The study evaluated the anti-tussive potential of Acorus calamus ethanolic extract in a mouse model of cough induced by ammonium hydroxide. Mice were given 500 mg/kg of A. calamus extract before cough was induced, and the number of coughs was counted and compared to control groups. The results showed that A. calamus extract significantly reduced the number of coughs compared to controls, suggesting it has anti-tussive potential. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and investigate the mechanism of action, but the study highlights the potential of natural products like A. calamus in developing new anti-tussive therapies.
1) Cigarette smoke exposure in rats led to increased airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation, as shown by elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
2) Treatment with eucalyptol reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in cigarette smoke-exposed rats, as demonstrated by decreased contractions of tracheal rings and improved lung function.
3) Eucalyptol also reduced cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by decreasing the influx of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by over 70%.
Antiasthmatic activity of citrullus colocynthis fruits..by Chandan Chandan Genwa
1. The document evaluates the antiasthmatic activity of Citrullus colocynthis fruit in 3 experiments.
2. In the first experiment, the ethanolic extract of C. colocynthis fruit antagonized histamine-induced contractions in isolated goat tracheal preparations, suggesting antihistaminic effects.
3. In the second experiment, the extract prolonged the preconvulsive time in histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs, indicating bronchodilating effects.
4. In the third experiment, the extract decreased total leukocyte count in mice in a milk-induced leucocytosis model, demonstrating potential adaptogenic activity.
5. The results suggest
Anti-Inflammatory Effect Of Mastruz (Chenopodium Ambrosioides) Extract In Res...inventionjournals
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory failure acute onset, with bilateral pulmonary infiltrate on chest X-ray and diffuse alveolar damage to pathology, developing non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Chenopodium ambrosioides known for its healing effect, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and respiratory stimulant. The objective is to analyze the improvement of respiratory function with inhalation of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract. Fifteen rats were used of the species Rattus norvegicus. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each, the sham group, treated group and the false-operated group. ARDS was induced by the ischemia-reperfusion method of the mesenteric artery in the first two groups, with subsequent inhalation of alcoholic extract of mastruz by the treated group. After 90 minutes, the rats were euthanized and the lungs were removed for histological and morphological analysis. Treatment with alcoholic extract of mastruz led to decreased lung inflammation induced by I/R, since the group treated with inhalation of the extract showed less inflammatory cells in the lung parenchyma compared to the sham group (p <0.05). It is suggested that the alcoholic extract of mastruz reduces the pulmonary inflammatory response and consequently the syndrome of acute respiratory distress arising from the systemic action induced by I / R.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is slowly progressive. It is also known as Chronic obstructive lung disease. “(COLD)”
It refers to Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly coexisting disease of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Animal models are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of asthma and developing new treatments. Common animal models include mice, rats, and guinea pigs that are sensitized to induce asthma-like symptoms including airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. One study evaluated the anti-asthmatic effects of the plant Leucas aspera by treating sensitized guinea pigs with the plant extract. The extract significantly increased the time before histamine-induced convulsions compared to the control group, demonstrating anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects. In conclusion, animal models are valuable for screening potential anti-asthmatic drugs and further research on plant extracts may yield novel therapies.
1) Cigarette smoke exposure in rats led to increased airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation, as shown by elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
2) Treatment with eucalyptol reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in cigarette smoke-exposed rats, as demonstrated by decreased contractions of tracheal rings and improved lung function.
3) Eucalyptol also reduced cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by decreasing the influx of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by over 70%.
Antiasthmatic activity of citrullus colocynthis fruits..by Chandan Chandan Genwa
1. The document evaluates the antiasthmatic activity of Citrullus colocynthis fruit in 3 experiments.
2. In the first experiment, the ethanolic extract of C. colocynthis fruit antagonized histamine-induced contractions in isolated goat tracheal preparations, suggesting antihistaminic effects.
3. In the second experiment, the extract prolonged the preconvulsive time in histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs, indicating bronchodilating effects.
4. In the third experiment, the extract decreased total leukocyte count in mice in a milk-induced leucocytosis model, demonstrating potential adaptogenic activity.
5. The results suggest
Anti-Inflammatory Effect Of Mastruz (Chenopodium Ambrosioides) Extract In Res...inventionjournals
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a respiratory failure acute onset, with bilateral pulmonary infiltrate on chest X-ray and diffuse alveolar damage to pathology, developing non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Chenopodium ambrosioides known for its healing effect, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory and respiratory stimulant. The objective is to analyze the improvement of respiratory function with inhalation of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract. Fifteen rats were used of the species Rattus norvegicus. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each, the sham group, treated group and the false-operated group. ARDS was induced by the ischemia-reperfusion method of the mesenteric artery in the first two groups, with subsequent inhalation of alcoholic extract of mastruz by the treated group. After 90 minutes, the rats were euthanized and the lungs were removed for histological and morphological analysis. Treatment with alcoholic extract of mastruz led to decreased lung inflammation induced by I/R, since the group treated with inhalation of the extract showed less inflammatory cells in the lung parenchyma compared to the sham group (p <0.05). It is suggested that the alcoholic extract of mastruz reduces the pulmonary inflammatory response and consequently the syndrome of acute respiratory distress arising from the systemic action induced by I / R.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is slowly progressive. It is also known as Chronic obstructive lung disease. “(COLD)”
It refers to Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly coexisting disease of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Animal models are useful for understanding the pathophysiology of asthma and developing new treatments. Common animal models include mice, rats, and guinea pigs that are sensitized to induce asthma-like symptoms including airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. One study evaluated the anti-asthmatic effects of the plant Leucas aspera by treating sensitized guinea pigs with the plant extract. The extract significantly increased the time before histamine-induced convulsions compared to the control group, demonstrating anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects. In conclusion, animal models are valuable for screening potential anti-asthmatic drugs and further research on plant extracts may yield novel therapies.
