The document summarizes a presentation given by Mike Weston of Transport for London about hybrid buses and other environmental initiatives for London's bus network. It provides an overview of the large London bus network and current fleet. It then discusses trials of diesel hybrid and hydrogen buses, and their improved environmental performance over conventional diesel buses. The presentation addresses barriers and opportunities for deploying future low-emission bus technologies.

1. Hybrid User Forum
26th May 2011
Mike Weston, Operations Director
Transport for London, London Buses

2. Presentation Overview
• Overview of the London Bus Network
• Environmental performance – current fleet
• Diesel hybrid bus trials
• Hydrogen bus trials
• Other Environmental Initiatives
• Barriers and opportunities to deployment
of future technology

3. The London Bus Network
Buses operate 24 hours Network contracted by TfL
per day, 7 days a week from Private Operators
6.4 million 19,500 bus
journeys per stops
week day
700 routes 8,500 buses

4. A Transformed Bus Service
‘Turn up and go’ frequencies Simple, affordable fares
Fully
Simple accessible
information
at the stop
Low
emissions
Better traffic
management
Reliable
and quick
Drivers trained in customer care CCTV / Policing
and equality support

5. Bus Kilometres Operated per Year (millions)
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
Bus km
(millions)
Operated
1985/86
1987/88
1989/90 Pax km
(millions)
1991/92
1963-2010
1993/94
Bus usage in London 1963-2010
1995/96
1997/98
1999/00
2001/02
2003/04
London bus network: service volume and usage
2005/06
2007/08
2009/10
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Passenger Kilometres per Year (millions)

6. Air Quality in London
• Air pollution is a serious problem in London
- 1,000 premature deaths per year
- 1,000 hospital admissions per year
• Majority of Londoners concerned about poor air
quality and want to see it improved
• Particular problems with emissions of particulate
matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Road traffic major source of emissions
• Trucks, buses, and coaches largest individual
emitters

7. Environmental achievements
• In depth understanding of environmental impact
– Route 159 test cycle
• Evaluate new fuels and technologies using standard
test cycle
60.00
50.00
40.00
Speed (km/h)
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Test Time (secs)

8. Environmental achievements to date
• Emissions – all buses meet minimum Euro 2 (1997) and diesel
particulate filter (DPF) by December 2005
• March 2010 – 76% fleet meet Euro 3 (2001) and better
• Noise – new buses are 3dBA lower than European noise limit

9. CO2 impact of the bus fleet
• 5% of London’s transport CO2 emissions come
from buses
• Buses are largest contributor to TfL’s CO2
footprint accounting for 38% of emissions
• Network consumes 240 million litres of diesel per
year
• 610,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions produced per
annum

10. Hybrid Trials
• Hybrid bus trials consist of evaluating 56 hybrid buses (2008-2012)
Alexander Dennis E400H Optare Tempo Hybrid
• 4.5ltr • 6.7ltr
• BAE Systems HybriDrive driveline • Series/Parallel blended system
• Lithium Ion battery • Nickle Metal Hydride battery
• Series hybrid system
Wrights/Volvo B5L
Wrights (1st Gen) • 5ltr
• Ford 1.9Ltr D • ISAM Parallel hybrid system
• Siemens Series • Lithium Ion battery
• Lithium Ion battery
Alexander Dennis E200H
Wrights (2nd Gen) • 4.5ltr
• Ford 2.4ltr D • BAE Systems TB200 driveline
• Siemens Series • Lithium Ion battery
• Lithium Ion battery • Series hybrid system

11. Hybrid types
Parallel system
• Retains mechanical drive between
engine and axle
• Electrical motor / generator blended in
to assist acceleration and retardation
• Drive to the rear axle comes from the
engine and electric motor in
combination
Series system
• No mechanical link between engine
and axle
• Engine drives a generator, electric
motor connected to axle
• Able to operate in zero emission mode

12. Emissions Standards and Testing
DOUBLE-DECK
NOx CO2 Fuel litres
Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) Pm (g/km) mpg
(g/km) (g/km) / 100km
Diesels
Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8
Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0
ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9
Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5
Hybrids
Siemens
Wright Gemini 1H E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6
Series
Siemens
Wright Gemini 2H E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2
Series
ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7
E5
Volvo ISAM 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0
+EEV

