The document discusses the role of pharmacists in achieving therapeutic efficacy and cost-effectiveness in the management of allergic rhinitis. It outlines that pharmacists can play a key role in providing professional advice for self-medication of intermittent and mild persistent allergic rhinitis using over-the-counter antihistamines. This can help ensure good disease control while reducing healthcare costs for individuals and health insurance funds. The document also discusses how pharmacist counseling is important for proper administration of medications and treatment monitoring to prevent inappropriate drug use.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
This document discusses pharmacoeconomics in the Indian context. It begins by introducing the field of pharmacoeconomics and its growing importance in India given the large population and relatively scarce healthcare resources. It then provides an overview of how pharmacoeconomics can inform decisions regarding drug licensing, reimbursement, and formulary procedures. The role of pharmacology graduates in applying pharmacoeconomic principles to improve resource allocation in community and tertiary hospitals is also discussed.
The document defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population at all times. It discusses how a limited essential medicines list leads to better health care, drug management, and lower costs. Essential medicines should be available at all times in adequate amounts and strengths, appropriate dosage forms, and assured quality at an affordable price. They are selected based on disease prevalence, evidence on efficacy and safety, and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of an essential medicines list is to make life-saving treatments universally accessible.
1) Developing a national drug policy involves a complex process of formulation, implementation, and monitoring over time.
2) Careful planning is needed, including strategic and implementation plans, to achieve policy objectives.
3) All stakeholders must be involved throughout the process through consultation, dialogue, and negotiation.
4) Formulating and implementing drug policy is a highly political process that aims to improve access, efficiency, and responsiveness of the pharmaceutical sector.
Essential medicines are those medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the
population. WHO published the first essential medicine list in 1977 and has been updating it
every two years since. Nepal being a signatory of the Alma Ata declaration (1978) implemented the essential medicine
program with a first ever National List of Essential Medicines, NLEM in 1986. Since then NLEM revised five times (1992, 1997, 2002, 2011 and 2016) with the support from
WHO Nepal
This document provides guidelines for physicians, pharmacists, nurses and medical auxiliaries on essential drugs. It includes an introduction by the Director of the World Health Organization's Essential Drugs and Other Medicines department, as well as sections on the editorial committee, contributors, preface, foreword, and use of the guide.
Essential medicines and counterfeit medicinesAmit Bhondve
The document discusses essential medicines and counterfeit medicines. It defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health needs of a population and are selected based on disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own lists. Counterfeit medicines pose serious risks as they may contain incorrect ingredients, too much or too little of the active ingredient, or no active ingredient at all. It is difficult to determine the full extent of counterfeiting due to varying reporting methods across countries and regions. Counterfeiting is most prevalent in areas with weak regulatory and enforcement systems for medicines.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
This document discusses pharmacoeconomics in the Indian context. It begins by introducing the field of pharmacoeconomics and its growing importance in India given the large population and relatively scarce healthcare resources. It then provides an overview of how pharmacoeconomics can inform decisions regarding drug licensing, reimbursement, and formulary procedures. The role of pharmacology graduates in applying pharmacoeconomic principles to improve resource allocation in community and tertiary hospitals is also discussed.
The document defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population at all times. It discusses how a limited essential medicines list leads to better health care, drug management, and lower costs. Essential medicines should be available at all times in adequate amounts and strengths, appropriate dosage forms, and assured quality at an affordable price. They are selected based on disease prevalence, evidence on efficacy and safety, and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of an essential medicines list is to make life-saving treatments universally accessible.
1) Developing a national drug policy involves a complex process of formulation, implementation, and monitoring over time.
2) Careful planning is needed, including strategic and implementation plans, to achieve policy objectives.
3) All stakeholders must be involved throughout the process through consultation, dialogue, and negotiation.
4) Formulating and implementing drug policy is a highly political process that aims to improve access, efficiency, and responsiveness of the pharmaceutical sector.
Essential medicines are those medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the
population. WHO published the first essential medicine list in 1977 and has been updating it
every two years since. Nepal being a signatory of the Alma Ata declaration (1978) implemented the essential medicine
program with a first ever National List of Essential Medicines, NLEM in 1986. Since then NLEM revised five times (1992, 1997, 2002, 2011 and 2016) with the support from
WHO Nepal
This document provides guidelines for physicians, pharmacists, nurses and medical auxiliaries on essential drugs. It includes an introduction by the Director of the World Health Organization's Essential Drugs and Other Medicines department, as well as sections on the editorial committee, contributors, preface, foreword, and use of the guide.
