Background
The normal values of α-amylase in humans is unknown.
Objective
To determine the normal values of α-amylase activity in humans.
Material and methods
From October 2009 to June 2011 we studied 107 patients referenced to thoracic service to be submitted to bronchoscopy.
The patients were positioned in supine position, performed local antisepsis and anesthetized with 2% lidocaine. Thereafter we introduced a needle into catheter by puncturing the cricothyroid membrane using a 14G cateter. Finally we introduced ten milliliters of saline and immediately aspirated with the maximum power of the vacuum system. The samples were sent for α- amylase activity determination by CNPG method.
Results
The activity of α-amylase of tracheal aspirate ranged from 24 to 10.000 IU/l), and a mean 1914IU/L. The levels had no statistical differences according age, sex, race, smoking history and the lung diseases.
Conclusion
We could define the probably physiologic levels of α-amylase activity in humans beings.
This study describes the first year experience of a Brazilian medical center using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to support severely ill patients. They supported 10 patients using either venous-venous or veno-arterial ECMO. The most common diagnosis was community-acquired pneumonia. The median time on ECMO support was 5 days and the median hospital stay was 31 days. Four patients (40%) survived to 60 days without needing oxygen support or renal replacement therapy. The study concludes that ECMO support for severely ill patients is possible with a structured team and efforts should be made to recognize when patients need ECMO support early.
Timing of surgery in mild biliary pancreatitisAravind TK
This study aimed to determine the optimal timing of cholecystectomy for patients with mild to moderate acute biliary pancreatitis. It was a prospective randomized controlled study conducted at a hospital in Malaysia between 2013-2014. 82 patients were randomly assigned to either early cholecystectomy within the index admission (n=38) or delayed cholecystectomy after 6 weeks (n=34). The study found significantly fewer recurrent biliary events like pain and infection in the early group compared to delayed group, with no significant difference in complication rates. The study concluded that for mild to moderate acute biliary pancreatitis, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduces risk of recurrence without increasing operative risks.
This document summarizes a clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of rituximab versus azathioprine for maintaining remission in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. 115 patients in complete remission after initial cyclophosphamide-glucocorticoid treatment were randomly assigned to receive either rituximab infusions every 6 months or daily azathioprine for up to 28 months. The primary outcome was relapse rate at month 28. Relapse occurred in 17 patients (29%) in the azathioprine group compared to 3 patients (5%) in the rituximab group, indicating rituximab was more effective at maintaining remission. Adverse events were similar between the two groups. The
Mercury Contribution to Body Burden from Dental Amalgam v2zq
Mercury Contribution to Body Burden from Dental Amalgam - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ amalgam-informationen.de
Clinical management of men with nonobstructive azoospermia - Sperm Retrieval ...Sandro Esteves
Reproductive Andrology Workshop III
17-21 January 2016 - Kuwait City - KUWAIT
Organized by: Al Jahra Reproductive Medicine Unit - Ministry of Health
Lecture 4: Sperm Retrieval Methods in Nonobstructive Azoospermia
The document discusses the effects of mobile phone use on male infertility. It reports on studies that found negative impacts of cell phone exposure on sperm motility, viability and count. The magnitude of these effects depends on factors like exposure time and distance from the phone. The author is Dr. Sandro Esteves from ANDROFERT, a clinic in Brazil specializing in andrology and human reproduction.
Management of Male fertility and gonodotropin roleSandro Esteves
This document discusses the management of male infertility and the role of gonadotropin. It summarizes the World Health Organization reference values for semen analysis and the importance of sperm DNA fragmentation testing in evaluating male fertility. It also reviews interventions that may benefit infertile men undergoing assisted reproductive technology, including oral antioxidants. Oral antioxidants have been shown to decrease sperm DNA fragmentation and improve ART outcomes like live birth rates. The document emphasizes that a thorough evaluation of male infertility goes beyond a simple semen analysis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study describes the first year experience of a Brazilian medical center using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to support severely ill patients. They supported 10 patients using either venous-venous or veno-arterial ECMO. The most common diagnosis was community-acquired pneumonia. The median time on ECMO support was 5 days and the median hospital stay was 31 days. Four patients (40%) survived to 60 days without needing oxygen support or renal replacement therapy. The study concludes that ECMO support for severely ill patients is possible with a structured team and efforts should be made to recognize when patients need ECMO support early.
Timing of surgery in mild biliary pancreatitisAravind TK
This study aimed to determine the optimal timing of cholecystectomy for patients with mild to moderate acute biliary pancreatitis. It was a prospective randomized controlled study conducted at a hospital in Malaysia between 2013-2014. 82 patients were randomly assigned to either early cholecystectomy within the index admission (n=38) or delayed cholecystectomy after 6 weeks (n=34). The study found significantly fewer recurrent biliary events like pain and infection in the early group compared to delayed group, with no significant difference in complication rates. The study concluded that for mild to moderate acute biliary pancreatitis, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy reduces risk of recurrence without increasing operative risks.
This document summarizes a clinical trial that compared the effectiveness of rituximab versus azathioprine for maintaining remission in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. 115 patients in complete remission after initial cyclophosphamide-glucocorticoid treatment were randomly assigned to receive either rituximab infusions every 6 months or daily azathioprine for up to 28 months. The primary outcome was relapse rate at month 28. Relapse occurred in 17 patients (29%) in the azathioprine group compared to 3 patients (5%) in the rituximab group, indicating rituximab was more effective at maintaining remission. Adverse events were similar between the two groups. The
Mercury Contribution to Body Burden from Dental Amalgam v2zq
Mercury Contribution to Body Burden from Dental Amalgam - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ amalgam-informationen.de
Clinical management of men with nonobstructive azoospermia - Sperm Retrieval ...Sandro Esteves
Reproductive Andrology Workshop III
17-21 January 2016 - Kuwait City - KUWAIT
Organized by: Al Jahra Reproductive Medicine Unit - Ministry of Health
Lecture 4: Sperm Retrieval Methods in Nonobstructive Azoospermia
The document discusses the effects of mobile phone use on male infertility. It reports on studies that found negative impacts of cell phone exposure on sperm motility, viability and count. The magnitude of these effects depends on factors like exposure time and distance from the phone. The author is Dr. Sandro Esteves from ANDROFERT, a clinic in Brazil specializing in andrology and human reproduction.