Antibacterial and Immuno Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Contro...ijtsrd
O. gratissimum is one of the leafy vegetables used by Nigerians as a food additive in preparing some local dishes. It has also been documented by some researchers to have some medicinal values. This research aimed at monitoring the immunomodulatory and antibacterial roles of Ocimum gratissimum ethanolic extract in the control of colibacillosis in broilers as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy.1.5 ml 107 cfu ml E. coli O157 H7 isolated from nono sour milk and identified with 16s rDNA sequencing, was used to elicit colibacillosis infection in three weeks old broilers. Oral administration of the plant extract 40 g l to the infected birds over a 1 month period resulted in regulated haemoglobin, blood electrolytes, urea, creatinine, C reactive protein and liver enzyme values. Microbial counts in the intestine revealed a decrease in total E. coli count. Histopathology examination of the intestinal tissues revealed the activity of gut associated lymphoid tissue in immune response. O. gratissimum ethanolic extract can serve as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy in the control of colibacillosis in broilers. Ikele, O. M. | Ezeonu, I. M. | Umeoduagu, N. D. "Antibacterial and Immuno-Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Control of E. coli O157:H7 Chicken Colibacillosis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51930.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51930/antibacterial-and-immunomodulatory-roles-of-ocimum-gratissimum-in-the-control-of-e-coli-o157h7-chicken-colibacillosis/ikele-o-m
Repeated open endotracheal suctioning (OS) in a rabbit model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused a gradual decline in oxygen levels over 6 hours compared to closed endotracheal suctioning (CS). However, OS did not appear to exacerbate lung injury more than CS based on lung morphology and levels of inflammatory cytokines after 6 hours, though OS did cause more derecruitment with each suctioning. The study aimed to determine if repeated OS during mechanical ventilation worsened lung injury more than repeated CS in an ARDS rabbit model over a longer period of 6 hours.
A standardized aqueous extract of Anoectochilus formosanus modulated airway h...Cây thuốc Việt
Anoectochilus formosanus HAYATA, a Chinese herb, is a valued folk medicine for fever, pain, and diseases of the lung and liver. Allergic asthma is characterized by increased serum IgE level and inflammation of the airways with high levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). Constriction of airway smooth muscle and evelopment of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are the
most important symptoms of allergic asthma. In our previous study, a standardized aqueous extract of A. formosanus (SAEAF) was used to modulate innate immunity of normal mice. In this study, airway inflammatory infiltrations, including T cell differentiation, cytokine modulation, allergic antibodies
estimation, pulmonary pathology, and enhanced pause (Penh) of AHR were used to evaluate SAEAF treatment of an ovalbumin (OVA)-inhaled airway allergic murine model. The resulting cytokine profiles demonstrated that SAEAF can significantly reduce Th2 polarization after administration of SAEAF in OVA inhalation. These results also suggest that SAEAF modulates cytokine secretion in allergic asthma.
Modulated natural T regulatory cells (CD25+/CD4+, Treg) were also shown to increase immunosuppression in the allergic lung inflammation and further down-regulate airway inflammatory
infiltration in eosinophils and macrophages. Finally, decreased airway anti-OVA IgE secretion and reduced AHR were observed. Our results indicate that the administration of SAEAF can modulate cytokines and T cell subpopulation by regulating inflammatory cell infiltration and modulating the allergic response. & 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserve
This case report describes a 70-year-old male with COPD who presented with cough, purulent sputum, fever and worsening breathlessness for one week. Sputum culture grew Pasteurella canis, a gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the oral flora of dogs and cats. The patient reported casual exposure to domestic cats. Treatment with doxycycline led to symptom improvement. This is the first reported case of P. canis causing exacerbation of COPD, suggesting casual exposure to pets may pose a respiratory infection risk for vulnerable patients. Close contact with animals should be avoided by elderly COPD patients to prevent Pasteurella pneumonia.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This document discusses a study on the safety and efficacy of tiotropium bromide in patients with bronchial asthma. Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic drug that works by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lungs. The study found that in patients with COPD (n=48), tiotropium significantly improved lung function measures (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio) compared to baseline, with few side effects. The document concludes that tiotropium provides measurable bronchodilation in asthma and is well tolerated, suggesting it may be a treatment option for bronchial asthma.