Essential medicines and counterfeit medicinesAmit Bhondve
The document discusses essential medicines and counterfeit medicines. It defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health needs of a population and are selected based on disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own lists. Counterfeit medicines pose serious risks as they may contain incorrect ingredients, too much or too little of the active ingredient, or no active ingredient at all. It is difficult to determine the full extent of counterfeiting due to varying reporting methods across countries and regions. Counterfeiting is most prevalent in areas with weak regulatory and enforcement systems for medicines.
Concept of essential medicines and rational use of medicinesVivek Nayak
This document discusses essential medicines and rational drug use. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population based on efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a model list of essential medicines that is divided into core and complementary items. Rational drug use means using the appropriate medicine at the right dose for the correct duration. Promoting rational use involves training, continuing education, and formulary guidance. Irrational use increases costs and harms patients.
This document provides an overview of essential drugs and the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) in India. It discusses the history and definition of essential drugs as developed by the WHO. Key points covered include the selection criteria and purpose of essential drug lists, as well as the development and features of India's national list. The inclusion and deletion criteria for the NLEM are presented. The importance and impact of essential drug lists at the national and state level in India is also summarized.
Essential medicine list concept for BPHPravin Prasad
This document discusses essential medicine lists and concepts. It defines essential medicines as drugs that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of a population according to the World Health Organization. Essential medicines should be available at all times in adequate amounts and appropriate dosage forms within functioning health systems. They also need to provide adequate information and be affordable. The document notes the World Health Organization's 19th essential medicines list from 2015 and Nepal's 4th national essential medicines list from 2011, which includes 368 medicines and is modified for different healthcare facility levels.
Essential Medicine List concept and Rational Use of MedicinesPravin Prasad
This document discusses rational use of medicines and essential medicine lists. It defines essential medicines as those that satisfy priority healthcare needs of a population. Essential medicine lists like WHO's are created to guide availability and affordability of effective, safe medicines. Irrational medicine use can harm patients and increase costs through ineffective treatment, adverse events and drug resistance. Causes include lack of information, promotional activities and defective supply systems. The document promotes the "P-drug concept" as a rational approach - choosing effective personal drugs for conditions through a six step process considering diagnosis and therapeutic objectives.
The Cochrane Collaboration Colloquium: Challenges and opportunities in intern...Cochrane.Collaboration
This document discusses challenges and opportunities in international evidence-based guideline development. It describes differences in recommendations between various hypertension guidelines. It also discusses WHO's strategy for implementing guidelines, including advocacy, dissemination, training and evaluation. Further, it addresses gaps in evidence and treatments for neglected diseases and conditions like African trypanosomiasis. Developing comprehensive guidelines on opioid dependence and rapid guidelines for avian influenza are also covered. Challenges include a lack of relevant evidence from developing world settings and on important outcomes like harms.
The document discusses the changing role of pharmacists and the benefits of integrating pharmacists into medical teams. It presents several studies that show pharmacists improving clinical outcomes when involved in patient care. The rationale is that pharmacists can help physicians optimize drug therapy and patient safety by providing expertise in areas like monitoring treatments, detecting interactions and adverse reactions, and managing costs. The conclusion is that applying pharmaceutical care principles can both improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
The document summarizes the concept, criteria for selection, benefits, and application of essential medicines in Nepal. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health needs of the population and are intended to be available at all times in adequate amounts and appropriate forms at a price people can afford. Nepal first implemented a national list of essential medicines in 1986 based on WHO guidelines. The list is revised every few years to ensure availability of effective, safe, and affordable medicines aligned with treatment guidelines.
National list of essential medicine final copynkar2429
This document provides an executive summary of the National List of Essential Medicines of India from 2011. It overviews the process of revising the 2003 list to develop the 2011 list, which included rounds of consultation with experts from across India to determine which medicines should be included based on disease burden and healthcare needs. The revised 2011 list aims to promote rational and affordable medicine use in both public and private healthcare sectors in India. It categorizes medicines by therapeutic area and provides the full list of additions and deletions from the previous 2003 version.
