The document summarizes information from a presentation on the effects of the congestion tax implemented in Stockholm, Sweden. It led to a 15% reduction in traffic and associated emissions within the tax zone. Nitrogen oxide levels decreased by 5-10% and particulate matter by 13% at street levels. An estimated 25-30 fewer premature deaths per year occurred due to lower pollution exposure. Revenues from the tax were used to improve public transportation. The success of the congestion tax in reducing traffic, emissions and health impacts led to international attention.

1. October 20-22
http://international.stockholm.se/-/web-in-web/
Stadsledningskontoret/
Welcome-to-Stockholm-and-the-first-European-Green-Capital-Conference/

2. International
Conference on
Road dust –
Health effects
and abatement
strategies
October 18-19, 2010
No charge
www.slb.nu/roaddust

3. Stockholm not as clean as most
slides indicate!
... actually Sweden to EU court...
due to PM10 exceedances!
“Sweden and Slovenia did not submit requests for time extensions.
As both Member States that had received a final warning in November 2009
continue to exceed the PM10 limit values, the Commission has decided to refer the
cases to the European Court of Justice”

4. Death accidents in traffic
in the county of Stockholm 2008
60 persons killed
annually in traffic
accidents
Particles from road
traffic may cause
>400 premature
deaths per year*
* Forsberg et al., Ambio, vol.,34, No. 1, 2005.

5. The Congestion Tax in Stockholm
EFFECTS ON AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH
Christer Johansson
Environmental officer & Professor
Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm
Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm university

6. Refrendum
Trial Permanent
Jan-Jul tax system
from Aug-2007
jan-05 jan-06 jan-07 jan-08

7. 18 charging points…
Automatic identification
with cameras (license plates)
Maximum amount per
vehicle and day – 6 EURO
(1-2 € per passage)
Extended public transports
More park-and-ride sites
Essingeleden bypass is
exempted (part of European
route E4)

8. 18 automatic
toll stations

9. Toll vehicle registrations give
high resolution fleet composition
Vehicle categories Vehicle information
• Personal cars • Model year
• Light duty trucks • Weight
• Heavy duty trucks • Reason for exemption
• Buses

10. Time of day Tax (In other currencies)
(weekdays)
00:00 – 06:29 0 SEK
06:30 – 06:59 10 SEK ~ 1 EUR
07:00 – 07:29 15 SEK
07:30 – 08:29 20 SEK
08:30 – 08:59 15 SEK
Maximum amount per
09:00 – 15:29 10 SEK
vehicle and day – 60 SEK
15:30 – 15:59 15 SEK - 6.3 EUR
16:00 – 17:29 20 SEK
17:30 – 17:59 15 SEK
18:00 – 18:29 10 SEK
18:30 – 23:59 0 SEK

11. 23/06/2010 PAGE 11 THE CITY OF
STOCKHOLM

12. Less traffic within the zone…
Vehicle km within the zone, weekdays year 2005-2006:
Total: Pass. cars LCV HGV Buses
-15% -17% - 15% -8% +18%
-15%
Queueing time was reduced by one third in the morning and by
half during afternoons

13. Changes in traffic

14. Estimated reduction of emissions…
The inner-city, year tons/ % Inner-city:
2006: year
~8-14% reduction of
Nitrogen oxides, NOx 45 -8,5 emissions (mainly due
Carbon monoxide, CO 670 -14 to less traffic)
Particles, PM10 total 21 -13
” ”wear” particles 19 -13 Less congestion:
” ”exhaust” particles 1.8 -12 -2-3% for rush hours
Hydrocarbons, VOC 110 -14
” benzene 3.4 -14 Extended bus traffic:
Carbon dioxide, CO2 38,000 -13 more NOx

15. Air Quality - Nitrogen oxides, NOx…
µg/m3
Increased levels
Decreased levels
Urban background
~6% decrease
Street level
~5-10% decrease
~ 1-2%
increase Essingeleden & Southern
Link tunnel
~1-2% increase

16. Long term exposure
effect on population mortality
NOX population exposure
indicator of traffic exhaust
Long term mortality risk:
8 % per 10 µg/m3 higher NOx-conc.
- 0,23 (Nafstad et al. 2004; Oslo*)
µg/m3 - 25 to 30 fewer premature
deaths per year (1.44 million
people)
- 206 years of life gained/100 000
people in 10 years.
*Nafstad, P., Haheim, L.L., Wisloff, T., Gram, F., Oftedal, B.,
Holme, I., et al., 2004. Environ Health Persp 112, 610–615. Effects on mortality – “tip of the iceberg”

17. PM10 & NO2 still exceeding limits
PM10 exceedings in Stockholm city
(90th percentile of daily mean values)
Studded tyres - wear of road surface
Sveavägen
Hornsgatan
0 1 2 Kilometer 2004-03-01

18. Daily vehicle passages
600 000
P 550 000
Total Cars HGV Buses Fuel excemptions
a 500 000
s PERMANENT
s
450 000 TRIAL
a 400 000
g 350 000
e
s 300 000
250 000
p 200 000
e
r 150 000
100 000
d 50 000
a
y 0

19. Reduced emission 2006-2008
NOx PM10 PMc PMe VOC CO CO2 CO2
_
fossil

20. Increased public transport…
Number of people passing into and out of the city centre
+ 80 000
passages
(10%)
Buses Under- Local Comm. In total
ground trains trains

21. Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles…
Clean cars exempted from tax until Jan. 1st, 2009 (14 % of passages)
80 000
Etanol 9%
70 000 Fordonsgas
El & elhybrid
60 000 Bränslesnål diesel*
Personbilar i trafik
Bränslesnål bensin*
50 000
6%
40 000
30 000 3%
20 000
10 000 1%
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
År

22. Location of measurement stations

23. NOx
Mean conc. 101
2005-2008
-------------------Inner city streets------------------ Exempted bypass
CO
Weekdays
6-19
-------------------Inner city streets------------------
No tax PM10
With tax 36
Exempted bypass
-------------------Inner city streets------------------

24. Revenues and surplus…

25. International attention
• The demonstrated
success of road
pricing.
“Other major cities around the world,
including London, England and
Stockholm, Sweden most recently,
have reduced congestion and
improved throughput almost
immediately through the
implementation of congestion pricing
strategies.”

26. Reports
www.slb.nu/lvf
http://www.stockholmsforsoket.se/templates/page.aspx?id=183

27. Conclusions
• Large traffic & emission reductions
• Efficient way of decreasing exposure to polluttion
• Expected big positive effects on health (long term
effect on mortality)
• Boom in alternatively fuelled vehicles
Thank you!

28. Why we were awarded
• Climate combat
• District heating Presentation (2)*
• Clean cars Dissimenation programme (2)*
Sustainable land use (1)*
• Congestion tax Sustainable management of the local authority (3)*
• Public transport Waste water management (2)*
Water consumption (6)*
• Clean water Waste production and management (1)*
• Waste treatment Noise pollution (1)*
Quality of local ambient air (4)*
• Recycling Availability of green areas open to the public (1)*
• Clean air Local mobility and passenger transport (1)*
Local contribution to global climate change (1)*
• Green areas
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Noise reduction * Rating among the eight finalists Per cent (%)
23/06/2010 PAGE 28 THE CITY OF
STOCKHOLM