coefficient, 9) required surface area, 10) number of tubes, 11) tube pitch and bundle diameter, 12) floating head type, 13) shell diameter, and 14) baffle spacing. The goal is to use these steps
In 1938, Paul Schlack of IG Farben created Nylon 6 by polymerizing Caprolactum into a homopolymer called polyhexano-6-lactum. Nylon 6 has high tensile strength, toughness, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. It is used for applications like bristles, gears, threads, ropes, surgical sutures and knitted garments. While some bacteria and fungi can degrade Nylon 6 oligomers, polymers are not easily biodegraded.
Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: condensation and addition. Addition polymerization is more common for dental resins and occurs in three stages - initiation, propagation, and termination. Factors like monomer type and structure, molecular weight, and cross-linking affect the properties of the resulting polymer. Thermoplastic polymers can be remelted and reshaped, while thermosetting polymers permanently harden during curing. Polymers have many applications in dentistry, including restorative materials, adhesives, impression materials, and prosthetics.
Dewatering process and control in building projectsUmar Faruk
Dewatering is the process of controlling groundwater levels during construction by pumping water out of excavation sites. There are several techniques used for dewatering including pumping methods like sump pumping, well points, and deep wells. Exclusion methods prevent water from entering sites using techniques like ground freezing, sheet piling, slurry trench cut-off walls, and grouted cut-offs. The appropriate dewatering method depends on factors such as ground permeability, excavation size and depth, and proximity to existing structures. Common pumping techniques are sump pumping, well points, and deep wells which use pumps in shallow wells, closely spaced shallow wells, or widely spaced deep wells respectively. Exclusion methods form impermeable
Nylon 6 is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer synthesized from caprolactam via ring-opening polymerization. It has high tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. Common applications include fibers, ropes, bristles, gears, bearings, surgical sutures, and more. Nylon degrades slowly and is used for banners, flags, clothing like jackets, and other outdoor materials due to its durability against UV light and weathering.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are commonly used in various industries. They work by transferring heat between two fluids flowing through the shell side and tube side. Key components include the shell, tubes, tubesheet, baffles, and connections. Design considerations include materials selection, codes and standards compliance, strength calculations for pressure components, and hydrostatic testing. Detailed drawings are required to communicate the design to manufacturers.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
The document discusses heat exchangers used on ships. It describes that heat exchangers transfer heat from one medium to another through direct contact or a separating wall. Common applications on ships include cooling lubricating oil and fresh water using sea water, and heating fuel oil using steam. The two main types are shell and tube exchangers, where one medium flows inside tubes and the other outside the tubes, and plate exchangers, where media flow on either side of corrugated plates. Proper design and maintenance are important for heat exchanger effectiveness and service life.
Preparation of nylon 6,6 by condensation polymerization Shokhan Manaf
Nylon 6,6 is an aliphatic polyamide synthesized using step-growth condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid monomers. It has various applications like carpets, airbags and tires due to its properties like high mechanical strength, rigidity, heat and chemical resistance from strong hydrogen bonding between polymer chains. However, nylon also absorbs moisture which can degrade its electrical and mechanical properties.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of heat exchanger design. It covers classification of heat exchangers according to transfer processes, number of fluids, surface compactness, construction features, flow arrangements, and heat transfer mechanisms. The document also discusses heat exchanger design methodology, including process specifications, thermal and hydraulic design, mechanical design, manufacturing considerations, and cost estimates. Basic thermal design theory for recuperators is presented using the effectiveness-NTU, P-NTU, and mean temperature difference methods.
The document discusses different types of chemical reactors used in industrial processes. It describes basic reactor components like tanks and pipes and operating modes like batch, continuous stirred-tank, and plug flow reactors. Key aspects covered include material and heat transfer, reaction rates, and the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts. Common reactor designs are presented, such as jackets, coils and packed beds for heat exchange. The document also discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
The document discusses various topics related to chemical reactor design including:
1. Reactor classification into homogeneous and heterogeneous types and examples like batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and semi-batch reactors.
2. Factors to consider for reactor design like heat of reaction, operating temperature and pressure, and use of internal or external heating/cooling.
3. Methods for controlling temperature like adiabatic, isothermal, auto-thermal reactors.
4. Key principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics that influence choice of process conditions.
A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids. There are several types of heat exchangers, including parallel-flow, counter-flow, cross-flow, double pipe, shell and tube, plate, and spiral. Heat exchangers are widely used in applications like heating, cooling, chemical processes, and power generation to efficiently exchange heat between fluids. Proper selection and maintenance of heat exchangers depends on factors such as temperature ranges, pressure, materials, fouling potential, and cleanability.