Concept of essential medicines lhr 02 24-06Mian Quddus
This document discusses the concept of essential drugs and medicines. It begins by outlining the global access to medicines crisis, with communicable diseases killing over 25% of people globally each year, disproportionately impacting developing countries. The concept of essential drugs originated in 1975 to help address this crisis by identifying a set of minimum medicine needs. The World Health Organization (WHO) first published a Model List of Essential Medicines in 1977. National governments then began developing their own National Essential Medicines Lists based on the WHO model. Over time, the process of defining essential medicines has become more evidence-based. Essential medicines lists are useful tools for policymaking, procurement, rational prescribing, and more to help provide cost-effective treatment
The document discusses the history and development of essential medicines. It outlines key events like the growth of new drugs post-WWII, the thalidomide tragedy of 1960, and the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration which established primary health care and inclusion of essential drugs. The WHO defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the majority of a population's health needs. Selection criteria include disease patterns, treatment facilities, and financial resources. National drug policies aim to ensure appropriate access to and use of essential medicines.
The document discusses essential medicines as defined by the WHO. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of a population and are selected based on evidence of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines to guide countries in identifying medicines that are most important for their healthcare systems. India has also developed its own National List of Essential Medicines. Essential medicines are intended to always be available in adequate amounts and appropriate forms within functioning health systems at a price individuals and communities can afford.
The document discusses the WHO concept of essential medicines, which aims to improve healthcare by selecting a limited range of carefully chosen medicines that satisfy the priority health needs of populations. The essential medicines list seeks to promote availability and affordability of quality medicines. It has led to better health outcomes, management of medicines, and lower costs. The list is revised every two years based on disease prevalence, treatment needs, and other factors to include around 350 drugs across core and complementary lists.
The document outlines several strategies used by the ministry of health to provide drug information. These include using printed materials like formulary manuals, encouraging drug therapeutic committees, providing pharmacology education to health professionals, strengthening national drug policies, using essential medicine lists, creating non-governmental organizations for drug information, encouraging use of mass media, and providing seminars to health workers. The overall goal is to ensure the rational and effective use of drugs in the country.
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford
Revisiting Recommendations on Drug Resistance from Past Studiescgdev
The document summarizes recommendations from various sources to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. It outlines recommendations in three areas: health systems, behavior changes, and technology developments. For each area, it lists specific recommendations, the organizations that proposed them, and considerations around implementation such as targeted stakeholders and timeframes. Key recommendations include improving regulation and surveillance of antimicrobial use, optimizing treatment guidelines, educating providers and patients, developing new diagnostics and drugs, and providing incentives for research and development.
The document discusses Nepal's national drug policies from 1991 to present. It provides the following key points:
1. Nepal introduced its first National Health Policy in 1991 to improve rural health access. This led to a National Drug Policy in 1995 to ensure availability of safe, effective drugs at affordable prices nationwide.
2. The drug policy has been revised over time, with the 2007 revision strengthening regulatory authorities and encouraging research collaboration. It aims to improve drug management, quality assurance, rational use, and develop the domestic drug industry.
3. Considerable progress has been made in achieving many of the drug policy's objectives, such as establishing quality control laboratories, increasing domestic drug production, and implementing drug information systems. However,
The document discusses the Indian Pharmacopoeia, essential medicines, and rational use of drugs. It provides background on the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission which sets standards for drugs manufactured and used in India. The World Health Organization's concept of essential medicines is explained as those that satisfy priority health needs and are selected based on efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. Rational use of drugs is defined as patients receiving appropriate medications based on their needs at the lowest cost. Key interventions to promote rational drug use include clinical guidelines, essential medicines lists, education and avoidance of perverse incentives.
WHO model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019Niraj Bartaula
WHO’s Essential Medicines List and List of Essential Diagnostics are core guidance documents that help countries prioritize critical health products that should be widely available and affordable throughout health systems.
The updated Essential Medicines List adds 28 medicines for adults and 23 for children and specifies new uses for 26 already-listed products, bringing the total to 460 products deemed essential for addressing key public health needs.
The document discusses the World Health Organization's (WHO) Essential Medicines List. It provides a brief history of the essential medicines concept and the rationale for creating such a list. The WHO first published a Model List of Essential Medicines in 1977 containing 212 medications. The list is updated every two years to guide member countries in selecting medicines that satisfy priority health needs while considering factors like efficacy, safety, cost and availability. The presentation reviews the process for adding medications to the WHO list and highlights some differences between the WHO list and India's national essential medicines list.