Bronchus Histology of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus L) that are exposed to t...AI Publications
This study analyzed the effects of Angel's tears (Brugmansia suaveolens) leaf smoke on bronchial histology in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Rats were divided into 5 groups - a negative control, positive control exposed to cigarette smoke, and 3 treatment groups exposed to cigarette smoke and different doses of Angel's tears smoke or aminophylline. Histological analysis found that cigarette smoke exposure increased mucous membrane thickness and goblet cell numbers in bronchi. Treatment with Angel's tears smoke, especially at higher doses, reduced membrane thickness and goblet cell numbers compared to the positive control. This indicates that Angel's tears have potential to reduce effects of cigarette smoke exposure on lung tissue.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Lung injury caused by occupational exposure to particles from the industrial ...danielserra2306
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of occupational exposure to particles from the combustion of cashew nut shells. The study exposed mice to particles smaller than 4.0 micrometers collected from the combustion of cashew nut shells. Some mice were also induced with asthma using ovalbumin. The mice were then treated with anethole or a vehicle control. Pulmonary function tests, histological analysis of lung tissue, and other measures were performed to analyze the effects on lung injury and asthma. The results provide insight into the health effects of exposure to pollutants from cashew nut shell combustion and could inform policies to prevent worker disease.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
Histopathology of Multiple viral infections in lung of camel (Camelus Dromeda...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Assessment of antitussive activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn. root extractijperSS
ABSTRACT
The trend of using natural products has been increased and the active plant extracts are frequently screened for new drug discoveries. The present study deal with the screening of the methanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis roots and its antitussive activity in rats by sulphurdioxide induced cough reflex method. The plant Cassia occidentalis belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae, is a diffuse offensively odorous under shrub. The extract at a dose level of 200 and 400mg/kg showed significant antitussive activity which was comparable with that of Codeine phosphate.
Key words: Cassia occidentalis Linn., methanolic root extract, antitussive activity, sulphurdioxide.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Allergic Broncho Pulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) by Dr.Tinku JosephDr.Tinku Joseph
HRCT is more sensitive than CXR in detecting bronchiectasis and other pulmonary changes in ABPA. It helps establish the diagnosis and assess disease severity and response to treatment.
Shraddha Patel1*, Varsha Aglawe2, Sushma Jaget1, Parnavi Arya1, Megha Tiwari1
1Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College,
Affiliated to R.D.V.V. Jabalpur, India
2Asst. Prof, Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College, Affiliated to R.D.V.V.
Jabalpur, India
ABSTRACT- Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to
these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the
health authorities. The inter-human, man- animal and man- environment relationship constitute the prime factors that
explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible
for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main
environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in
specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria,
Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for
Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated.
Key-words- Ubiquitous, Susceptibilities, Nosocomial infection, Surveillance
Background
The normal values of α-amylase in humans is unknown.
Objective
To determine the normal values of α-amylase activity in humans.
Material and methods
From October 2009 to June 2011 we studied 107 patients referenced to thoracic service to be submitted to bronchoscopy.
The patients were positioned in supine position, performed local antisepsis and anesthetized with 2% lidocaine. Thereafter we introduced a needle into catheter by puncturing the cricothyroid membrane using a 14G cateter. Finally we introduced ten milliliters of saline and immediately aspirated with the maximum power of the vacuum system. The samples were sent for α- amylase activity determination by CNPG method.
Results
The activity of α-amylase of tracheal aspirate ranged from 24 to 10.000 IU/l), and a mean 1914IU/L. The levels had no statistical differences according age, sex, race, smoking history and the lung diseases.
Conclusion
We could define the probably physiologic levels of α-amylase activity in humans beings.
Asthma is a very common problem among all respiratory diseases. There are some drugs which are frequently prescribed by physicians to provide symptomatic relief. Here, some screening models are explained in details to make the concept understandable. Hope it will help all. Thank you...
Sputum examination is performed to identify pathogens causing lower respiratory tract infections like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and fungal infections. Sputum samples are microscopically examined using Gram staining and cultured to identify bacteria and examined using Ziehl-Neelsen staining or fluorescence microscopy to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proper collection and rapid examination of sputum is important for accurate results. Microscopic examination can provide morphological clues to potential pathogens while culture allows for definitive identification. Together, microscopic examination and culture allow for diagnosis of respiratory infections from sputum samples.
Effects of Heat and Humidification on Aerosol Delivery during Auto-CPAP nonin...Ahmed Elberry
This study evaluated the effects of heat and humidification on aerosol drug delivery during automatic continuous positive airway pressure (Auto-CPAP) non-invasive ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The researchers found no significant difference in the amount of salbutamol absorbed by patients whether the humidifier was switched on or off. However, they did find significant differences between different inhalation devices, with the metered dose inhaler and spacer providing the highest lung deposition and the jet nebulizer providing the lowest. The researchers concluded that delivering aerosol medications to Auto-CPAP patients using humidity is acceptable and will not lower drug delivery as previously suggested by in-vitro studies.
