The document discusses carbohydrates and provides definitions and examples of different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. It defines carbohydrates as biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose and fructose. Oligosaccharides are made of 2 to 10 monosaccharide units, such as disaccharides. Polysaccharides contain more than 10 monosaccharide units and include starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin. The document also discusses the structures of glucose and differences between cellulose and starch.

1. Carbohydrates
Presented by
Md. Shaon Mollah 161-23-4540
Jamil Bhuiyan 161-23-4598
Mahade Hasan 161-23-4581
Rayhan Feroz Pranto 161-23-4541
Md. Rokibul Hasan 161-23-4556
Atanu Biswas 161-23-4607
Daffodil International University
Department of Textile Engineering

2. Contain
1. Carbohydrate Definition
2. What are carbohydrates
3. D and L designations
4. Classification of Carbohydrates
5. Monosaccharide & Example
6. Oligosaccharide & Example
7. Polysaccharide & Example
8. Sugar and non-Sugar
9. Elements of structure of glucose
10. Structure of glucose

3. Contain
11. L & D – glucose
12. Starch
13. Cellulose
14. Difference between cellulose and starch
15. Use of starch and cellulose
16. Degradation of starch and cellulose

4. Carbohydrate Definition
A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms, usually with a hydrogen oxygen
ratio of 2:1.
www.wikipidea.org

5. What are carbohydrates
The Carbohydrates
are poly functional
compounds.
They contain the
–OH, >C=O, -CHO
groups.
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry by Arun Bhal & B.S. Bahl Page 607

6. D and L designations
D & L designations are based on the configuration
about the single asymmetric C in glyceraldehyde.
Most naturally occurring sugars are D isomers.
www.wikipidea.org
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry by Arun Bhal & B.S. Bahl

7. Classification of Carbohydrates
The Carbohydrates are divided into three major classes depending
on the number of simple sugar units present in their molecule.
1. Monosaccharide
2. Oligosaccharide
3. Polysaccharide
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry by Arun Bhal & B.S. Bahl Page 608

8. Monosaccharide
Mososaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They
consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble,
crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste.
They have a general formula CnH2nOn
Glucose Glucose
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry by Arun Bhal & B.S. Bahl

9. Examples
www.google.com

10. Oligosaccharide
Oligosaccharides are made of 2 to 10 units of monosaccharides
or simple sugars.
If oligosaccharides containing 2 monosaccharide units are called
Disaccharides, and those containing 3 units Trisaccharides.
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry by Arun Bhal & B.S. Bahl Page 608
www.google.com

11. Example

12. Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides contain more than ten
monosaccharide units in the molecule. Polysaccharides
compounds are starch and glycogen, and structural
polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry by Arun Bhal & B.S. Bahl Page 608
www.google.com

13. Example
www,ihealth.com

14. Sugars and Non-Sugars
The monosaccharide's and oligosaccharides are soluble
crystalline substances having a sweet taste. They are
collectively know as sugars.
On the other hand polysaccharides are insoluble amorphous
substances and are called Non-Sugar.
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry by Arun Bhal & B.S. Bahl Page 609

15. Elements of structure of glucose
What is glucose?
Glucose is a type of sugar that is found in plants and
fruits. Glucose is a monosaccharide, which is another term for a
simple sugar. It is one of three monosaccharide that are used by
the body, but it is only one that can be used directly to produce
ATP. ATP is used by the body for energy.
http://study.com/academy/lesson

16. Structure of glucose
Glucose is stored as a polymer, in plants as starch and in animals as
glycogen .Its chemical formula C6H12O6 ,and this empirical formula is
shared by other sugars - called hexoses - 6 carbon sugars. You may
wish to know in some detail how these 24 atoms are arranged in the
molecule of glucose .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose

17. L and D-glucose
The D-isomer (D-glucose) also known as dextrose, occur
widely in nature, but the L-isomer (L-glucose ) does not.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Glucose

18. Starch
The basic chemical formula of the starch molecule is (C 6H
10O 5) n Starch is a polysaccharide comprising glucose monomers
joined in α 1, 4 linkages. The simplest form of starch is the linear
polymer amylose; amylopectin is the branched form.
https://www.google.com/search?safe=active&q=starch+chemistry&oq=starc+chemistry&gs_l=serp.1.0.0i7i30l10.126239.138921.0.142189.5.5.0.0.0.0.743.2298.3-3j1j0j1.5.0....0...1c.1.64.serp..0.5.2291...0i7i10i30.kBrNqMhM1fo

19. Cellulose
A carbohydrate that is a polymer composed of glucose
units and that is the main component of the cell walls of most
plants. It is insoluble in water and is used to make paper,
cellophane, textiles, explosives, and other products.
www.google.com/search?safe=active&q=cellulose+definition+chemistry&oq=cellulosede&gs_l=serp.1.9.0i10l10.20261.21447.0.26372.3.3.0.0.0.0.393.753.3-
2.2.0....0...1c.1.64.serp..1.2.751...0j0i67.uM57d9I6ENI

20. Difference between cellulose & starch
Starch and cellulose are two very similar polymers. In fact,
they are both made from the same monomer, glucose, and
have the same glucose-based repeat units.
There is only one difference. In starch, all the glucose
repeat units are oriented in the same direction. But in
cellulose, each successive glucose unit is rotated 180 degrees
around the axis of the polymer backbone chain, relative to
the last repeat unit.
Ref : http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/starlose.htm

21. Difference between cellulose & starch

22. Use of Starch and cellulose
Starch are used as an additive for food processing.
Papermaking, Corrugated board adhesives, Clothing starch.
Cellulose is the major constituent of paper, paperboard, and
card stock. Cellulose is further used to make hydrophilic and highly
absorbent sponges. Cellulose is used in smokeless gunpowder.

23. Degradation of Starch
Pathways of starch metabolism.
Numbers refer to the following
enzymes:
1, ß-amylase;
2, α-amylase;
3, starch phosphorylase;
4, glucosidase;
5, hexose kinase;
6, phosphoglucomutase;
7, glucose 6-phosphate
isomerase.
(Original drawing courtesy
David Day)

24. Degradation of Cellulose
Cellulolytic microorganisms play an important role in the
biosphere by recycling cellulose, the most abundant
carbohydrate produced by plants.

25. Thank You