Concept of essential medicines and rational use of medicinesVivek Nayak
This document discusses essential medicines and rational drug use. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population based on efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a model list of essential medicines that is divided into core and complementary items. Rational drug use means using the appropriate medicine at the right dose for the correct duration. Promoting rational use involves training, continuing education, and formulary guidance. Irrational use increases costs and harms patients.
This document provides an overview of essential drugs and the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) in India. It discusses the history and definition of essential drugs as developed by the WHO. Key points covered include the selection criteria and purpose of essential drug lists, as well as the development and features of India's national list. The inclusion and deletion criteria for the NLEM are presented. The importance and impact of essential drug lists at the national and state level in India is also summarized.
Essential medicine list concept for BPHPravin Prasad
This document discusses essential medicine lists and concepts. It defines essential medicines as drugs that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of a population according to the World Health Organization. Essential medicines should be available at all times in adequate amounts and appropriate dosage forms within functioning health systems. They also need to provide adequate information and be affordable. The document notes the World Health Organization's 19th essential medicines list from 2015 and Nepal's 4th national essential medicines list from 2011, which includes 368 medicines and is modified for different healthcare facility levels.
Essential Medicine List concept and Rational Use of MedicinesPravin Prasad
This document discusses rational use of medicines and essential medicine lists. It defines essential medicines as those that satisfy priority healthcare needs of a population. Essential medicine lists like WHO's are created to guide availability and affordability of effective, safe medicines. Irrational medicine use can harm patients and increase costs through ineffective treatment, adverse events and drug resistance. Causes include lack of information, promotional activities and defective supply systems. The document promotes the "P-drug concept" as a rational approach - choosing effective personal drugs for conditions through a six step process considering diagnosis and therapeutic objectives.
The Cochrane Collaboration Colloquium: Challenges and opportunities in intern...Cochrane.Collaboration
This document discusses challenges and opportunities in international evidence-based guideline development. It describes differences in recommendations between various hypertension guidelines. It also discusses WHO's strategy for implementing guidelines, including advocacy, dissemination, training and evaluation. Further, it addresses gaps in evidence and treatments for neglected diseases and conditions like African trypanosomiasis. Developing comprehensive guidelines on opioid dependence and rapid guidelines for avian influenza are also covered. Challenges include a lack of relevant evidence from developing world settings and on important outcomes like harms.
The document discusses the changing role of pharmacists and the benefits of integrating pharmacists into medical teams. It presents several studies that show pharmacists improving clinical outcomes when involved in patient care. The rationale is that pharmacists can help physicians optimize drug therapy and patient safety by providing expertise in areas like monitoring treatments, detecting interactions and adverse reactions, and managing costs. The conclusion is that applying pharmaceutical care principles can both improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
The document summarizes the concept, criteria for selection, benefits, and application of essential medicines in Nepal. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health needs of the population and are intended to be available at all times in adequate amounts and appropriate forms at a price people can afford. Nepal first implemented a national list of essential medicines in 1986 based on WHO guidelines. The list is revised every few years to ensure availability of effective, safe, and affordable medicines aligned with treatment guidelines.
National list of essential medicine final copynkar2429
This document provides an executive summary of the National List of Essential Medicines of India from 2011. It overviews the process of revising the 2003 list to develop the 2011 list, which included rounds of consultation with experts from across India to determine which medicines should be included based on disease burden and healthcare needs. The revised 2011 list aims to promote rational and affordable medicine use in both public and private healthcare sectors in India. It categorizes medicines by therapeutic area and provides the full list of additions and deletions from the previous 2003 version.
Concept of essential medicines lhr 02 24-06Mian Quddus
This document discusses the concept of essential drugs and medicines. It begins by outlining the global access to medicines crisis, with communicable diseases killing over 25% of people globally each year, disproportionately impacting developing countries. The concept of essential drugs originated in 1975 to help address this crisis by identifying a set of minimum medicine needs. The World Health Organization (WHO) first published a Model List of Essential Medicines in 1977. National governments then began developing their own National Essential Medicines Lists based on the WHO model. Over time, the process of defining essential medicines has become more evidence-based. Essential medicines lists are useful tools for policymaking, procurement, rational prescribing, and more to help provide cost-effective treatment
The document discusses the history and development of essential medicines. It outlines key events like the growth of new drugs post-WWII, the thalidomide tragedy of 1960, and the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration which established primary health care and inclusion of essential drugs. The WHO defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the majority of a population's health needs. Selection criteria include disease patterns, treatment facilities, and financial resources. National drug policies aim to ensure appropriate access to and use of essential medicines.