Antibacterial and Immuno Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Contro...ijtsrd
O. gratissimum is one of the leafy vegetables used by Nigerians as a food additive in preparing some local dishes. It has also been documented by some researchers to have some medicinal values. This research aimed at monitoring the immunomodulatory and antibacterial roles of Ocimum gratissimum ethanolic extract in the control of colibacillosis in broilers as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy.1.5 ml 107 cfu ml E. coli O157 H7 isolated from nono sour milk and identified with 16s rDNA sequencing, was used to elicit colibacillosis infection in three weeks old broilers. Oral administration of the plant extract 40 g l to the infected birds over a 1 month period resulted in regulated haemoglobin, blood electrolytes, urea, creatinine, C reactive protein and liver enzyme values. Microbial counts in the intestine revealed a decrease in total E. coli count. Histopathology examination of the intestinal tissues revealed the activity of gut associated lymphoid tissue in immune response. O. gratissimum ethanolic extract can serve as a natural alternative to antibiotic therapy in the control of colibacillosis in broilers. Ikele, O. M. | Ezeonu, I. M. | Umeoduagu, N. D. "Antibacterial and Immuno-Modulatory Roles of Ocimum Gratissimum in the Control of E. coli O157:H7 Chicken Colibacillosis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51930.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/51930/antibacterial-and-immunomodulatory-roles-of-ocimum-gratissimum-in-the-control-of-e-coli-o157h7-chicken-colibacillosis/ikele-o-m
Repeated open endotracheal suctioning (OS) in a rabbit model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused a gradual decline in oxygen levels over 6 hours compared to closed endotracheal suctioning (CS). However, OS did not appear to exacerbate lung injury more than CS based on lung morphology and levels of inflammatory cytokines after 6 hours, though OS did cause more derecruitment with each suctioning. The study aimed to determine if repeated OS during mechanical ventilation worsened lung injury more than repeated CS in an ARDS rabbit model over a longer period of 6 hours.
A standardized aqueous extract of Anoectochilus formosanus modulated airway h...Cây thuốc Việt
Anoectochilus formosanus HAYATA, a Chinese herb, is a valued folk medicine for fever, pain, and diseases of the lung and liver. Allergic asthma is characterized by increased serum IgE level and inflammation of the airways with high levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). Constriction of airway smooth muscle and evelopment of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are the
most important symptoms of allergic asthma. In our previous study, a standardized aqueous extract of A. formosanus (SAEAF) was used to modulate innate immunity of normal mice. In this study, airway inflammatory infiltrations, including T cell differentiation, cytokine modulation, allergic antibodies
estimation, pulmonary pathology, and enhanced pause (Penh) of AHR were used to evaluate SAEAF treatment of an ovalbumin (OVA)-inhaled airway allergic murine model. The resulting cytokine profiles demonstrated that SAEAF can significantly reduce Th2 polarization after administration of SAEAF in OVA inhalation. These results also suggest that SAEAF modulates cytokine secretion in allergic asthma.
Modulated natural T regulatory cells (CD25+/CD4+, Treg) were also shown to increase immunosuppression in the allergic lung inflammation and further down-regulate airway inflammatory
infiltration in eosinophils and macrophages. Finally, decreased airway anti-OVA IgE secretion and reduced AHR were observed. Our results indicate that the administration of SAEAF can modulate cytokines and T cell subpopulation by regulating inflammatory cell infiltration and modulating the allergic response. & 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserve
This case report describes a 70-year-old male with COPD who presented with cough, purulent sputum, fever and worsening breathlessness for one week. Sputum culture grew Pasteurella canis, a gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the oral flora of dogs and cats. The patient reported casual exposure to domestic cats. Treatment with doxycycline led to symptom improvement. This is the first reported case of P. canis causing exacerbation of COPD, suggesting casual exposure to pets may pose a respiratory infection risk for vulnerable patients. Close contact with animals should be avoided by elderly COPD patients to prevent Pasteurella pneumonia.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
This document discusses a study on the safety and efficacy of tiotropium bromide in patients with bronchial asthma. Tiotropium is a long-acting anticholinergic drug that works by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lungs. The study found that in patients with COPD (n=48), tiotropium significantly improved lung function measures (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio) compared to baseline, with few side effects. The document concludes that tiotropium provides measurable bronchodilation in asthma and is well tolerated, suggesting it may be a treatment option for bronchial asthma.