Polysiloxanes, also known as silicones, are synthesized via ring-opening polymerization of cyclosiloxanes. They can be prepared through cationic polymerization using initiators like Lewis acids, or anionic polymerization using bases. Cationic polymerization may proceed by acidolysis/condensation or generation of an active propagating center. Anionic polymerization yields higher molecular weight polymers through chain propagation and termination with end-capping. Copolymers and crosslinked polysiloxanes can also be synthesized. Hybrid polymers combining polysiloxane segments with other backbones can be prepared through step-growth condensation polymerization.
The document discusses lipids and fatty acids. It defines lipids as a heterogeneous group of compounds related more by physical than chemical properties, that are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Fatty acids are aliphatic carboxylic acids that occur mainly as esters in natural fats and oils. They can be classified as saturated or unsaturated based on whether they contain double bonds. Common saturated fatty acids include palmitic acid and stearic acid, while monounsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain two or more double bonds and important examples are linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid.
This document discusses the key topics in Chapter 4 of the textbook, which covers alcohols, phenols, and ethers. The chapter topics include the bonding characteristics of oxygen atoms in organic compounds, structural characteristics and properties of alcohols, phenols and ethers, as well as their nomenclature, isomerism, common examples, and reactions. Important commonly encountered alcohols like methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol are described in more detail.
The document discusses solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methods using different protecting groups. It describes the t-Boc and Fmoc protecting group strategies, comparing their advantages and disadvantages. The t-Boc strategy uses acid-labile protecting groups removed by TFA, while the Fmoc strategy uses a base-labile Fmoc group and acid-labile side chain protecting groups, allowing milder acidic conditions. The document outlines the different protocols used in SPPS, including resin attachment, amino acid coupling and protecting group removal steps. It also discusses side reactions that can occur and strategies to minimize them, such as using orthogonal protecting groups or modified amino acid derivatives.
Spps and side reactions in peptide synthesiskavyakaparthi1
The document discusses side reactions that can occur during solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). It describes several types of side reactions including proton abstraction, racemization through azlactone formation or direct abstraction, cyclization through diketopiperazine formation, and O-acylation. Racemization is a particular concern in SPPS since it changes the stereochemistry of amino acids. The document outlines factors that influence the likelihood of different side reactions such as the amino acid, solvent, and presence of tertiary amines. Understanding side reactions is important for planning and carrying out efficient SPPS.
Polymers are large molecules formed by linking many small monomer units. This document discusses the classification, types, characteristics, and applications of polymers. Polymers can be classified based on their source, structure, polymerization method, or molecular forces. The two main types of polymerization are addition and condensation. Polymers have characteristics like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment due to these properties.
SAIZONER Mixer Granulator is designed to meet special needs of tablet manufacturing technology. Tapasya Engineering offers rapid mixer, oscillating & high shear mixer granulator, planetary and plough shear mixer.
Visit : http://www.tapasyaindia.net
The document discusses the steps for designing a heat exchanger. It begins by introducing the basic heat exchanger equation that relates heat transfer rate, surface area, and temperature difference. It then outlines 14 steps for heat exchanger design, which include: 1) assuming tube dimensions and material, 2) fouling factors, 3) tube material properties, 4) determining temperature points, 5) calculating the log mean temperature difference, 6) correction factors, 7) mean temperature difference, 8) heat transfer coefficient, 9) required surface area, 10) number of tubes, 11) tube pitch and bundle diameter, 12) floating head type, 13) shell diameter, and 14) baffle spacing. The goal is to use these steps
In 1938, Paul Schlack of IG Farben created Nylon 6 by polymerizing Caprolactum into a homopolymer called polyhexano-6-lactum. Nylon 6 has high tensile strength, toughness, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. It is used for applications like bristles, gears, threads, ropes, surgical sutures and knitted garments. While some bacteria and fungi can degrade Nylon 6 oligomers, polymers are not easily biodegraded.
Polymerization is the process of linking monomers together to form polymers. There are two main types of polymerization: condensation and addition. Addition polymerization is more common for dental resins and occurs in three stages - initiation, propagation, and termination. Factors like monomer type and structure, molecular weight, and cross-linking affect the properties of the resulting polymer. Thermoplastic polymers can be remelted and reshaped, while thermosetting polymers permanently harden during curing. Polymers have many applications in dentistry, including restorative materials, adhesives, impression materials, and prosthetics.