The document discusses essential medicines as defined by the WHO. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority healthcare needs of a population and are selected based on evidence of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines to guide countries in identifying medicines that are most important for their healthcare systems. India has also developed its own National List of Essential Medicines. Essential medicines are intended to always be available in adequate amounts and appropriate forms within functioning health systems at a price individuals and communities can afford.
The document discusses the WHO concept of essential medicines, which aims to improve healthcare by selecting a limited range of carefully chosen medicines that satisfy the priority health needs of populations. The essential medicines list seeks to promote availability and affordability of quality medicines. It has led to better health outcomes, management of medicines, and lower costs. The list is revised every two years based on disease prevalence, treatment needs, and other factors to include around 350 drugs across core and complementary lists.
The document outlines several strategies used by the ministry of health to provide drug information. These include using printed materials like formulary manuals, encouraging drug therapeutic committees, providing pharmacology education to health professionals, strengthening national drug policies, using essential medicine lists, creating non-governmental organizations for drug information, encouraging use of mass media, and providing seminars to health workers. The overall goal is to ensure the rational and effective use of drugs in the country.
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford
Revisiting Recommendations on Drug Resistance from Past Studiescgdev
The document summarizes recommendations from various sources to address the problem of antimicrobial resistance. It outlines recommendations in three areas: health systems, behavior changes, and technology developments. For each area, it lists specific recommendations, the organizations that proposed them, and considerations around implementation such as targeted stakeholders and timeframes. Key recommendations include improving regulation and surveillance of antimicrobial use, optimizing treatment guidelines, educating providers and patients, developing new diagnostics and drugs, and providing incentives for research and development.
The document discusses Nepal's national drug policies from 1991 to present. It provides the following key points:
1. Nepal introduced its first National Health Policy in 1991 to improve rural health access. This led to a National Drug Policy in 1995 to ensure availability of safe, effective drugs at affordable prices nationwide.
2. The drug policy has been revised over time, with the 2007 revision strengthening regulatory authorities and encouraging research collaboration. It aims to improve drug management, quality assurance, rational use, and develop the domestic drug industry.
3. Considerable progress has been made in achieving many of the drug policy's objectives, such as establishing quality control laboratories, increasing domestic drug production, and implementing drug information systems. However,
The document discusses the Indian Pharmacopoeia, essential medicines, and rational use of drugs. It provides background on the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission which sets standards for drugs manufactured and used in India. The World Health Organization's concept of essential medicines is explained as those that satisfy priority health needs and are selected based on efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. Rational use of drugs is defined as patients receiving appropriate medications based on their needs at the lowest cost. Key interventions to promote rational drug use include clinical guidelines, essential medicines lists, education and avoidance of perverse incentives.
WHO model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019Niraj Bartaula
WHO’s Essential Medicines List and List of Essential Diagnostics are core guidance documents that help countries prioritize critical health products that should be widely available and affordable throughout health systems.
The updated Essential Medicines List adds 28 medicines for adults and 23 for children and specifies new uses for 26 already-listed products, bringing the total to 460 products deemed essential for addressing key public health needs.
The document discusses the World Health Organization's (WHO) Essential Medicines List. It provides a brief history of the essential medicines concept and the rationale for creating such a list. The WHO first published a Model List of Essential Medicines in 1977 containing 212 medications. The list is updated every two years to guide member countries in selecting medicines that satisfy priority health needs while considering factors like efficacy, safety, cost and availability. The presentation reviews the process for adding medications to the WHO list and highlights some differences between the WHO list and India's national essential medicines list.
This document discusses marketing strategies for pharmaceutical companies to retain market share after patent expiration, including reclassifying prescription drugs as over-the-counter (OTC). It analyzes sales data from four allergy drugs in Bulgaria before and after they were reclassified from prescription to OTC. All four drugs saw increases in sales after becoming available OTC, with one drug's sales increasing nearly threefold. However, sales trends varied between drugs, with cheaper options maintaining stronger sales growth over time. Reclassifying drugs to OTC can help companies extend brand viability and increase accessibility but must consider various stakeholder impacts.
This document does not contain any meaningful content to summarize. It only contains numbers with no additional context. In 3 sentences or less, I am unable to provide a useful summary as there is no information given in the source text.