Bronchus Histology of Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus L) that are exposed to t...AI Publications
This study analyzed the effects of Angel's tears (Brugmansia suaveolens) leaf smoke on bronchial histology in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Rats were divided into 5 groups - a negative control, positive control exposed to cigarette smoke, and 3 treatment groups exposed to cigarette smoke and different doses of Angel's tears smoke or aminophylline. Histological analysis found that cigarette smoke exposure increased mucous membrane thickness and goblet cell numbers in bronchi. Treatment with Angel's tears smoke, especially at higher doses, reduced membrane thickness and goblet cell numbers compared to the positive control. This indicates that Angel's tears have potential to reduce effects of cigarette smoke exposure on lung tissue.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
Lung injury caused by occupational exposure to particles from the industrial ...danielserra2306
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of occupational exposure to particles from the combustion of cashew nut shells. The study exposed mice to particles smaller than 4.0 micrometers collected from the combustion of cashew nut shells. Some mice were also induced with asthma using ovalbumin. The mice were then treated with anethole or a vehicle control. Pulmonary function tests, histological analysis of lung tissue, and other measures were performed to analyze the effects on lung injury and asthma. The results provide insight into the health effects of exposure to pollutants from cashew nut shell combustion and could inform policies to prevent worker disease.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimu...ijtsrd
In this study, clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to susceptibility tests against commercially available antibiotics and Ocimum gratissimum scent leaf leaf extracts. disc diffusion nmethod was adopted for the antibiotics test while agar well diffusion technique was employed for the antimicrobial screening of the leaf extracts. The result shows that the organism was sensitive to Gentamycin, Zinnacef, Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin representing 40 of the antibiotics while showing outright resistance to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Erythromycin 30 and intermediate results for the rest. Also, the cold water extract of O. gratissimum did not show any activity against the bacterium. However, both hot water extract and ethanol extract of the plant had varying degree of activity against the organism with ethanol extract recording a zone of inhibition of 25.33 mm compared with 32.00 mm recorded for Gentamycin. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration recorded ofr the extract against the organism were 10 mg ml and 2.5 mg ml respectively for hot water and ethanol extracts. These results indicate that ethanol extract of O. gratissimum leaf is very effective against Staphylococcus aureus and could be used as potential source of natural product for the treatment of infections caused by the organism especially the antibiotic resistant strains. Komolafe T. O. | Ogunyankin O. G "Antibiogram of Staphylococcus Aureus and its Sensitivity to Ocimum Gratissimum Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46333.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/46333/antibiogram-of-staphylococcus-aureus-and-its-sensitivity-to-ocimum-gratissimum-extract/komolafe-t-o
Histopathology of Multiple viral infections in lung of camel (Camelus Dromeda...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
ABSTRACT- Mosquito-borne diseases have intruded the globe since immemorial time. The present scenario for
commanding the mosquitoes is aimed at application of target and stage-specific, cost-effective and biodegradable
phytoproducts. Plant extracts are safer for non-target organisms including man. Plant based formulations would be more
feasible environmental products with proven potential as insecticide. Therefore, in the present study of larvicidal
activity of biologically active compound Apigenin extracted from leaf of Jatropha gossypifolia against the filarial
vector, Culex quinquefasciatus was studied. Standard WHO protocols with minor modifications was adopted for the
larvicidal bioassay. The active compound Apigenin extracted through ethyl alcohol solvent from the leaf of Jatropha
gossypifolia plant of family Euphorbiaceae was administered for 24h or 96h to the larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus.
Exposure of larvae over 24h to sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of apigenin, significantly (P<0.05) altered the
level of total protein, total free amino acid, glycogen and activity of enzymes acetyl cholinesterase, acid and alkaline
phosphatase activity in whole body tissue of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. The alterations in all these biochemical
parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent.
Key-words- Jatropha gossypifolia, Euphorbiaceae, Culex quinquefasciatus, biochemical effects, Wuchereria bancrofti
Assessment of antitussive activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn. root extractijperSS
ABSTRACT
The trend of using natural products has been increased and the active plant extracts are frequently screened for new drug discoveries. The present study deal with the screening of the methanolic extract of Cassia occidentalis roots and its antitussive activity in rats by sulphurdioxide induced cough reflex method. The plant Cassia occidentalis belongs to family Caesalpiniaceae, is a diffuse offensively odorous under shrub. The extract at a dose level of 200 and 400mg/kg showed significant antitussive activity which was comparable with that of Codeine phosphate.
Key words: Cassia occidentalis Linn., methanolic root extract, antitussive activity, sulphurdioxide.
Anti-Oxidant and Antimicrobial Studies of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi/Giloy...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them a rich source of
different types of medicines and healing properties. The present study was aimed to
evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial properties of stem and root of T. cordifolia.
Total phenolic contents of different solvent extracts were determined and found that ethanol
extract had the highest phenolic content of 0.3213 mg g-1. Antioxidant assays were also
carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, hydrogen
peroxide scavenging activity assay and hydroxyl redical scavenging activity. The Ethanol
extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity. The H2O2 scavenging and hydroxyl
free radical scavenging activity was maximum 87.2 % and 91.0% found in case of ethanolic
steam extract respectively. The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic and methanolic extract of
root and stem of T. cordifolia were also evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms
viz. E. coli, B. subtilis, A. niger and Candida sp. it was found that the various concentration
of extract viz. 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg ml-1 were tested. It was observed that the
increasing in concentration there was also increasing in antimicrobial activity reveled by
increase in size of zone of inhibition. The methanolic stem extract exhibits highest
antimicrobial activity against all four pathogens. The study shown that the extract of T.
cordifolia has a wide range of anti-oxidant as well as antimicrobial activity against bacterial
as well as fungal pathogens.
Allergic Broncho Pulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) by Dr.Tinku JosephDr.Tinku Joseph
HRCT is more sensitive than CXR in detecting bronchiectasis and other pulmonary changes in ABPA. It helps establish the diagnosis and assess disease severity and response to treatment.
Shraddha Patel1*, Varsha Aglawe2, Sushma Jaget1, Parnavi Arya1, Megha Tiwari1
1Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College,
Affiliated to R.D.V.V. Jabalpur, India
2Asst. Prof, Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College, Affiliated to R.D.V.V.
Jabalpur, India
ABSTRACT- Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to
these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the
health authorities. The inter-human, man- animal and man- environment relationship constitute the prime factors that
explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible
for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main
environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in
specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria,
Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for
Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated.
Key-words- Ubiquitous, Susceptibilities, Nosocomial infection, Surveillance
Background
The normal values of α-amylase in humans is unknown.