Dewatering process and control in building projectsUmar Faruk
Dewatering is the process of controlling groundwater levels during construction by pumping water out of excavation sites. There are several techniques used for dewatering including pumping methods like sump pumping, well points, and deep wells. Exclusion methods prevent water from entering sites using techniques like ground freezing, sheet piling, slurry trench cut-off walls, and grouted cut-offs. The appropriate dewatering method depends on factors such as ground permeability, excavation size and depth, and proximity to existing structures. Common pumping techniques are sump pumping, well points, and deep wells which use pumps in shallow wells, closely spaced shallow wells, or widely spaced deep wells respectively. Exclusion methods form impermeable
Nylon 6 is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer synthesized from caprolactam via ring-opening polymerization. It has high tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. Common applications include fibers, ropes, bristles, gears, bearings, surgical sutures, and more. Nylon degrades slowly and is used for banners, flags, clothing like jackets, and other outdoor materials due to its durability against UV light and weathering.
Shell and tube heat exchangers are commonly used in various industries. They work by transferring heat between two fluids flowing through the shell side and tube side. Key components include the shell, tubes, tubesheet, baffles, and connections. Design considerations include materials selection, codes and standards compliance, strength calculations for pressure components, and hydrostatic testing. Detailed drawings are required to communicate the design to manufacturers.
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
The document discusses heat exchangers used on ships. It describes that heat exchangers transfer heat from one medium to another through direct contact or a separating wall. Common applications on ships include cooling lubricating oil and fresh water using sea water, and heating fuel oil using steam. The two main types are shell and tube exchangers, where one medium flows inside tubes and the other outside the tubes, and plate exchangers, where media flow on either side of corrugated plates. Proper design and maintenance are important for heat exchanger effectiveness and service life.
Preparation of nylon 6,6 by condensation polymerization Shokhan Manaf
Nylon 6,6 is an aliphatic polyamide synthesized using step-growth condensation polymerization of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid monomers. It has various applications like carpets, airbags and tires due to its properties like high mechanical strength, rigidity, heat and chemical resistance from strong hydrogen bonding between polymer chains. However, nylon also absorbs moisture which can degrade its electrical and mechanical properties.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of heat exchanger design. It covers classification of heat exchangers according to transfer processes, number of fluids, surface compactness, construction features, flow arrangements, and heat transfer mechanisms. The document also discusses heat exchanger design methodology, including process specifications, thermal and hydraulic design, mechanical design, manufacturing considerations, and cost estimates. Basic thermal design theory for recuperators is presented using the effectiveness-NTU, P-NTU, and mean temperature difference methods.
The document discusses different types of chemical reactors used in industrial processes. It describes basic reactor components like tanks and pipes and operating modes like batch, continuous stirred-tank, and plug flow reactors. Key aspects covered include material and heat transfer, reaction rates, and the influence of temperature, pressure and catalysts. Common reactor designs are presented, such as jackets, coils and packed beds for heat exchange. The document also discusses homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
The document discusses various topics related to chemical reactor design including:
1. Reactor classification into homogeneous and heterogeneous types and examples like batch, continuous stirred tank, plug flow, and semi-batch reactors.
2. Factors to consider for reactor design like heat of reaction, operating temperature and pressure, and use of internal or external heating/cooling.
3. Methods for controlling temperature like adiabatic, isothermal, auto-thermal reactors.
4. Key principles of chemical equilibrium and kinetics that influence choice of process conditions.
A heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat between two or more fluids. There are several types of heat exchangers, including parallel-flow, counter-flow, cross-flow, double pipe, shell and tube, plate, and spiral. Heat exchangers are widely used in applications like heating, cooling, chemical processes, and power generation to efficiently exchange heat between fluids. Proper selection and maintenance of heat exchangers depends on factors such as temperature ranges, pressure, materials, fouling potential, and cleanability.
The document describes the design of a batch stirred tank reactor for producing industrial alcohol through fermentation. Key details include:
- The reactor will be a jacketed, stirred tank reactor with a volume of 377m3, 10m height, 6.8m diameter, and carbon steel construction.
- It will operate at 32°C and 1.8 atm with a 52 hour batch time and use a torispherical head.
- Cooling will be provided by a 17m2 jacket using 33 tons/hr of cooling water from 20-28°C.