This document discusses marketing strategies for pharmaceutical companies to retain market share after patent expiration, including reclassifying prescription drugs as over-the-counter (OTC). It analyzes sales data from four allergy drugs in Bulgaria before and after they were reclassified from prescription to OTC. All four drugs saw increases in sales after becoming available OTC, with one drug's sales increasing nearly threefold. However, sales trends varied between drugs, with lower-priced options maintaining stronger sales growth over time. Reclassifying drugs to OTC can help companies extend brand viability and increase accessibility but must consider various stakeholder impacts.
This document discusses the use of cytisine versus nicotine for smoking cessation. It notes that cytisine has been used in Poland for over 50 years and two Polish studies from 2003-2005 and 2006-2010 showed its safety and effectiveness. Cytisine is very inexpensive in Poland at under $20 for a full treatment. Its use and sales have grown substantially in Poland in recent years, and it is believed to be a major factor in declining smoking rates, with 500,000 smokers quitting in the last two years. The success of cytisine in Poland could potentially be replicated elsewhere.
This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of cytisine to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation. The trial involved 1310 daily smokers who received either a 25-day course of cytisine plus behavioral support or 8 weeks of NRT plus behavioral support. The primary outcome was abstinence at 1 month, with secondary outcomes including abstinence at 2 months and 6 months. Results showed cytisine was at least as effective as NRT for smoking cessation, with abstinence rates of 40% for cytisine vs 31% for NRT at 1 month. Cytisine was also associated with longer time to relapse and fewer withdrawal symptoms compared to NRT. Adverse effects were more common but mostly
Georgi Daskalov is a Bulgarian politician who has served as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2017. He has overseen Bulgaria's foreign policy agenda, including maintaining strong ties with NATO and the European Union. Daskalov has also focused on improving Bulgaria's diplomatic relations with neighboring countries.
The document summarizes a clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of the herbal supplement Tribulus terrestris for male sexual dysfunction. 180 men with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction were randomized to receive either Tribulus terrestris or a placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was a change in the International Index of Erectile Function score from baseline to end of study. Secondary outcomes included changes in other domains of sexual function, safety assessments, and lipid and hormone levels. Results indicated that Tribulus terrestris significantly improved erectile function and overall sexual satisfaction compared to placebo, without significant safety issues.
This document summarizes research on the benefits of clinical pharmacists working in emergency departments, intensive care units, and other medical settings. It finds that having clinical pharmacists as part of the medical team can reduce mortality rates and healthcare costs based on evidence from multiple studies. The document reviews literature showing reductions in mortality from conditions like heart disease when clinical pharmacists identify and address drug-related issues. It also finds clinical pharmacists improve outcomes for infections diseases by optimizing antibiotic use. In conclusion, integrating clinical pharmacists into medical teams through programs like pharmaceutical care can significantly improve clinical outcomes and reduce costs.
This document discusses the role of clinical pharmacists in medical teams. It argues that pharmacists are experts in pharmacology and drug therapy who can improve clinical outcomes when working alongside physicians. The document outlines studies that found clinical pharmacist involvement on medical wards reduced drug errors, adverse drug reactions, morbidity and mortality rates, and healthcare costs. It advocates for pharmacists to take a more active role in multidisciplinary teams to aid physicians and help ensure the best and safest drug therapy for patients. Pharmacists' expertise in areas like drug interactions, delivery systems, and monitoring could benefit patient care and outcomes across many medical disciplines if their contributions were utilized more fully.
This document discusses how clinical pharmaceutical care, medical laboratory imaging, and nuclear medicine can work together to improve clinical outcomes and reduce costs. It argues that clinical pharmacists are well-positioned to utilize data from these areas to better monitor drug therapies and collaborate as part of multidisciplinary medical teams. Several studies are cited that show involvement of clinical pharmacists on medical teams can significantly improve various clinical outcomes and lower mortality rates. The inclusion of pharmacists' expertise in areas like medical imaging and laboratory testing is posited to further aid rational drug therapy management and containment of treatment costs.
The document discusses how clinical pharmacists can help reduce healthcare costs when integrated into medical teams. It presents evidence from studies showing that pharmacists improve clinical outcomes and lower costs through various methods. When pharmacists apply diagnostic data and utilize management skills while collaborating with medical staff, they can optimize drug therapy selection and monitoring, reducing costs up to 30% while improving patient care. The inclusion of pharmacists in multidisciplinary teams provides an effective approach for health systems to both enhance quality of care and contain expenses.