13. Emissions Standards and Testing
DOUBLE-DECK
NOx CO2 Fuel litres
Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) Pm (g/km) mpg
(g/km) (g/km) / 100km
Diesels
Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8
Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0
ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9
Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5
Hybrids
Siemens
Wright Gemini 1H E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6
Series
Siemens
Wright Gemini 2H E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2
Series
ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7
E5
Volvo ISAM 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0
+EEV

14. Emissions Standards and Testing
DOUBLE-DECK
NOx CO2 Fuel litres
Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) Pm (g/km) mpg
(g/km) (g/km) / 100km
Diesels
Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8
Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0
ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9
Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5
Hybrids
Siemens
Wright Gemini 1H E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6
Series
Siemens
Wright Gemini 2H E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2
Series
ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7
E5
Volvo ISAM 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0
+EEV

15. Hybrid performance (06/02/2011 – 05/03/2011)
PERIOD 12 MPG
12.0
12.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
MPG
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
-2.0
Route (Single/Double) → 276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D)
276 (S) Op 360 (S) WB 371 (S) ADL E8 (S) Op 129 (S) WB 76 (D) V 141 (D) All 328 (D) WB 24 (D) All 482 (D) ADL 16 (D) ADL
MPG (Hybrid) 6.7 7.7 10.4 6.8 3.2 7.1 6.4 4.8 6.9 7.7 6.6
MPG (BM) 6.2 7.6 8.5 7.9 6.1 4.9 4.9 4.3 5.9 5.8 5.8
MPG (depot) 7.2 7.6 8.6 6.1 6.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 5.8 5.8 5.7
% change 9% 2% 22% -14% -47% 45% 31% 12% 18% 34% 15%
PERIOD 12 YTD MPG
12.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
MPG
6.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
-2.0
Route (Single/Double) → 276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D)
276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D)
MPG (Hybrid) 6.6 7.5 10.0 6.6 8.9 7.1 5.8 4.9 6.7 7.8 6.9
MPG (BM) 6.4 7.7 8.4 8.2 6.1 4.9 4.7 4.2 5.7 5.6 5.6
MPG (depot) 6.9 7.5 8.5 6.4 6.8 5.0 6.2 4.4 5.2 5.5 5.5
% change 3% -3% 19% -19% 45% 45% 24% 16% 18% 38% 22%

16. Hybrid bus benefits and concerns
Hybrid Benefits Operator Concerns
• Low emissions • Added cost and weight
– Global warming – CO2
– Local air quality – NOx, particulates • Relatively immature technology
• Better fuel economy • Training & maintenance requirements
• Smooth acceleration and performance • High voltage concerns
• Quieter operation
• Battery life
• More reliable than alternative fuels
• Vehicle financing
Financial Incentives
• Green Bus Fund
• Fuel Saving
• Tax Incentives (6p/km in UK)

17. Hybrid bus costs
Targeting 30% CO2 Saving
£
? Time

18. Hydrogen Hybrid Fuel Cell bus for 2011
• A fleet of 8 hydrogen hybrid buses will operate on route
RV1 and will be introduced in phases throughout 2011
• The new vehicles contain hybrid technology using a
hydrogen fuel cell and energy storage system. These
vehicles have greater range and higher efficiency than the
previous generation

19. Other Environmental Initiatives
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
• Gas to Liquid (GTL)
• NOx Abatement equipment
– Retrofit programme
• Eco-Driving (fuel efficient driving)
– Training and technology
– Acceleration control
• Automatic engine shut down

20. Annual bus emissions forecasts

21. Conclusions
• London has an expanding bus fleet catering for both
population increase and the move to sustainable transport
• Good progress made so far in reducing local pollutants,
especially particulates, from the bus fleet
• Next step is to address carbon dioxide
• Hybrids will start to make a substantial reduction in CO2
emissions over the medium term (2012 – 2020)
• Hydrogen and fuel cell technology forms part of the long
term vision as commercialisation unlikely until 2020

22. www.tfl.gov.uk