- Agitation will be from three 6-bladed impellers 2.2m in diameter running at 44 RPM and requiring 60
This document appears to be the title page and table of contents for the second edition of the book "Heat Exchanger Design Handbook" by Kuppan Thulukkanam. The title page provides publication details about the book and its author. The table of contents gives an overview of the book's chapter structure and topics covered, including an introduction to heat exchangers, their classification and selection, thermohydraulic fundamentals, design considerations for different heat exchanger types, and applications.
Nylon 66 is frequently used when high mechanical strength, rigidity, good stability under heat and/or chemical resistance are required.[3] It is used in fibers for textiles and carpets and molded parts. For textiles, fibers are sold under various brands, for example Nilit brands or the Cordura brand for luggage, but it is also used in airbags, apparel, and for carpet fibres under the Ultron brand. Nylon 66 lends itself well to make 3D structural objects, mostly by injection molding. It has broad use in automotive applications; these include "under the hood" parts such as radiator end tanks, rocker covers, air intake manifolds, and oil pans,[4] as well as numerous other structural parts such as hinges,[5] and ball bearing cages. Other applications include electro-insulating elements, pipes, profiles, various machine parts, zip ties, conveyor belts, hoses, polymer-framed weapons, and the outer layer of turnout blankets.[6] Nylon 66 is also a popular guitar nut material.
CarE-Service Training on Techno-polymers Recycling by Radici GroupOlgaRodrguezLargo
This project discusses the use of polyamides in electric vehicle components. It provides an overview of the EU Green Deal and battery strategy, which aims to establish local battery recovery and recycling systems. Examples are given of how RadiciGroup's polyamides meet the technical requirements for traction battery systems, charging systems, and connectivity systems. Key requirements include flame retardancy, insulation, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. The evolution of electric vehicles demands high-performance materials that can withstand the operating conditions of higher power densities and greater range.
This document summarizes a student's seminar report on polymer nanocomposites for packaging industries. The student discusses how polymer nanocomposites are made by dispersing nanoparticles into a polymer matrix. This creates a tortuous path that improves gas and moisture barrier properties. The student then outlines several key applications of polymer nanocomposites in packaging, such as reducing military food packaging waste and improving the barrier properties of multilayer PET bottles. Overall, the document introduces polymer nanocomposites and their advantages for packaging applications.
Rishi Pandey completed a chemistry investigatory project on Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6 during the 2016-2017 academic year at K.V. Faizabad Cantt U.P. The project involved experiments and research on the properties and production of Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6. It concluded that the surface of Nylon 6 is zwitterionic and selectively retains both acidic and ionic proteins to a minimal extent. The social outcomes discussed the environmental impacts of Nylon production and ways to reduce consumption and properly care for Nylon products.
Chlor-Alkali Market, By Products (Caustic Soda/Sodium Hydroxide, Chlorine, So...ReportsnReports
This document provides a 318-page report on the global chlor-alkali market from 2012-2017. It estimates market sizes and forecasts revenues for three products: caustic soda, chlorine, and soda ash. The report segments the market by geography and applications, and profiles major industry players. It identifies key drivers like growth in developing countries and end-user industries. Restraining factors include environmental concerns and energy intensive operations. The global market for caustic soda, chlorine, and soda ash is expected to reach 79.8, 74.2, and 58.1 million tons respectively by 2017, totaling $88.6 billion in revenue.
This document discusses the synthesis of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biomaterials. There are two main synthetic methods - direct polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization of lactide monomers. Direct polycondensation includes solution and melt polycondensation, but yields PLA with low molecular weight. Ring-opening polymerization using metal catalysts is more common and can produce high molecular weight PLA, but the metal catalysts require removal. Recent research focuses on developing non-toxic catalysts and new polymerization conditions.
Globally, the demand for industrial catalysts is driven by the surging demand for chemicals in various end applications in industries such as personal care products, lubricants, petroleum refinery, pharmaceuticals and foods & beverages. Growing awareness among manufacturers of chemicals and consumers, related to environment and increasing emissions impacting the eco system have led to highly intense competition in the global market for catalysts.
As per research reports, the global industrial catalyst market is estimated at roughly USD 17.5 bn (depicted in Figure 5) as of FY15 and is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 4% - 5% during FY15 to FY20, on account of rising consumption of chemicals and their applicability. The APAC region remains the major market followed by North America and Europe. In the forecast period, the APAC region is expected to continue to witness strong growth driven by India and China
Nylon is a synthetic polymer first produced in 1935. There are various types of nylon fibers depending on their chemical structure, including nylon 6 and nylon 6,6. Nylon 6 is produced through ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam, while nylon 6,6 is synthesized through polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid. Both nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 fibers are strong, durable, and resistant to chemicals and abrasion. Common applications of nylon fibers include carpets, clothing like socks and lingerie, and waterproof materials.