Management of Male fertility and gonodotropin roleSandro Esteves
This document discusses the management of male infertility and the role of gonadotropin. It summarizes the World Health Organization reference values for semen analysis and the importance of sperm DNA fragmentation testing in evaluating male fertility. It also reviews interventions that may benefit infertile men undergoing assisted reproductive technology, including oral antioxidants. Oral antioxidants have been shown to decrease sperm DNA fragmentation and improve ART outcomes like live birth rates. The document emphasizes that a thorough evaluation of male infertility goes beyond a simple semen analysis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- This experiment was conducted to study the
chronological relationships between estrus onset, time of LH
surge and ovulation time in does synchronized with chronogest
or CIDR. Forty six desert goats were divided into 2 groups (A,
and B). Induction of oestrous was carried out using
intravaginal sponges impregnated with 40 mg fluorgestone and
CIDR for group A and B respectively. At time of sponge or
CIDR removal, the animals were injected with 300IU eCG.
There was no significant difference in the estrus onset, estrous
duration, ovulation time and time of LH surge in does
synchronized with either chronogest or CIDR. Ovulation was
detected 54 hours post sponges or CIDR removal. LH surge
occurred 28 hours post removal of sponge or CIDR. No
significant difference was detected with regard to the time
taken from oestrus onset to ovulation time (25.4 and 23.5 hours
respectively). Also, there was no significant difference in the
time taken from LH surge to ovulation time in does
synchronized with chronogest and CIDR (25.6 and 25.3 hours)
respectively. In conclusion, findings observed pertaining to
estrous onset, time of ovulation and the time of onset of the LH
peak could be of value in timing AI or mating for maximum
conception in goat breeding programs when CIDR or sponges
were used with 300IU eCG.
This randomized crossover study compared end-tidal oxygen (ETo2) levels during preoxygenation with a bag valve mask (BVM) alone and with supplemental nasal cannula (NC) oxygen at different flow rates. Healthy volunteers underwent 3 minutes of preoxygenation with a BVM alone or a BVM with NC at 0, 5, 10, or 15 liters per minute. The primary outcome was ETo2 after 3 minutes of preoxygenation. NC flows of 0 and 5 L/min resulted in significantly lower ETo2 levels compared to the other groups. There were no differences in ETo2 between the BVM alone, NC 10 L/min, and NC 15 L/
This study investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic bronchial sleeve lobectomy (BSL) in 5 patients with central lung cancer. The results found that the BSL procedure was successfully completed in all 5 patients without severe complications. Key findings included an average operation time of 254 minutes, average blood loss of 116 ml, average hospital stay of 9.2 days, and no postoperative recurrence or metastasis during follow-up periods ranging from 3-19 months. The study concluded that uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic BSL is a safe and minimally invasive treatment for central lung cancer.
Semen analysis as per WHO and clinical implicationsSandro Esteves
This document discusses semen analysis, new WHO reference values from 2010, and implications for clinical management. Key points include:
- Semen analysis provides biomarkers to predict fertility potential but has limitations on its own.
- The 2010 WHO reference values were derived from a meta-analysis of recent father studies and established new lower cut-off limits.
- The new WHO values resulted in many patients being reclassified from abnormal to normal ranges, especially for morphology, and impacted referral patterns, treatment recommendations, and access to ART.
- A comprehensive male fertility evaluation requires more than just a semen analysis and should include history, physical exam, hormones, and advanced sperm testing to properly diagnose and manage cases.
Exposure rate measurements and radiation control in post therapy with I131IJRES Journal
During hyperthyroidism treatment, I131activities from 111MBqup to 296 MBq are used. In the aim to
determine if the I131uptake by the patient is a radiological risk to family members and public around the patient exposure
rate measurements were carried out, using a limit 1.8 mR/h. Measurements were carried out in the Nuclear Medicine
department of Almenara hospital in Lima, Peru. The exposure rate was measured to 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 m from the patient
from 0 to 11 days after post-administrated dose (PDA). In this study measurements were carried out in 21 hyperthyroid
patients. Measurements to 1 meter, along 2-4(16/16), 5-7(15/15), and8-11(14/14) days after PDA, indicatethe
dose rate around 100% of patients is≤1.8mR/h. Measurements to 0.6 metersalong 2-4(16/16), 5 -7(15/15), and
8-11(14/14) days after PDA, indicatethat the dose rate around 44%(7/16), 93% (14/15),and100%(14/14) of
patientsis≤1.8mR h.On the other hand, dose rate measurements to 0.3 meters, along 2-4 (16/16), 5-7 (15/15),
and 8 -11 (14/14) days after PDA, indicate that de dose rate is 13% (2/16), 6% (1/15), and 43% (6/14) of
patients is ≤ 1.8 mR/h.Measured exposure rates are alike to values reported in the literature, and were used to
define radiation control recommendations.
Principles and practices in individualizing in ARTSandro Esteves
This document discusses principles and practices of individualization in ART (assisted reproductive technology). It emphasizes that individualizing treatment can maximize benefits, minimize risks and complications, and improve patient-centeredness. It discusses how to individualize controlled ovarian stimulation protocols based on patient characteristics and ovarian biomarkers like AMH and AFC to improve effectiveness, safety, and patient experience. Specifically, it suggests individualizing protocols for high responders, normal responders, and poor responders to balance these quality dimensions.
Salon 2 14 kasim 09.30 10.30 havva demi̇rcan-ingtyfngnc
This document discusses nursing care after a face transplantation. It presents the case of a 35-year-old male patient, T.C., who underwent a total face transplantation. The transplantation involved transplanting the patient's whole skin, mimic muscles, eyelids, tear ducts, hairskin and right ear from a donor. The patient required intensive nursing care including monitoring, administration of immunosuppressive drugs and antibiotics, and rehabilitation to adapt to his new face. The nursing care aimed to prevent complications, utilize the new face effectively and provide psychological support to improve the patient's quality of life.
Clinical Study of Foreign Bodies in Tracheo-Bronchialtree with Specific Atten...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Microsurgery plays an important role in treating male infertility. The document discusses microsurgical techniques for varicocelectomy, vasovasostomy, vasoepididymostomy, and sperm retrieval. Varicocelectomy by the subinguinal microsurgical approach has the lowest recurrence and postoperative hydrocele rates compared to other techniques. Microsurgical vasovasostomy can achieve patency rates of over 90% and pregnancy rates of over 50%. Prognostic factors for microsurgical reconstruction include the obstruction interval and presence of granuloma. Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration and testicular sperm aspiration are effective techniques for sperm retrieval in obstructive azoospermia.
Use of Capnograph in Breathlessness Patientsnhliza
This is a research topic carried out in the Emergency Department and the abstract was presented at the International Conference In Emergency Medicine in SanFrancisco April 2008
Methods For Improving The Cellular Uptake Of Dna Origami...Christina Santos
The presentation will focus on how the novel "Fifteen Dogs" has been taken up and promoted via Twitter. It will use Anne Freadman's concept of "uptake" to analyze how different Twitter users discuss and spread information about the novel on the platform, effectively promoting the work. The presentation will examine how Twitter serves as a means for novels to be "taken up" and transformed into promotional devices.