Objective
To determine the normal values of α-amylase activity in humans.
Material and methods
From October 2009 to June 2011 we studied 107 patients referenced to thoracic service to be submitted to bronchoscopy.
The patients were positioned in supine position, performed local antisepsis and anesthetized with 2% lidocaine. Thereafter we introduced a needle into catheter by puncturing the cricothyroid membrane using a 14G cateter. Finally we introduced ten milliliters of saline and immediately aspirated with the maximum power of the vacuum system. The samples were sent for α- amylase activity determination by CNPG method.
Results
The activity of α-amylase of tracheal aspirate ranged from 24 to 10.000 IU/l), and a mean 1914IU/L. The levels had no statistical differences according age, sex, race, smoking history and the lung diseases.
Conclusion
We could define the probably physiologic levels of α-amylase activity in humans beings.
Asthma is a very common problem among all respiratory diseases. There are some drugs which are frequently prescribed by physicians to provide symptomatic relief. Here, some screening models are explained in details to make the concept understandable. Hope it will help all. Thank you...
Sputum examination is performed to identify pathogens causing lower respiratory tract infections like tuberculosis, pneumonia, and fungal infections. Sputum samples are microscopically examined using Gram staining and cultured to identify bacteria and examined using Ziehl-Neelsen staining or fluorescence microscopy to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proper collection and rapid examination of sputum is important for accurate results. Microscopic examination can provide morphological clues to potential pathogens while culture allows for definitive identification. Together, microscopic examination and culture allow for diagnosis of respiratory infections from sputum samples.
Effects of Heat and Humidification on Aerosol Delivery during Auto-CPAP nonin...Ahmed Elberry
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ALPHA LOGARITHM TRANSFORMED SEMI LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION USING MAXIMUM LIKELIH...BRNSS Publication Hub
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This document summarizes research on generalized Cantor sets and functions where the standard construction is modified. It introduces Cantor sets defined by an arbitrary base where the intervals removed at each stage are not all the same length. It also defines irregular or transcendental Cantor sets generated by transcendental numbers like e. The key findings are:
1) There exists a unique probability measure for generalized Cantor sets that generates the cumulative distribution function.
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1) The document discusses symmetric bilinear pairings on elliptic curves and Lie algebras in the context of cryptography. It provides an overview of the theoretical foundations and applications of combining these areas.
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SUITABILITY OF COINTEGRATION TESTS ON DATA STRUCTURE OF DIFFERENT ORDERSBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research investigating the suitability of cointegration tests on time series data of different orders. The researchers used simulated time series data from normal and gamma distributions at sample sizes of 30, 60, and 90. Three cointegration tests (Engle-Granger, Johansen, and Phillips-Ouliaris) were applied to the data. The tests were assessed based on type 1 error rates and power to determine which test was most robust for different distributions and sample sizes. The results indicated the Phillips-Ouliaris test was generally the most effective at determining cointegration across different sample sizes and distributions.
Artificial Intelligence: A Manifested Leap in Psychiatric RehabilitationBRNSS Publication Hub
Artificial intelligence shows promise in improving psychiatric rehabilitation in 3 key ways:
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A Review on Polyherbal Formulations and Herbal Medicine for Management of Ul...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document provides a review of polyherbal formulations and herbal medicines for treating peptic ulcers. It discusses how peptic ulcers occur due to an imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastrointestinal tract. Common causes include H. pylori infection and NSAID use. While synthetic medications are available, herbal supplements are more affordable and have fewer side effects. The review examines various herbs that have traditionally been used to treat ulcers, including their active chemical constituents. It defines polyherbal formulations as combinations of two or more herbs, which can enhance therapeutic effects while reducing toxicity. The document aims to summarize recent research on herb and polyherbal formulation treatments for peptic ulcers.
Current Trends in Treatments and Targets of Neglected Tropical DiseaseBRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes current trends in treatments and targets of neglected tropical diseases. It begins by stating that neglected tropical diseases affect over 1.7 billion people globally each year and are caused by a variety of microbes. The World Health Organization is working to eliminate 30 neglected tropical diseases by 2030. The document then discusses several specific neglected tropical diseases in more detail, including human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, soil-transmitted helminths, and schistosomiasis. It describes the causative agents, transmission methods, symptoms, affected populations, and current treatment options for each of these diseases. Overall, the document aims to briefly discuss neglected infectious diseases and treatment
Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes a study that evaluated Cordia dichotoma gum as an excipient for oral thin film drug delivery. Films were prepared with varying ratios of the gum, plasticizers (methyl paraben and glycerine), and the model drug diclofenac sodium. The films were evaluated for properties like thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, water uptake, and drug release kinetics. The results found that a film with 10% gum, 0.2% methyl paraben and 2.5% glycerine (CDF3) exhibited the best results among the formulations tested. Stability studies showed the films were stable for 30 days at different temperatures. Overall, the study demonstrated that C.
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This study assessed medication adherence and knowledge among rural patients with chronic diseases in South Indian hospitals. 1500 hypertensive patients were divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received education from pharmacists at various times, while the control group did not. A questionnaire evaluated patients' medication knowledge at baseline and several follow-ups. The intervention group showed improved medication knowledge scores after education compared to the control group. Female gender, lower education, and income were linked to lower knowledge. The study highlights the need to educate rural patients to improve medication understanding and adherence.