This document describes a design project report on adipic acid produced by students Shivika Agrawal, Nikhil Nevatia, and Satish Pillai. It includes chapters on the introduction to adipic acid, market analysis of global and Indian demand and production capacity, a comparison of production processes and selection of a process, material and energy balances, equipment design, and a cost estimation. The main points are that adipic acid is mainly used to produce nylon 6,6 and has a global demand of 3.3 million metric tons growing at 3-5% annually, with China as the largest importer and Europe the largest market. India currently imports its requirements of adipic acid.
The document discusses several engineering thermoplastics including polyamides (nylons), polyoxymethylene (POM/acetals), polyesters (PBT and PET), polycarbonate (PC), and polyphenylene oxide (PPO). It provides details on the structure, properties, synthesis, processing, applications of each polymer. For polyamides, it specifically discusses nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, nylon 11, and nylon 12. It compares the characteristics and performance properties of nylon 6 and nylon 6,6.
This is preliminary base for plastic fundamentals; this includes:
1. PLASTIC INTRODUCTION
2. COMMONLY USED PLASTIC MATERIALS AND THEIR SHORT FORMS
3. PLASTIC CLASSIFICATION BY SPI
4. SOME POPULAR TYPES OF PLASTICS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY AND USES
5. PLASTIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
6. INJECTION MOLDING DEFECTS
7. COMMON PLASTICS FORMING PROCESSES
8. Case Studies: DOOR PANEL, INSTRUMENT PANEL, CENTRE CONSOLE
Thanks and Regards,
Aditya Deshpande
deshdi805@gmail.com
This document discusses the use of monoliths and other composite materials in mRNA vaccine purification processes. Specifically, it examines the use of silica resins, which can be produced synthetically or from natural sources like rice husks. Rice husk silica contains around 1% carbon impurities like graphite. The document considers whether rice husk silica is used in large scale biopharmaceutical production and whether any carbon particles could be present in the final purified product. It also reviews the use of monoliths made from materials like polymethacrylate, polyacrylamide, polystyrene and silica in chromatography techniques for purifying mRNA and other biopharmaceuticals.
The document discusses nylon 6 fiber, including its production from caprolactam. Caprolactam is produced from cyclohexanone through several chemical reactions. Nylon 6 is synthesized through ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam. The polymerization occurs at high temperatures and results in a semi-crystalline structure. Nylon 6 fibers are produced through melt spinning and have properties derived from hydrogen bonding between amide groups and van der Waals forces between flexible chains.
What are the underlying biases and preconceived notions that we have about the products labelled "bio" or "green"? Are there other “bio”s that we need to be wary of?
Dr Jem's talk will cover bioplastics from a holistic perspective, with a focus on: types of bioplastics, pro's and con's of PLA, how is PLA 'industrially' recycled or composted, innovations in the bioplastics world, other plant-based packaging alternatives, etc.
Dr. Jem received his Ph.D. and 2 Masters degrees in biochemical engineering, and numerous awards in the USA, and worked 15 years in engineering, biotech, and pharmaceutical companies such as Ratheon, Serono, Diversa, with excellent track record with multiple awards. In 2000, he moved back to China to work for biotech and bioplastic companies such as Cargill and NatureWorks PLA. He has served as the China General Manager for Total Corbion PLA JV and previously for Corbion Purac since 2007, and serves as a Visiting Professor for several local Universities.
High Performance Polyamides – A Global Market OverviewIndustry Experts
Mega trends in the automotive, electrical & electronics and oil & gas sectors are expected to spur the demand for high performance polyamides in the future. In the automotive industry, growth is supported by metal replacement to reduce vehicle weight, while thinner and smaller components in electronic devices. Further, the development of unconventional oil and gas technologies to spur the demand for the specialty polyamides. Global volume consumption of High Performance Polyamides is forecast to be 217.4 thousand metric tons in 2016 and is projected to reach 271.1 thousand metric tons by 2022 at a CAGR of 3.7% between the two years.