This document discusses laboratory tests used to diagnose sinonasal disorders. It begins by reviewing tools to objectively measure nasal function including patency, olfaction, and mucociliary transport. These include rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, and tests of mucociliary transport and olfaction. It then reviews specific laboratory tests used to diagnose conditions like allergy, immunodeficiency, genetic disorders, and malignancies. These include tests like skin prick tests, sweat tests, biopsy, and tumor markers. The document provides details on how several of the major nasal function measurement tools work and their advantages and limitations.
This document summarizes research on developing pure insulin nanoparticles and microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery to treat diabetes. Insulin nanoparticles were produced by titrating insulin dissolved at low pH up to its isoelectric point. The nanoparticles were then processed into microparticles using solvent displacement. The particles were characterized and found to have suitable properties for lung deposition without using excipients, including appropriate size, crystallinity, stability, and dissolution. This approach could help develop novel pulmonary delivery systems for insulin and other peptides without excipients.
"Mechanisms of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine" appeared in a 2010 issue of Vascular Pharmacology and summarized Stephen M. Black's research into acute lung injury/sepsis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.15
ABSTRACT- Abnormal cervical cytology includes lesions of the cervix caused due to various infections, hormonal
disturbances, premalignant and malignant conditions. Screening of all the symptomatic women complaining of vaginal
discharge, irregular menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, post-coital bleeding or post-menopausal bleeding is necessary for
detection and also to pick up any aberration in cervix epithelium i.e. dysplasia or early cervical cancer.
Key-words- Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy, Atypical Squamous Cell of Undetermined Significance,
Low grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, High grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, Squamous Cell Carcinoma
1) Cigarette smoke exposure in rats led to increased airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation, as shown by elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
2) Treatment with eucalyptol reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in cigarette smoke-exposed rats, as demonstrated by decreased contractions of tracheal rings and improved lung function.
3) Eucalyptol also reduced cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by decreasing the influx of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by over 70%.
The incidence of parathyroid cysts in the general population is not known precisely. It very low in a large series of consecutive neck USG (0.075%) and a prevalence of 3% was found in patients operated for cervical mass or hyperparathyroidism [1]. Moreover, a few series have reported on the incidence of functional cysts, which may vary from 10 to 33% [2]. Symptomatic parathyroid cyst is a rare entity. Hypercalcemic crisis with features of acute pancreatitis in parathyroid cyst is also rare. Aggressive and appropriate medical and surgical management is required in these cases.
This study compared intubation outcomes using a video laryngoscope versus a Macintosh laryngoscope in 140 patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to either the video laryngoscope group (V) or Macintosh group (M). Parameters such as Cormack-Lehane grading of laryngeal view, first attempt success rate, intubation time, and hemodynamic changes were recorded and compared between the two groups. Preliminary results found that the video laryngoscope achieved a lower Cormack-Lehane grade and faster intubation time on average compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope. The study aims to evaluate if video laryngoscopy results in improved endotracheal
Comparison of Ease of Insertion and Hemodynamic Response to Lma with Propofol...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study investigated the acute hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic effects of blood contact with an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit before initiation of oxygenation or ventilation in an animal model. The results showed non-significant increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and decreases in cardiac output and left ventricle stroke work after 30 minutes of ECMO circulation without gas flow through the membrane. There were also non-significant increases in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and reductions in arterial oxygen saturation and pressure. Overall, the changes observed were modest and non-significant, suggesting blood contact with the primed ECMO circuit resulted in minimal systemic or metabolic alterations in this experimental model.
- This experiment was conducted to study the
chronological relationships between estrus onset, time of LH
surge and ovulation time in does synchronized with chronogest
or CIDR. Forty six desert goats were divided into 2 groups (A,
and B). Induction of oestrous was carried out using
intravaginal sponges impregnated with 40 mg fluorgestone and
CIDR for group A and B respectively. At time of sponge or
CIDR removal, the animals were injected with 300IU eCG.
There was no significant difference in the estrus onset, estrous
duration, ovulation time and time of LH surge in does
synchronized with either chronogest or CIDR. Ovulation was
detected 54 hours post sponges or CIDR removal. LH surge
occurred 28 hours post removal of sponge or CIDR. No
significant difference was detected with regard to the time
taken from oestrus onset to ovulation time (25.4 and 23.5 hours
respectively). Also, there was no significant difference in the
time taken from LH surge to ovulation time in does
synchronized with chronogest and CIDR (25.6 and 25.3 hours)
respectively. In conclusion, findings observed pertaining to
estrous onset, time of ovulation and the time of onset of the LH
peak could be of value in timing AI or mating for maximum
conception in goat breeding programs when CIDR or sponges
were used with 300IU eCG.
This randomized crossover study compared end-tidal oxygen (ETo2) levels during preoxygenation with a bag valve mask (BVM) alone and with supplemental nasal cannula (NC) oxygen at different flow rates. Healthy volunteers underwent 3 minutes of preoxygenation with a BVM alone or a BVM with NC at 0, 5, 10, or 15 liters per minute. The primary outcome was ETo2 after 3 minutes of preoxygenation. NC flows of 0 and 5 L/min resulted in significantly lower ETo2 levels compared to the other groups. There were no differences in ETo2 between the BVM alone, NC 10 L/min, and NC 15 L/
This study investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic bronchial sleeve lobectomy (BSL) in 5 patients with central lung cancer. The results found that the BSL procedure was successfully completed in all 5 patients without severe complications. Key findings included an average operation time of 254 minutes, average blood loss of 116 ml, average hospital stay of 9.2 days, and no postoperative recurrence or metastasis during follow-up periods ranging from 3-19 months. The study concluded that uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic BSL is a safe and minimally invasive treatment for central lung cancer.
Semen analysis as per WHO and clinical implicationsSandro Esteves
This document discusses semen analysis, new WHO reference values from 2010, and implications for clinical management. Key points include:
- Semen analysis provides biomarkers to predict fertility potential but has limitations on its own.
- The 2010 WHO reference values were derived from a meta-analysis of recent father studies and established new lower cut-off limits.
- The new WHO values resulted in many patients being reclassified from abnormal to normal ranges, especially for morphology, and impacted referral patterns, treatment recommendations, and access to ART.
- A comprehensive male fertility evaluation requires more than just a semen analysis and should include history, physical exam, hormones, and advanced sperm testing to properly diagnose and manage cases.