Pharmacotherapeutics is the study of therapeutic uses and effects of drugs. It involves determining treatment objectives, selecting appropriate drugs, dosages, and treatment durations based on factors like the disease stage and patient characteristics. Rational pharmacotherapy means medicines are prescribed, delivered, and explained properly to patients. Evidence-based medicine systematically uses clinical research evidence to make patient care decisions. An essential medicines list identifies the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system, based on disease prevalence, costs, and availability.
This document discusses the benefits of including clinical pharmacists as part of medical teams. It reviews studies that found clinical pharmacists improved patient outcomes and reduced mortality rates. Specifically, the presence of clinical pharmacists significantly enhanced clinical outcomes by utilizing their expertise in medical laboratory data and imaging to better monitor drug therapies. The document concludes that hospitals should engage clinical pharmacists, especially in fields involving medical laboratory work and imaging, to improve patient safety, health outcomes, and reduce costs through more rational drug therapy.
This document discusses the benefits of including clinical pharmacists as part of medical teams. It reviews several studies that found positive impacts of pharmacists' involvement, including reduced mortality rates, favorable effects on patient outcomes across settings and diseases, and positive influence on clinical outcomes. The document argues that utilizing clinical pharmacists' expertise in areas like medical laboratory work and imaging can further enhance therapy monitoring and improve safety, health outcomes, and cost reductions for patients. It concludes that hospitals should engage pharmacists more actively, especially in fields involving innovative treatments, to reduce risks and costs while improving care.
This document summarizes a research article about opportunities and challenges for clinical pharmacists in Ethiopia based on a systematic review. It discusses how pharmaceutical care is recognized and emerging in Ethiopia through policy changes, educational reforms, and inclusion in hospital guidelines. Clinical pharmacists can positively impact patient care by identifying prescription errors, assessing medication appropriateness, improving adherence, and participating in ward rounds. However, resistance from other healthcare professionals, inadequate clinical skills and support pose challenges to establishing their role. Overall, the document outlines the evolution and potential benefits of involving clinical pharmacists in the Ethiopian healthcare system.
This white paper explores how public and private bodies in the UK could work together to accelerate the development and adoption of personalized medicine through strategic alliances. Personalized medicine involves classifying individuals into disease subpopulations to identify who will benefit most from specific treatments. The paper recommends that the UK focus on personalized medicine approaches for several diseases areas, and establish partnerships and initiatives to advance the necessary biomarkers and technologies.
A study on prescription pattern and rational use of statins in tertiary care ...SriramNagarajan16
Objectives
Our objectives are to evaluate prescription pattern and rational use of statins in a tertiary care corporate hospital.
Methodology
It was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of 6 months and included various departments of 300
bedded multi specialty tertiary care corporate hospital. A total of 200 patients were included and the study criteria
was inpatients and induvial more than 18 years of either gender who are prescribed with HMG-CoA reductase
inhibitors.
Results
In the present study 200 patients belonged to the age group of above 18 years, out of which about 65% were male
and 35% were female. Atorvastatin (67%) was prescribed mostly and Rosuvastatin (29.5%) was also used.
Conclusion
It is finally concluded that Rational and prophylactic use of statins can reduce further complications of Diabetes
Mellitus (DM) and cardiac events.
Statins treatment is favourable in long term treatment of diseases, it is most effectively used in treatment of serious
disease conditions which has shown its immense therapeutic role in treatment
The document discusses the role of clinical pharmacists in medical teams treating severe and critical patients. It argues that including clinical pharmacists can reduce mortality rates by adding pharmaceutical knowledge and expertise to evaluate drug efficacy and make treatment decisions. The main focus of clinical pharmacists should be on the most critical patients, as their contributions can save lives. Their presence helps optimize pharmacological strategies and outcomes through competencies in areas like pharmacokinetics, drug design, and preventing antimicrobial resistance.
Problems and challenges faced in consumer reporting of adverse drug reactions...Mohammed Alshakka
This document discusses consumer reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in developing countries like Yemen, Nepal, and Malaysia. It finds that Malaysia has a good system for consumer involvement, while Yemen lacks drug policies and regulation. Nepal's system is still developing and lacks consumer reporting. Consumer reporting can provide additional information to national pharmacovigilance programs and help reduce ADR-related illness, but is still not widely implemented in developing countries.