This article discusses trends in the global polyurethanes market, which was valued at 16,432 kilo tons in 2014. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.0% until 2020, reaching 22,058.4 kilo tons. Raw material prices are projected to remain stable during this period. Waterborne polyurethane coatings are seeing increasing demand due to their low VOC content and applications in automotive, flooring, and industrial coatings sectors. Regulatory frameworks favoring reduced VOC emissions are expected to further drive demand for waterborne polyurethane coatings. Major players in the polyurethanes market include BASF SE, Dow Chemical, Huntsman, and B
Polyamides, also known as nylons, are polymers containing amide bonds along the polymer chain. Naturally occurring polyamides include proteins like wool and silk, while synthetic polyamides like nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 are produced through polymerization reactions and are widely used in textiles, automotive parts, and other applications due to their strength and durability. Polyamides are synthesized from monomers like caprolactam and can be processed via common plastic molding techniques. They possess good mechanical properties but also have limitations such as moisture absorption.
This document discusses nylon polycarbonate blends. It provides background on nylons, polycarbonates, and their properties. Nylon and polycarbonate are incompatible and require compatibilizers like phenoxy resins or maleated polymers. Blends of nylon and polycarbonate can overcome weaknesses of each material while maintaining strengths. Commercial blends use compatibilizers and have high impact strength, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability, making them suitable for automotive and household applications.
Nylon is a synthetic polymer made from polyamides through a process called polymerization. There are two main types: nylon 6, made from caprolactam, and nylon 6,6, made from adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine. The manufacturing process involves polymerization to form nylon salt, extrusion through spinnerets, then spinning and quenching to form strong fibers. Nylon fibers have properties like strength, elasticity and resilience making them suitable for applications in textiles, carpets, clothing and more.
1. PERP/PERP ABSTRACTS 2009
Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6
Process Technology, Production
Costs, Regional Supply/Demand
Forecasts, and Economic Comparison
of Alternative Production Routes are
presented.
PERP07/08S6
Report Abstract
April 2009
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Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6
INTRODUCTION
Polyamides or nylons are the first engineering plastics and still represent the biggest and most
important class of these types of material. The development of polyamide began with the first
publications describing polycondensation which is the basic principle of nylon synthesis in 1929.
The development of nylon production continued with the synthesis of poly (hexamethylene
adipamide), the original “nylon” which was conducted by Wallace H. Carothers in a DuPont
Laboratory in 1935. This invention resulted in the first patent for the production of synthetic
polyamides in 1937 and the subsequent commercial production of nylon 6,6 for toothbrush
filaments by DuPont in 1938. In 1941, DuPont introduced the first moldable nylon grades. The
other commercially important polyamide, nylon 6 based on caprolactam was first produced at
IG Farbenindustrie in Germany by P. Schlack in 1938 and the patent for nylon 6 was
subsequently issued in 1941. Although the large markets of polyamides were traditionally for
fiber applications, the use of polyamides as plastics grew gradually since the 1950s.
Polyamides comprise a wide range of materials, depending on the monomers employed.
Commonly used products are designated as nylon 6; 6,6; 6,12; 11 and 12 with the nomenclature
designating the number of carbon atoms that separate the repeating amide group. Nylon 6 and
nylon 6,6 continue to be the most popular types among polyamide commercial products, still
accounting for more than 90 percent of nylon used in the global market.
Two basic reactions are used to synthesize polyamide engineering polymers:
(1) polycondensation of a dibasic acid and a diamine or (2) polymerization of an amino acid or
lactam. The most widely used nylon polymers are semicrytalline products with molecular
weight of 10-40 thousand and chemical structures in which amide linkages connect aliphatic
chain segments.
Polyamides are a versatile family of thermoplastics that have a broad range of properties ranging
from relative flexibility to significant stiffness, strength, and toughness. Major properties such
as resistance to chemicals, toughness, thermal stability, good appearance, and good
processability are key considerations that make nylon suitable for engineering plastics
applications. Traditionally, the majority of nylon produced was used in the fiber application.
This consumption trend has changed substantially over the past decade with increasing
proportion of nylon going into the engineering thermoplastics market. This is due to the fact that
nylons have particular utility in performing mechanical duties that traditionally relied on metal
parts.
In terms of properties, nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 appear to be comparatively similar although
nylon 6 has better toughness and processability. On the other hand, nylon 6,6 has superior
mechanical properties and higher heat resistance. For engineering plastics, both nylon 6 and
nylon 6,6 can be used over an extensive range of applications including automotive, consumer,
industrial, electrical and electronics segments. Overall, automotive applications have been the
major driver for this positive growth in recent years in the trend towards replacing metal parts
with plastics, in order to reduce weight and costs as well as meet vehicle emission standards.
4. Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6
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PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 00101.0008.4114
Market outlook for nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 varies extensively depending on domestic demand and
current market conditions in each country. Overall, developed markets of North America and
Europe will experience sluggish growth over the foreseeable future as a result of the global
economic downturn and movement of several manufacturing activities into lower-cost base
countries. One of Japan’s very mature markets (automotive industry) will likely suffer low
growth over the next coming years due to saturated market conditions and steady erosion of the
Japanese manufacturing base. China is expected to be one of the fastest growing countries for
ETP nylon, largely driven by phenomenal growth in the automotive and electrical/electronics
markets.
CHEMISTRY
Nylon 6 is the linear addition polymer of caprolactam (6-amino-caproic acid). The
polymerization process for nylon 6 can be batch or continuous, however, the state-of-the-art
process for its manufacture is continuous polymerization. Three reversible reactions, hydrolysis,
polycondensation, and polyaddition are the main steps in nylon 6 production. The overall
reaction is illustrated as follows:
The first step is a hydrolysis reaction to open the caprolactam ring, forming ε-aminocaproic acid:
This reaction proceeds in molten caprolactam in the presence of a small weight percent water.
Although the reaction will proceed with only caprolactam and water present, a material such as
phosphoric acid is added at low concentration to act as a chain stabilizer and help achieve the
desired final viscosity (molecular weight).
Polyaddition is the reaction which is mainly responsible for the growth of the linear polymer
chains. It is the most important reaction as soon as a certain amount of end groups has been
made available by the hydrolysis of caprolactam. Thus, final polymerization occurs by the
following caprolactam addition reaction:
5. Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6
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PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 00101.0008.4114
The polymer dissolves in the unreacted caprolactam. The polymer end groups affect the stability
and final molecular weight of the polyamide. Organic acids (such as acetic acid) can be added as
chain stabilizers. Monofunctional organic amines can also be added.
The linear polymer chain formed in the polyaddition reaction can further increase its molecular
weight via a polycondensation reaction. The reactive end groups polycondensate forming linear
chain molecules and byproduct water. Thus, two linear chain molecules condense producing a
longer chain molecule with higher molecular weight. In other words, the polycondensation is
regarded as the most important reaction in the last phase of nylon 6 formation in which the
distribution of polymer chain lengths is adjusted. Caprolactam can also be polymerized in-situ in
a mold. A typical procedure uses the sodium salt of caprolactam as a catalyst. A brief
discussion of the raw materials – caprolactam, additives, initiators, catalysts, and chain
stabilizers and additional ingredients used during production of nylon 6 is given.
Nylon 6,6 chemistry and raw materials are also discussed.
PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Nylon 6 Batch & Continuous Processes
Commercially, the ring-opening polymerization of caprolactam to nylon 6 can be accomplished
by both hydrolytic and anionic mechanisms. However, nylon 6 is produced almost exclusively
by hydrolytic polymerization of caprolactam because it is easier to control and better adapted for
large-scale operation. The polymerization process for nylon via the hydrolytic mechanism can
be batch or continuous. The hydrolytic process for nylon 6 contains the following steps:
caprolactam and additives addition, hydrolysis, addition, condensation, pelletizing,
leaching/extraction of monomers, drying, and packaging.
Process flow diagrams and process descriptions for both the batch and continuous
process are given in the report.
Nylon 6,6 Batch Process
A batch nylon 6,6 process is described in this section and illustrated with a process flow
diagram.
Nylon 6,6 Continuous Process
To solve the limitations inherent in the batch process, the continuous polymerization process was
developed. The main steps of the continuous process include salt preparation, and
polymerization. Solid phase polymerization is an additional step used to increase molecular
weight of the polymer without damaging properties of the polymer.
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A conceptual process design for the Salt Preparation process is schematically illustrated, coupled
with a brief description.
The concentrated nylon salt solution is pumped from storage into the first-stage polymerization
reactor, and this is schematically illustrated along with a brief description.
A brief description of solid-phase polymerization (SPP) is given.
CURRENT COMMERCIAL TECHNOLOGIES
This section reviews the technical features of modern commercial processes offered by the major
licensors of polyamide technology. In the polyamide market, most producers have developed
their own technology know-how and the advantage stay with the developers. DuPont, for
instance, has developed its own proprietary technology. The basic production steps in
manufacturing nylon have not changed significantly through the years and several technology
holders generally hold similar production features for most commercially produced nylon: nylon
6 and nylon 6,6. Manufacturing technology, however, has improved from year to year in terms
of production efficiency, reduction in utility requirement, special features in reactor design to
improve quality and to minimize raw material. Major commercial licensors for polymer
production process includes Zimmer AG and Uhde Inventa-Fischer.