This document proposes a system to hide information using four algorithms for image steganography. The system first encrypts data using a modified AES algorithm. It then encrypts the encrypted data using a modified RSA algorithm. Next, it uses a fuzzy stream algorithm to add ambiguity. Finally, it hides the encrypted data in the least significant bits of cover images using LSB steganography. The document evaluates the proposed system using metrics like PSNR, MSE, and SSIM to analyze image quality and the ability to hide data imperceptibly compared to other techniques. It selects four color images as cover files and tests the system on them.
The document discusses Goldbach's problems and their solutions. It summarizes that the ternary Goldbach problem, which states that every odd number greater than 7 can be represented as the sum of three odd primes, was solved in 2013. It also discusses Ramare's 1995 proof that any even number can be represented as the sum of no more than 6 primes. The document then provides proofs for theorems related to representing numbers as sums of primes and concludes there are an infinite number of twin primes.
The document summarizes research on k-super contra harmonic mean labeling of graphs. It defines k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling of a graph as an injective vertex labeling such that the induced edge labels satisfy certain properties. It proves that several families of graphs admit k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling for any positive integer k, including triangular snakes, double triangular snakes, alternative triangular snakes, quadrilateral snakes, and alternative quadrilateral snakes. The document introduces the concept of k-super Lehmer-3 mean labeling and investigates this property for these families of graphs.
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This document summarizes research on analyzing and simulating the accuracy and stability of closed-loop control systems. It discusses various techniques for evaluating accuracy and stability, including steady-state error analysis, stability analysis, and simulation. Factors that can affect accuracy and stability are also identified, such as sensor noise, model inaccuracies, and environmental disturbances. The paper provides an overview of closed-loop control systems and their uses in various engineering fields like manufacturing, chemical processes, vehicles, aircraft, and power systems.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Kumar and Patidar: Evaluation of anti-tussive Potential of Acorus calamus Linn.
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2023/Vol 14/Issue 3 134
Preparation of Extracts
The powdered material was subjected to extraction
using distilled water and alcoholic (Ethanol)
solvents. The aqueous extract was prepared using
reflux condenser and alcoholic extracts were
prepared using soxhlet apparatus. The extracts
were filtered, concentrated on water bath, dried in
vacuum, and stored in refrigerator for subsequent
experiments.[2,4,5]
Pharmacological Study
Animals
Swiss albino mice of either sex (22–30 g) were
used in experiments. The animals were housed in
polypropylene cages under standard conditions
(12 h light; 12 h dark cycle; 25 ± 5°C; 35–60% of
humidity).
Anti-tussive Activity
Ammonium hydroxide-induced cough
Mice of either sex weighing 21–24 g were divided
randomly, ten mice per group. The negative
control of animals was treated with distilled
water orally, and the positive control was treated
with dextromethorphan, the remaining groups
treated were with aqueous and ethanolic extract,
respectively. Anti-tussive activity was investigated
on a classical mice cough model induced by
ammonia liquor Briefly, each mouse was placed
in a 300 mL special glass chamber and exposed to
40 µL25%NH4
OH.Thecoughfrequencyproduced
during 2 min exposure period was counted. In the
second assay for alkaloids, cough frequency and
latent period of cough were recorded [Figure 1].[8,13]
The chemical reaction which occurred in flask A is
as follows:
2 NaHSO3
+ H2
SO4
→ 2 SO2
+ Na2
SO4
+ 2 H2
O
Flask A and gas cylinder C were filled with
ammonium hydroxide (NH4
OH) gas. Cocks c and
b were opened to elevate pressure in gas cylinder
C, which was recorded by water manometer D.
Stop-cock b was then closed, and stop-cock d was
opened slightly until pressure in D (11 mm, i.d.)
reached 75 mm H2
O, when stop-cock d was closed.
The procedures were conducted in a draught.
The animals were divided into ten groups, each
containing ten mice.
One served as control group, test drug at 250 mg/
kg and 500 mg/kg aqueous and ethanolic extract
administered in test Groups. The remaining group
is treated with the standard drug dextromethorphan
and control group received extracts. Cough
responses of all the groups are observed (0 min) by
placing the animals in desiccators E. The cocks c,
f, and e are opened in order and when the pressure
in D became 0 mm of H2
O; all the cocks are closed
immediately.A certain amount, 5 mL sulfur dioxide
gas is induced into the desiccator and this way.
After a minute of introducing the gas, the animal is
taken out of the dedicator and frequency of cough is
observed for 5 min in an unended filter funnel with
a stethoscope at the tip in which mice are confined.
All groups were used in the same procedure.
The frequency of cough is observed for all the
animal groups at 0 min., and at 30 min., 60 min.,
90 min., and 120 min., (after drug administration)
intervals.
It is usually observed that on exposure of the
experimental mice to sulfur dioxide gas, the
frequencyofcoughofcontrolgroupremainsmoreor
lessconstant,thatis,itvariesbetween57.3±3.5and
60.3 ± 3.3 (Mean ± standard error of mean [SEM]).