Exposure rate measurements and radiation control in post therapy with I131IJRES Journal
During hyperthyroidism treatment, I131activities from 111MBqup to 296 MBq are used. In the aim to
determine if the I131uptake by the patient is a radiological risk to family members and public around the patient exposure
rate measurements were carried out, using a limit 1.8 mR/h. Measurements were carried out in the Nuclear Medicine
department of Almenara hospital in Lima, Peru. The exposure rate was measured to 0.3, 0.6, and 1.0 m from the patient
from 0 to 11 days after post-administrated dose (PDA). In this study measurements were carried out in 21 hyperthyroid
patients. Measurements to 1 meter, along 2-4(16/16), 5-7(15/15), and8-11(14/14) days after PDA, indicatethe
dose rate around 100% of patients is≤1.8mR/h. Measurements to 0.6 metersalong 2-4(16/16), 5 -7(15/15), and
8-11(14/14) days after PDA, indicatethat the dose rate around 44%(7/16), 93% (14/15),and100%(14/14) of
patientsis≤1.8mR h.On the other hand, dose rate measurements to 0.3 meters, along 2-4 (16/16), 5-7 (15/15),
and 8 -11 (14/14) days after PDA, indicate that de dose rate is 13% (2/16), 6% (1/15), and 43% (6/14) of
patients is ≤ 1.8 mR/h.Measured exposure rates are alike to values reported in the literature, and were used to
define radiation control recommendations.
Principles and practices in individualizing in ARTSandro Esteves
This document discusses principles and practices of individualization in ART (assisted reproductive technology). It emphasizes that individualizing treatment can maximize benefits, minimize risks and complications, and improve patient-centeredness. It discusses how to individualize controlled ovarian stimulation protocols based on patient characteristics and ovarian biomarkers like AMH and AFC to improve effectiveness, safety, and patient experience. Specifically, it suggests individualizing protocols for high responders, normal responders, and poor responders to balance these quality dimensions.
Salon 2 14 kasim 09.30 10.30 havva demi̇rcan-ingtyfngnc
This document discusses nursing care after a face transplantation. It presents the case of a 35-year-old male patient, T.C., who underwent a total face transplantation. The transplantation involved transplanting the patient's whole skin, mimic muscles, eyelids, tear ducts, hairskin and right ear from a donor. The patient required intensive nursing care including monitoring, administration of immunosuppressive drugs and antibiotics, and rehabilitation to adapt to his new face. The nursing care aimed to prevent complications, utilize the new face effectively and provide psychological support to improve the patient's quality of life.
Clinical Study of Foreign Bodies in Tracheo-Bronchialtree with Specific Atten...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Microsurgery plays an important role in treating male infertility. The document discusses microsurgical techniques for varicocelectomy, vasovasostomy, vasoepididymostomy, and sperm retrieval. Varicocelectomy by the subinguinal microsurgical approach has the lowest recurrence and postoperative hydrocele rates compared to other techniques. Microsurgical vasovasostomy can achieve patency rates of over 90% and pregnancy rates of over 50%. Prognostic factors for microsurgical reconstruction include the obstruction interval and presence of granuloma. Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration and testicular sperm aspiration are effective techniques for sperm retrieval in obstructive azoospermia.
Use of Capnograph in Breathlessness Patientsnhliza
This is a research topic carried out in the Emergency Department and the abstract was presented at the International Conference In Emergency Medicine in SanFrancisco April 2008
Methods For Improving The Cellular Uptake Of Dna Origami...Christina Santos
The presentation will focus on how the novel "Fifteen Dogs" has been taken up and promoted via Twitter. It will use Anne Freadman's concept of "uptake" to analyze how different Twitter users discuss and spread information about the novel on the platform, effectively promoting the work. The presentation will examine how Twitter serves as a means for novels to be "taken up" and transformed into promotional devices.
This document discusses laboratory tests used to diagnose sinonasal disorders. It begins by reviewing tools to objectively measure nasal function including patency, olfaction, and mucociliary transport. These include rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, and tests of mucociliary transport and olfaction. It then reviews specific laboratory tests used to diagnose conditions like allergy, immunodeficiency, genetic disorders, and malignancies. These include tests like skin prick tests, sweat tests, biopsy, and tumor markers. The document provides details on how several of the major nasal function measurement tools work and their advantages and limitations.
This document summarizes research on developing pure insulin nanoparticles and microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery to treat diabetes. Insulin nanoparticles were produced by titrating insulin dissolved at low pH up to its isoelectric point. The nanoparticles were then processed into microparticles using solvent displacement. The particles were characterized and found to have suitable properties for lung deposition without using excipients, including appropriate size, crystallinity, stability, and dissolution. This approach could help develop novel pulmonary delivery systems for insulin and other peptides without excipients.
"Mechanisms of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine" appeared in a 2010 issue of Vascular Pharmacology and summarized Stephen M. Black's research into acute lung injury/sepsis.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.15
ABSTRACT- Abnormal cervical cytology includes lesions of the cervix caused due to various infections, hormonal
disturbances, premalignant and malignant conditions. Screening of all the symptomatic women complaining of vaginal
discharge, irregular menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, post-coital bleeding or post-menopausal bleeding is necessary for
detection and also to pick up any aberration in cervix epithelium i.e. dysplasia or early cervical cancer.
Key-words- Negative for Intraepithelial Lesion or Malignancy, Atypical Squamous Cell of Undetermined Significance,
Low grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, High grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion, Squamous Cell Carcinoma
1) Cigarette smoke exposure in rats led to increased airway hyperresponsiveness and lung inflammation, as shown by elevated levels of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
2) Treatment with eucalyptol reduced airway hyperresponsiveness in cigarette smoke-exposed rats, as demonstrated by decreased contractions of tracheal rings and improved lung function.
3) Eucalyptol also reduced cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation by decreasing the influx of leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by over 70%.
The incidence of parathyroid cysts in the general population is not known precisely. It very low in a large series of consecutive neck USG (0.075%) and a prevalence of 3% was found in patients operated for cervical mass or hyperparathyroidism [1]. Moreover, a few series have reported on the incidence of functional cysts, which may vary from 10 to 33% [2]. Symptomatic parathyroid cyst is a rare entity. Hypercalcemic crisis with features of acute pancreatitis in parathyroid cyst is also rare. Aggressive and appropriate medical and surgical management is required in these cases.
This study compared intubation outcomes using a video laryngoscope versus a Macintosh laryngoscope in 140 patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to either the video laryngoscope group (V) or Macintosh group (M). Parameters such as Cormack-Lehane grading of laryngeal view, first attempt success rate, intubation time, and hemodynamic changes were recorded and compared between the two groups. Preliminary results found that the video laryngoscope achieved a lower Cormack-Lehane grade and faster intubation time on average compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope. The study aims to evaluate if video laryngoscopy results in improved endotracheal
Comparison of Ease of Insertion and Hemodynamic Response to Lma with Propofol...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study investigated the acute hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic effects of blood contact with an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit before initiation of oxygenation or ventilation in an animal model. The results showed non-significant increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and decreases in cardiac output and left ventricle stroke work after 30 minutes of ECMO circulation without gas flow through the membrane. There were also non-significant increases in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and reductions in arterial oxygen saturation and pressure. Overall, the changes observed were modest and non-significant, suggesting blood contact with the primed ECMO circuit resulted in minimal systemic or metabolic alterations in this experimental model.