Lurgi Zimmer Gmbh process flow diagram and process description are given.
Uhde Inventa-Fischer process is described along with schematic illustrations.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS
Nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 have been commercially produced for almost seventy years. The
technology for producing nylon today is considered to be mature. However, every one of the
many steps used in nylon production has been the subject of numerous improvements over the
years and important developments are constantly being made with respect to process and
equipment design and catalysts improvements.
The technology developments for nylon 6 continuous productions have been focused on further
process advancements and cost reduction if a way can be found to avoid the lactam wash
extraction step.
Other trends in technology can be characterized as evolutionary – there does not appear to be a
revolutionary advance on the horizon. Areas where design improvements are being sought with
the existing continuous processes are improvements in energy utilization, improvements in
quality, increases in scale, and further improvements in capital utilization. The advances in
technology and engineering of polyamide products will lead to the development of differentiated
new products, offering valuable solutions in existing and new markets.
Most commercial improvements and developments for nylon production are generally treated as
confidential information. This technology section reviews recent published patents on process
improvements, new production technologies, new methods of recycling raw materials, and many
more. However, it is not known if these patents will be effectively applied in a commercial scale
production or not.
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PRODUCT AND END-USE
Resins and Compounds
The usefulness of nylons rests upon their combination of properties and their susceptibility to
modification. The key properties of nylon include resistance to oil and solvents, toughness,
fatigue and abrasion resistance, low friction and creep resistance, high tensile strength, thermal
stability, fire resistance, drawability, good appearance and good processability.
Resins properties and additives and fillers are discussed; recycling, storage, and
compounding are mentioned in brief.
Fabrication Methods
Processability is another advantage that nylon has over thermosets and other engineering
plastics. Nylon can be processed via a variety of techniques including injection molding,
extrusion, blow molding, monomer casting, solution coating, fluidized-bed or electrostatic
coating, or forming. The large proportion of nylon is processed by injection molding, extrusion
and blow molding.
Injection Molding and Extrusion are briefly discussed; Blow Molding, Rotomolding,
Reaction Injection Molding, Assembly Techniques are also mentioned in brief.
Nylon Major Markets
Polyamide 6 and 6,6 are highly versatile materials that are consumed in a host of applications
including fibers, films, and molded articles. This section in the report focuses only on the
technical, or engineering polymer applications of polyamide 6 and 6,6.
Automotive, electronics and electrical, consumer & other applications are briefly
discussed; new developments in Nylon 6 and 6,6 products are mentioned in brief.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Costs of production estimates for the following have been developed:
Production of Nylon 6 via batch process
Production of Nylon 6,6 via batch process
Production of Nylon 6 via continuous process
Production of Nylon 6,6 via continuous process
In the petrochemical industry, feedstock integration is an important consideration in assessing
the competitive position of participants in a given value chain. This is true, even though there is
still a high-value added component to compounded nylon resin selling prices. With a number of
alternative routes to caprolactam and HMDA production under development, an understanding
of the potential impact of alternative pricing for these raw materials is important.
To test the effect of alternative caprolactam or HMDA prices on nylon 6 and nylon 6,6
production costs, sensitivities have been prepared that looked at these raw materials at alternative
prices. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed to test the impact of larger sized lines on the
economics of continuous units.
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MARKET ANALYSIS
Nylon was introduced to the market in the 1940s as the first synthetic fiber. From the 1950s
onwards, nylon demand for resin has steadily grown accounting for 38 percent of the global
demand for nylon nowadays (as shown in the Figure below). Among most types of polyamide,
approximately 85-90 percent of nylon in the global market are nylon 6 and nylon 6,6.
Global Nylon Consumption by End-Use
(6.7 million tons)
Fiber
62%
Extrusion Resin
8%
Injection Molding
Resin
30%
Q109_00101.0008.4114_chart s.xls F8.9
Supply and demand for North America, Europe Japan, and China are discussed.
Nylon 6 and Nylon 6,6 engineering thermoplastics demand by end use for 2005-2007,
estimate for 2008 and forecast to 2012 is given for each of the regions above.
Production capacity for individual plants are given for each region cited above (tables list
company, location, capacity and type of nylon produced).