Figure 1: Apparatus used in ammonium hydroxide gas-
induced cough model
A: Saturated NaHSO3 solution in 500 mL flask, B: Conc.
H2SO4 in burette, C: Gas cylinder, D: Water manometer,
E: Desiccator, and a, b, c, d, e, and f are stop cocks
3. Kumar and Patidar: Evaluation of anti-tussive Potential of Acorus calamus Linn.
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2023/Vol 14/Issue 3 135
However, both in cases of dextromethorphan and
test drug on oral administration, frequency of
cough should decrease in dose-related manner if
the drug is having anti-tussive properties.
Statistical Analysis
The experimental results were expressed as mean
± SEM. Significance was evaluated using the one-
way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s test. Values of
P 0.01 versus control group implied significance.
RESULTS
Acute Toxicity Study
No toxic effects were observed at a higher dose
of extracts and standard herbal drug. Hence, there
were no lethal effects in any other groups.
Ammonium hydroxide-induced cough
The effect of ethanol and aqueous extracts of
A. calamus Rosc on ammonium hydroxide-induced
model in Swiss albino mice is shown in Table 1.
The results obtained indicate that both ethanol 250
and 500 mg/kg extract had significant anti-tussive
activity in Swiss albino mice, when compared with
referencestandards(P0.001).Theethanolic250and
500 mg/kg extract treated groups of A. calamus Rosc
reduced cough 15.6 ± 0.9 and15.0 ± 0.9, respectively.
DISCUSSION[11]
We investigate the anti-tussive effect of ethanolic
and aqueous extract of A. calamus Rosc rhizome.
The most commonly used animal model for anti-
tussive activity and ammonium hydroxide-induced
cough in mice. Cough is a common symptom and
one of the main signs of respiratory tract diseases.
Cough is a protective reflex mechanism which
removes foreign material and secretions from the
bronchi and bronchioles of the airways. It can be
in various situations inappropriately stimulated;
for example, by inflammation in the respiratory
tract or neoplasia. In this study, the ethanol extract
of A. calamus (250 and 500 mg/kg) showed a
significant reduction of cough at different time
interval and aqueous extract (250 and 500 mg/kg)
showed significant action but compared to ethanolic
extract decrease the reduction of cough.
CONCLUSION
Cough is a crucial protective mechanism of the
respiratory system, but it can also be a symptom
of various underlying diseases. It is the fifth most
common reason for visits to ambulatory care units
in the United States, accounting for 30 million
visits yearly. The adverse effects of cough on the
quality of life of patients with pulmonary diseases
cannot be overemphasized. In addition, cough can
be a side effect of certain medications, with ACE
inhibitors being a common example.
To improve the evaluation of drugs at the preclinical
stage, randomized crossover designs have been
suggested to remove between-subject variability,
a significant source of experimental error. Such
designs may offer improved precision in detecting
treatment effects, ultimately leading to better drug
development[3,6,7,8]
In the present study, the anti-tussive efficacy of
A. calamus rhizomes was investigated using the
Table 1: Ammonium hydroxide induced cough
S. No. Drug Dose Frequency (min)
0 30 60 90 120
1. Control − 81.5±0.8 83.3±0.4 83.5±0.5 82.3±0.4 81.0±0.4
2. Standard (dextromethorphan) 10 mg/kg 82.6±0.8 68.6**±0.4 52.5**±0.4 28.0**±0.7 15.6**±1.2
3. A. calamus Aq. 250 mg/kg 83.3±0.8 73.8**±1.1 64.8**±1.0 55.5**±0.6 46.0**±0.5
4. A. calamus Aq. 500 mg/kg 83.8±0.6 74.0**±1.1 63.3**±1.5 52.3**±1.7 40.8**±1.7
5. A. calamus Eth. 250 mg/kg 81.5±0.8 66.5**±1.7 52.5**±1.3 39.5**±1.8 27.3**±3.6
6. A. calamus Eth. 500 mg/kg 80.6±0.42 59.6±0.6 43.0**±1.46 29.3**±1.5 17.33**±1.4
Values are mean±SEM. n=10, **P0.01, *P0.05. A. calamus: Acorus calamus
4. Kumar and Patidar: Evaluation of anti-tussive Potential of Acorus calamus Linn.
IJPBA/Jul-Sep-2023/Vol 14/Issue 3 136
ammonium hydroxide-induced cough model.
The ethanolic extract of A. calamus (500 mg/kg)
demonstrated excellent anti-tussive activity and
significantly reduced the number of coughs when
compared to the control groups. These findings
suggestthatA.calamuscouldbeapotentialcandidate
for the development of new anti-tussive agents.
It is important to note that further research is
necessary to confirm these findings and establish
the safety and efficacy of A. calamus as an anti-
tussive agent. In addition, the mechanism of action
of A. calamus in reducing cough needs to be
investigated further.
Overall, the study underscores the importance of
developing effective anti-tussive agents to improve
the quality of life of patients with pulmonary
diseasesandhighlightsthepotentialofusingnatural
products as sources for developing new drugs. The
use of randomized crossover designs in preclinical
studies could also lead to the development of more
precise and effective therapies. Further research
is necessary to fully elucidate the therapeutic
potential of A. calamus and other natural products
for the treatment of cough.[10,12]
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