This study investigated the acute hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic effects of blood contact with an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit before initiation of oxygenation or ventilation in an animal model. Five pigs were instrumented and connected to an ECMO circuit without active gas exchange for 30 minutes. There were non-significant increases in pulmonary vascular resistance, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and decreases in cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work. Contact with the primed ECMO circuit resulted in early but non-significant changes in hemodynamics and oxygenation prior to active oxygenation or ventilation.
This study investigated the acute hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic effects of blood contact with an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit before initiation of oxygenation or ventilation in an animal model. Five pigs were instrumented and connected to an ECMO circuit without active gas exchange for 30 minutes. There were non-significant increases in pulmonary vascular resistance, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and decreases in cardiac output and left ventricular stroke work. Contact with the primed ECMO circuit resulted in minor systemic and metabolic changes before initiation of oxygenation or ventilation.
The document describes a study that evaluated the reliability and validity of a questionnaire to assess organophosphate pesticide (OP) exposure among 114 agricultural workers in Maule, Chile. A factorial analysis identified four factors that explained 68% of the variance: 1) labor conditions during OP application, 2) use of personal protective equipment, 3) workplace conditions related to OP exposure, and 4) home conditions related to OP exposure. The questionnaire demonstrated high reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.95) and adequate validity for characterizing OP exposure and exploring working and home conditions associated with exposure among agricultural workers.
The document summarizes a study that tested a novel antifungal drug (Drug A) in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Mice were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and then received various doses of Drug A or a positive control, Posaconazole. The mice were divided into groups for assessing fungal burden or survival. Higher doses of Drug A and Posaconazole reduced fungal counts in the lungs, showing the drug's antifungal activity. However, Drug A unexpectedly increased mouse mortality compared to controls, suggesting it may be toxic. The results point to an experimental error requiring the study to be repeated.
PREDICTION OF DIFFICULT AIRWAY MANAGEMENT -VARIOUS STUDIES Nayana Kulkarni
This study compared the predictive value of the Upper Lip Bite Test (ULBT) and ratio of height to thyromental distance (RHTMD) to other tests for predicting difficult laryngoscopy. 480 patients were evaluated using ULBT, RHTMD, mouth opening, Mallampati score, neck movement, and thyromental distance. ULBT and RHTMD had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. ULBT was found to be the best individual predictor. While RHTMD was also found to be a useful alternative predictive test due to accounting for individual body proportions better than thyromental distance alone. The combination of ULBT and RHTMD with other tests may help improve difficult airway prediction
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with subclinical cushing syndrome | γι...Γιώργος Ζωγράφος
Abstract:
Background Subclinical Cushing syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentalomas has been associated with an increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and car- diovascular risk. The management of these patients, be it conservative or surgical, is still debated, but there is accumulating evidence that surgery is best and that lapa- roscopic adrenalectomy, when possible, is the most pre- ferred procedure. Here we present the short- and long-term results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for subclinical Cushing syndrome and determine the effect of this proce- dure on components of the metabolic syndrome.
Methods Twenty-nine patients, 8 men and 21 women with adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical Cushing syn- drome who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, were studied retrospectively. They had undergone postoperative follow-up for improvement or worsening of their arterial blood pressure, body weight, and fasting glucose level for a mean period of 77 months.
Results:
Preoperatively, 17 patients (58.6 %) had arterial hypertension, 14 (48.3%) had a body mass index exceeding 27 kg/m2, and 12 (41.4 %) had diabetes melli- tus. Postoperatively, a decrease in mean arterial pressure was found in 12 patients (70.6 %), a decrease in body mass index in 6 patients (42.9 %), and an improvement in gly- cemic control in 5 patients (41.7 %).
Conclusions Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is beneficial in many patients with subclinical Cushing syndrome because it reduces arterial blood pressure, body weight, and fasting glucose levels. Prospective randomized studies are needed to compare laparoscopic adrenalectomy with a conserva- tive approach and to confirm these results.
Study on-PREDICTION OF DIFFICULTY IN AIRWAY MANAGEMENTinfo622939
The primary responsibility of an anesthesiologist is to ensure the maintenance of a clear and open airway in anesthetized patients. This duty is critical, as any failure to secure the airway and ensure uninterrupted gas exchange, even for a brief period, can lead to catastrophic outcomes such as brain damage or death. The anesthesiologist plays a vital role in safeguarding patient safety by preventing complications related to airway management during the administration of anesthesia.
Lung injury caused by occupational exposure to particles from the industrial ...danielserra2306
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of occupational exposure to particles from the combustion of cashew nut shells. The study exposed mice to particles smaller than 4.0 micrometers collected from the combustion of cashew nut shells. Some mice were also induced with asthma using ovalbumin. The mice were then treated with anethole or a vehicle control. Pulmonary function tests, histological analysis of lung tissue, and other measures were performed to analyze the effects on lung injury and asthma. The results provide insight into the health effects of exposure to pollutants from cashew nut shell combustion and could inform policies to prevent worker disease.
Similar to Activity of alpha amylase in the tracheobronchial secretions of patients without morbid salivary aspiration (20)
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Mining is considered as a difficult and harmful job as it is done in a very
difficult physical and environmental condition. In addition to that, miners are exposed
to the dangers, damages and even death because of the bad condition of mines. The
dangers of mines are different in accordance with the kind of mine which may be
underground or surfaces. The dangers may be a bit different in different cities and
mines. Main harmful factors in mining are the physical damages, hyperthermia,
hearing loss, lung diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and facing with dangerous gases
and beams. The purpose of this essay is to examine the effect of physical, chemical
and biological harmful factor on miners. This survey has adopted descriptive method
and data are collected by library method. The results showed that the exposure of
chemical factors such as dust, methane and silica, and physical factors such as noise,
radiation, and biological factors may have great danger for miners.
The intensive study was conuducted for the prevalence and distribution of
Armigeres obturbans for the first time in the rural area surrounding Rajkot City. Seven
villages were identified for the study species identification, larval density, adult
density and distribution of breeding sites of the species. Results showed that adult
density of Ar. obturbans during monsoon was highest and post monsoon period was
most favourable for the species. Also the breeding sites of the species were recorded
more during this period. While during winter season majority of temporary breeding
sites dries out because of temperature decrease. Therefore, the temperature and
rainfall are the two variables that showed major effect on the breeding activities of
this species.
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
To evaluate the effect of humic acid fertilizer on potato tubers in 2010, trials were conducted in the Province of Iran. The experiment was conducted on a split plot with randomized complete block design having three replications. Main plots consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, 3 times) solution in water irrigation and sub-factor consisted of three varieties of potato (Marfona, Satina, and Born). During planting the application of humic acid at the rate of nine liters per hectare per load at the beginning and start of creating tuber formation respectively were done. Analysis of variance showed that the smallest and largest tuber weight, number of tubers per plant and yield per plant were not significant. Effect of humic acid on the smallest mean tumor weight at 1% and the number of tubers and yield per plant showed significant difference at 5% level. The largest tuber weight was also not significantly different. Interaction of humic acid fertilizer in any of the measured parameters showed no significant difference in potatoes. Comparison by Duncan test showed that the application of humic acid in all the three stages of growth had shown great impact on tuber weight. The highest number of tubers per plant has been associated with the use of humic acid (27 l/ha). The number of tubers per hectare with the application of 18 litres of humic acid showed no significant difference. The amount of humic acid applied were 18 and 27 litres per hectare, and increased performance is in the range of 13 and 29% respectively.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, constructing
artificial island is permitted and countries can construct artificial islands in their own
territory. Constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in
the region, especially Iran, to pursue the issue with more sensitivity. According to data
dissemination principle of International Environmental Law, the countries that
construct artificial islands should notify other states regarding construction and
properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being
increased and this has caused many environmental crises including increase of water
darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. In this study, the
destructive results of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment,
the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and also
constructing artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas have
been reviewed. Moreover, according to the fact that the notion of governance in
modern International Law have been modified regarding the use of environment and
sustainable development, the states will have limited right to construct artificial
islands.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of
medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present
paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethnomedicinal
uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the
medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of
the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%,
trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in
formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark-
7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and
inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of foliar application of seaweed extracts from Ulva fasciata on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Seaweed extracts were prepared at concentrations of 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% and applied as a foliar spray to wheat crops at three stages of growth. Results showed that application of a 2.5% seaweed extract concentration led to increased growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and seed germination compared to the control. Higher concentrations did not further increase yields and some parameters were lower than the control at the highest concentration. Therefore, foliar application of seaweed extracts has potential to enhance wheat yields when applied at
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
Activity of alpha amylase in the tracheobronchial secretions of patients without morbid salivary aspiration
1. Article Citation:
Edmilton Pereira de Almeida, Marta Cristina Duarte, Jorge Montessi, Anelise
Almeida Cocate, Felipe Freesz Almeida, Carlos Augusto Gomes and Lincoln Eduardo
VV de Castro Ferreira
Activity of alpha amylase in the tracheobronchial secretions of patients without
morbid salivary aspiration
Journal of Research in Biology (2016) 6(2): 1959-1966
JournalofResearchinBiology
Activity of alpha amylase in the tracheobronchial secretions of
patients without morbid salivary aspiration
ABSTRACT:
Background
The normal values of α-amylase in humans is unknown.
Objective
To determine the normal values of α-amylase activity in humans.
Material and methods
From October 2009 to June 2011 we studied 107 patients referenced to
thoracic service to be submitted to bronchoscopy.
The patients were positioned in supine position, performed local antisepsis
and anesthetized with 2% lidocaine. Thereafter we introduced a needle into catheter
by puncturing the cricothyroid membrane using a 14G cateter. Finally we introduced
ten milliliters of saline and immediately aspirated with the maximum power of the
vacuum system. The samples were sent for α- amylase activity determination by CNPG
method.
Results
The activity of α-amylase of tracheal aspirate ranged from 24 to 10.000 IU/l),
and a mean 1914IU/L. The levels had no statistical differences according age, sex, race,
smoking history and the lung diseases.
Conclusion
We could define the probably physiologic levels of α-amylase activity in humans
beings.
1959-1966 | JRB | 2016 | Vol 6 | No 2
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Edmilton Pereira de
Almeida1
,
Marta Cristina Duarte1
,
Jorge Montessi2
,
Anelise Almeida Cocate2
,
Felipe Freesz Almeida2
,
Carlos Augusto Gomes1
and
Lincoln Eduardo VV de
Castro Ferreira1
Institution:
1. Federal University of Juiz
de Fora-Brazil
Rua Sizenando de Almeida
Cruzeiro, 165, Juiz de For a,
MG, Brazil
Zip code:36035360
2. FCMS-SUPREMA
Hospital e Maternidade
Terezinha de Jesus-Brazil
Corresponding author:
Edmilton Pereira de Almeida
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0588.pdf
Dates:
Received: 15 Dec 2015 Accepted: 01 Jan 2016 Published: 18 Feb 2016
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299
2. INTRODUCTION
There found no reference in the previously
published material on the normal value of α-amylase in
tracheobronchial secretions. The amylase in the lungs of
humans under normal condition probably has two
components—one is from the local production and other
from the physiological microaspiration (Nandapalan et
al., 1995a; Sano et al., 1986; Amberson 1937; Huxley et
al., 1978; Gleeson et al., 1997; Clarke et al., 1981).
Takano in 1938 demonstrated in rabbits that the blood of
their right heart had major amylase concentration than
the left chambers. The plausible explanation was the
passage of amylase from lung circulation to general
circulation (Nandapalan et al., 1995a). Sano studied the
activity of enzymes in lung tissue of humans by
histochemical techniques found that the enzyme most
frequently presented on the specimens was amylase,
principally of salivary type and discovered salivary
glands acinus in lung parenchyma (Sano et al., 1986). In
1985 Nandapalan studying α-amylase activity in
laryngectomized patients without salivary fistula found
an α-amylase activity range from 35 to 1025, mean 428,
standardad deviation 367, and median of 295 IU/l in
tracheobronchial secretions (Amberson 1937). His group
considered these values as the normal levels of this
enzyme in normal human beings. We disagree with that
conclusion because it had long being demonstrated that
normal people microaspirates saliva (Huxley et al., 1978;
Gleeson et al., 1997; Clarke et al., 1981; Pecora 1959;
Morishita et al., 2000; Almeida et al., 2015). This is the
main reason of our work, to define the normal levels of
this enzyme in tracheobronchial secretions of people
with very low possibility of morbid aspiration, based on
known risk factors. There is a possibility that α-amylase
could be a marker of tracheobronchial aspiration of
saliva and may be considered a tool for assessing
aspiration of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia
(Pecora 1959; Morishita et al., 2000; Nandapalan et al.,
1995b). The main application of this tool could be in
weaning from mechanical ventilation, allowing us to
diagnose oropharyngeal dysphagia with major accuracy
than the card test. Which is very subjective and a as rule
not used in clinical practice. Currently, an objective tool
to diagnose oropharyngeal dysphagia before extubation
does not exist. By comparing saliva and tracheobronchial
amylase activity, it is possible to diagnose oropharyngeal
dysphagia and take measures to reduce saliva secretion
and prevent weaning failure, thereby reducing morbidity,
costs and mortality. This project was approved by CEP
HU UFJF, Number:0129/2009.
The ideal procedure to define physiologic
parameters of lung amylase should use healthy
volunteers; but this probable would not be approved by
the Committee on ethics in human beings, because the
procedures have some side effects and a little, but
possible, risk of complications.
Objective
To determine the normal levels of α-amylase in
tracheobronchial secretions and saliva of patients without
the risk of aspiration.
Almeida et al., 2016
1960 Journal of Research in Biology (2016) 6(2):1959-1966
Frequency Percentage Mean P Value S. Deviation
Race
White
Non-White
Missing
71
31
5
66%
29%
5%
0.159
Sex Male
Female
73
34
68%
32%
0.139
Smoking Yes
No
Missing
71
33
3
66%
31%
3%
0.222
Age (Years) 48.7 14.4
Table 1. General data of patients involved in the study
3. Journal of Research in Biology (2016) 6(2):1959-1966 1961
Almeida et al., 2016
MATERIAL AND METHODS
From October 2009 to June 2011, we
prospectively evaluated 107 patients without clinical
signals of hypersecretion who underwent transtracheal
puncture before undergoing bronchoscopy. Inclusion
criteria were patients without hypersecretion in the
tracheobronchial tree, and who were referred to the
Thoracic Surgery Service for diagnostic flexible
bronchoscopy. Patients with any risk factors for
aspiration owing to neurologic or muscle degenerative
disease, acute cerebral ischemic event, and surgery or
radiotherapy of the cervical region, age higher than 65
years were not included in this study.
All patients were asked to lie in a supine position
with light cervical hyperextension. The antisepsis was
performed at the anterior cervical region using a 70%
alcoholic solution. All patients underwent sedation and
local anesthesia.
Sedation and analgesia was administered
intravenously with a combination of diazepam and
meperidine to achieve a sedation level of 2–3 in the
Ramsay scale. The local anesthesia comprised the skin,
subcutaneous, and cricothyroid membrane levels and was
performed using 0.5 to 1 ml of 2% lidocaine solution
(XylestesinR
)
We performed the puncture of the cricothyroid
membrane with a 25/7G needle, and 10 ml of lidocaine
(2%) without a vasoconstrictor was injected into the
tracheobronchial tree. Lidocaine was allowed to take
effect by waiting for two minutes and allowing it
spreading into the tracheobronchial tree. This technique
of anesthesia eliminates the cough reflex and leaves no
free lidocaine in the major airways.
The transtracheal puncture was then performed
using an intravenous catheter passing into a 14G needle
(BioCatR
-são Paulo-Brazil) (Pecora 1959; Morishita et
al., 2000; Pecora 1970; Pratter and Irwin 1979; Almeida
et al., 2015). After the puncture, the needle was
positioned about 45°in the cranial-caudal direction. With
the catheter introduced 5–10 cm in the tracheal lumen,
we performed an aspiration with the vacuum system at
maximum power. In the event of no retrieval of
secretion, the patient was confirmed as non-
hypersecretory. For such cases, we proceeded with the
infusion of 10ml saline solution, and immediately the
catheter was connected to the vacuum system, through
which the specimen was aspirated.
The vacuum system was a conventional system
Mean S.Deviation P Value
Sex Male
Female
2041IU/L
1573IU/L
1603IU/L 0.389
Race White
Non-White
1735IU/L
2177
2199 IU/L
2169IU/l
0.388
Smoking Yes
No
1812IU/L
1907IU/L
2467IU/L 0.85
Age( Years) 48.5 Y 14.8Y 0.99
Table 2. Comparison of α-amylase activity according to the demographyc data
IU/L= International unit per liter, Y= Years, S. deviation= Standard deviation
Mean Range 95% CI
TBcheal 1914 24 -10.000 (1436-239IU/L)
Saliva 225362 137543- 313181 (137543-313181)
Table 3. α-Amylase activity in tracheobronchial and saliva secretions of normal humans beings
TBcheal= Tracheobronchial; CI= Confidence interval
4. with a pressure from 30 to 40 cm Hg. When the volume
of the aspirate was at least 100 µl, it was collected as a
sample of saliva (bottle 1) and the aspirate (bottle 2).
The high viscosity of both fluids was responsible
for the negative results in 19 patients. After diluting the
samples, this problem was solved. After these procedures
the patients were submitted to video-naso-laringo-
bronchoscopy and evaluated for morbid aspiration. In
case of positivity for aspiration the patient should be
excluded from the study. This fact never had occurred.
Activity of α-amylase was measured using α-2-
chloro-p-nitrophenyl-α-maltotrioside1, 4 which was
hydrolised by α-amylase releasing 2-chloro p nitrophenol
that could be measured by photometry. We used LabMax
240 (Labtest ®-Amylase CNPG liquiform, Lagoa Santa,
Minas Gerais, Brazil) for the measuring of α-amylase in
both sample fluids.
SPSS software version 13 for Windows was used
to compile the survey data. We used, KS text for
normality evaluation, c-squared test for dycotomic versus
dycotomic variables, Student T test for means versus
dycotomic, Pearson correlation for analyzing the
relationship between salivary and tracheobronchial
amylase, descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test to
compare amylase activity among the various radiological
diagnoses . The study project was approved by the Ethics
and Research Commission at the Juiz de Fora Federal
University (number: 0129/2009), Minas Gerais, Brazil.
All patients signed an informed consent term.
RESULTS
In table 1, the data of participating patients have
been provided. There were no difference among the
parameters analyzed.
Table 2 contains the values of α-amylase activity in
tracheobronchial secretions according to the
1962 Journal of Research in Biology (2016) 6(2):1959-1966
Almeida et al., 2016
Almeida Nandapalan
N.Pts 107 16
A.TB(Mean) 1914IU/L 428IU/L
A.Sal(Mean) 22.536IU/L 28143IU/L
Range A.TB
AIndex (Range)
Aindex (Mean)
24-10.000IU/L
0.0- 5.09
0.10
35-1125IU/L
0,00- 0,03
0.0148
Table 4. Comparison between the present and Nanadapalan data
N.PTS= Number of patients, A.TB= Amylase tracheobronchial, A.Sal= Amylase salivary, Aindex= Amylase index
Radiology N Mean rank P Value
Amilase por PTC Normal 1 34.00
FLI 35 44.71
DLI 13 40.31
SPN 3 53.50
Cavity lesion 2 73.50
M.Cavity lesion 1 7.50 0.69
Mass 7 29.57
Pleural effusion 2 35.50
Atelectasis 7 48.57
Others 13 39.54
Total 84
Table 5. Multivariability analysis : Amylase Tracheal versus radiology
FLI= Focal lung infiltrate, DLI= Diffuse lung infiltrate, SPN= Solitaty pulmonary Nodule, M.
cavity lesions= Multiple cavity lesion
5. demographic data. Race, sex, age and smoking history
did not have influenced the results.
Table 3 shows the normal values of tracheobronchial and
saliva α-amylase activity
Table 4 shows the comparison between the present,
experimental data and Nandapalan`s data. We have
significant differences between and Nandapalan’s data
which implies that the difference should be due
physiologic microaspiration.
Table 5 shows the radiological diagnoses of patients and
amylase activity
We did not find influence of the disease in the levels of
amylase activity and the radiological diagnose
Figure 1 shows the Receiver Operating characteristic
Curve. The cut-off of 0.1, called amylase index, was the
best cut-off level I at discrimination between physiologic
and abnormal amylase activity
Figure 2 shows the Radiological diagnose of patients
and amylase activity. There was no statistically
difference among the various radiological findings.
DISCUSSION
The α-amylase activity in the human
tracheobronchial tree seems to have two origins.
One is from local production and the other is
from physiological microaspiration (Amberson 1937;
Huxley et al., 1978; Gleeson et al., 1997; Clarke et al.,
1981). Nandapalan in 1995 published two works on
this—one on laryngectomized patients and the other on
tracheotomized patients. It was shown that the human
lung produces amylases and thought that this should be
the normal value of α-amylase activity in humans
(Amberson 1937).
We disagree with this information because we
did know that physiological microaspiration occurs
(Huxley et al., 1978; Gleeson et al., 1997; Clarke et al.,
Journal of Research in Biology (2016) 6(2):1959-1966 1963
Almeida et al., 2016
Radiological diagnoses
FLI= Focal lung infiltrate, DLI= Diffuse lung infiltratre, SPN=Solitary Pulmonary Nodule.
6. 1981). Therefore, evaluating patients without the signs of
morbid aspiration to obtain normal values of α-amylase
in the lungs need to be performed. This is important
because α-amylase could be an useful tool in the
diagnosis of morbid aspiration (Pecora 1959; Morishita
et al., 2000; Nandapalan et al., 1995b; Almeida et al.,
2015).
The gold standard for diagnosis of aspirations are
video fluoroscopy and video endoscopy (Logemann et
al., 1998). However, both methods have limitations.
Video fluoroscopy is only useful in patients with some
degree of cognition to obey the order made by the speech
therapy specialist for treating oropharyngeal dysphagia.
Video endoscopy has advantages and disadvantages in
comparison with video fluoroscopy (Logemann et al.,
1998); for example, video endoscopy does not evaluate
the oral phase of dysphagia, and it is also not worldwide
economically viable.
In addition to highly attractive, such an approach
should be stimulated by health managers. Health systems
are overloaded with the increasing technological costs in
recent decades.
Transtracheal aspiration or puncture (TTA, TTP)
has been used widely because of the original publication,
although it is not an ideal procedure because transfixing
the anterior wall of the trachea, as in the original method
carries major risk of haemorragic complications (Pecora
1959; Morishita 2000; Pecora 1970; Pratter and Irwin
1979; Almeida et al., 2015). The recommended name for
this technique would be, ―transcricothyroid membrane
puncture‖ owing the fact it is an avascularity structure
and with less chance of thyroid gland penetration,
therefore with less chance of bleeding (Pecora 1970;
Pratter and Irwin 1979; Almeida et al., 2015).
The more appropriate term for the technique
should be, ―transcrycoid puncture (TCP).‖ However, the
descriptor "transcrycoid" does not exist, and all the
research on the current subject must use the terms
―transtracheal aspiration and puncture.‖ It is worth
noting that our pilot study of 33 patients was critical in
modifying the classical technique, which had been used
exclusively for patients showing large levels of
tracheobronchial secretions. Under such conditions,
acquiring secretion samples by TTP (TCP), with or
without anesthesia of the tracheobronchial tree or
intravenous sedation, is technically easier due to the fact
that patients with hypersecretions show reduced or
nonexistent airway reflexes (Pecora 1959; Morishita et
al., 2000; Pecora 1970; Pratter and Irwin 1979).
The current study differs from the previously
published ones in various aspects. First, the sample
population is inherently unique compared to that used
previously, wherein all patients showed large amount of
tracheobronchial secretions, and many of them were in
poor health state. By contrast, patients of this study
mostly were outpatients with good cognition and without
any tracheobronchial hypersecretion.
Second, a sedation protocol with the intention of
obtaining 2–3 levels in the Ramsay sedation scale was
used. In this situation, patients remained conscious and
cooperative.
In the present study it was observed that the
range of variation of α-amylase in the tracheobronchial
tree, using 10 ml of saline and transtracheal puncture was
Almeida et al., 2016
1964 Journal of Research in Biology (2016) 6(2):1959-1966
ROC Curve
Relation of Tracheal and Saliva Amylase
Area under the curve: 0.892
7. 24–10,000 IU/L (mean 1,914 IU/l; standard error mean,
240 IU/l.). The inference of de double origin of α-
amylase in tracheobroncheal secretions is intuitive
because the values in laryngectomized patients is very
different from our population without the risk of morbid
aspiration and with normal airways anatomy and
confirmed such data by naso video laryngo bronchoscop
(Pecora 1959). The differences between the present study
and Nandapalan`s findings is that a contribution of a
physiologic microaspiration that occur in most normal
people. The absolute value of α-amylase activity from
oral cavity has a wide range of variation.
What could differentiate a normal from a morbid
aspiration is the innocculum into tracheobronchial tree
and due to the large variation of amylase activity in
saliva this very important aspect only could be evaluated
by indexation of tracheal and saliva amylase (Amylase
index). After analyzing many absolute and indexed
amylase activity (Tracheal amylase divided by saliva
amylase) and using the Receiver Operator Curve we
have found the best cut-off point of 0.1 (Ten percent) to
distinguish between normal and abnormal saliva
aspiration .
Our work has many limitations, such as the
sample size and being a single center study. We hope
that other researchers could also confirm our data and
solve this controversial issue.
CONCLUSION
We have defined the normal values of amylase in
tracheobronchial secretions of human beings.
The α-amylase in the human lung has probably
two components: one produced locally and the other due
to normal physiological aspiration.
List of abbreviations
TTP: Transtracheal puncture
TCP: Transcrycoid puncture
NS: Normal saline
SEM: Standard error mean
UFJF: Federal University of Juiz de Fora- Minas Gerais-
Brazil
UFMG: Federal University of Minas Gerais- Belo
Horizonte- Brazil
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to tank Dr. Paulo
Camargos from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
(UFMG) for yours advices.
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1966 Journal of Research in Biology (2016) 6(2):1959-1966
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