PharmaCon2007 Congress, Dubrovnik, Croatia "New Technologies and Trends in Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Industry and Education" http://www.pharmacon2007.com
Abstract is available at http://www.pharmaconnectme.com
Polypharmacy resource_JAN 15_NINA BARNETTZeshan Ahmed
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2. a full extent in the process of OTC drug treatment, (Petkova et
al., 2005). The implementation of pharmaceutical care requires
compliance with the guidelines on good pharmacy practice
(GPP). GPP includes standards for pharmacists’ professional
attitude towards patients, as well as standards for pharmacists’
professional self-assessment and self-monitoring, thus
ensuring the high quality of pharmaceutical services. The
compliance with GPP standards is supported and controlled by
the Quality Committee of the Bulgarian Pharmaceutical Union
(BPU) and by the Ethics and quality committees at the regional
pharmaceutical associations of the BPU. The compliance with
GPP standards benefits the pharmacists in performing their
professional duties, but above all it benefits the society
guaranteeing rational and safe drug use. Healthcare systems in
Central and Eastern Europe face serious challenges in terms of
patient access to healthcare services and medications:
The average GDP percapitain Central and Eastern Europe
is 5 time slower than the average GDP in the EU member
states
Personal health care expenditures per capita in Central and
Eastern Europe are less than EUR 400, whereas they are as
high as EUR 1600 in the rest of the EU member states. (9)
In the developed countries, the role of the pharmacist in the
dispensing of drugs takes on greater importance. Pharmacists
contribute to the safe and effective use of medications. They
play a substantial role in the promotion of rational drug use by
providing patients with drug information, by promoting the
substitution of brand-name products with appropriate generic
products, and by participating in drug use researches. (8) In
collaboration with physicians and other healthcare providers,
pharmacists take part in government programs for disease
prevention and health promotion by optimizing and monitoring
the prescribed drug therapies. The pharmacist is a reliable
source of medical information and an intermediary between
the physician and the patient in delivering adequate therapy.
Various researches have proven that generics not only reduce
the treatment costs but also prevent the potential spending
growth. Furthermore, the increased use of generics improves
the access to drug therapy. Generic substitution promoted by
pharmacists creates high potential for cost savings.
OTC drugs and prescription drugs that are excluded from the
reimbursement lists do not affect the spending of public
healthcare funds. This is a feasible control mechanism,
provided that there are well established legislation rules and
regulations. Rational drug policy is a prerequisite for good
patient access to prescribed drug therapies that are reimbursed
by public funds. The legislative and executive government
institutions, professional organizations, patients, and the
pharmaceutical industry have their relevant role in this
process. Over the past 5 years, the use of generics in the
Bulgarian pharmaceutical market has driven down the average
daily cost of treatment by 23%, and the access to treatment has
increased by 80% for seven therapeutic main groups
(Angiotensin II antagonists, anti-depressants, anti-epileptics,
anti-psychotics, anti-ulcerants, cholesterol regulators and oral
anti-diabetics), (http://www.bgpharma.bg/bg/za-lekari-i-
farmacevti.html). Ulgarian patients need a modern and realistic
government strategy for pharmaceutical care, which can
identify their needs, promote the collaboration among health
professionals, and enhance the shared responsibility for safe
and effective drug use.
Pharmacists are an essential factor for the improvement of
public health and a key component in the successful
implementation of the national health strategy.
The national drug policy defines the following guidelines for
improving public health:
Improving patient access to safe medications with high
quality
Optimization and coherence of the registration and pricing
regulations of drugs
Introducing an integrated information system for drug
prescribing and dispensing
Improved control over the distribution
Maintaining control over the distribution practice of
medicinal products
Training of health professionals in rational drug use
Raising the awareness of patients about the rational drug
use of medicines
Provision of medicinal products and medical devices
Introducing a methodology for the reimbursement of
medicinal products and medical devices to ensures better
patient access
Introducing modern systems for medical information and
control over the process of prescribing and dispensing of
medicinal products and medical devices
Educational intervention in improving health professionals’
competence on rational drug use
Independent drug information services
There is an inextricable mutual linkage between the profession
of pharmacy and the implementation of these guidelines.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We will support our argument with the evidence-based
pharmacy model for implementing a therapeutic algorithm in
the management of allergic rhinitis. Responsible self-
medication is “the practice where by individuals treat their
conditions with medicines which are approved and available
without prescription, and which are safe and effective when
used as directed.” The community pharmacies are the most
appropriate setting for advising and counselling on a self-
medication programme. Community pharmacists are the health
professionals most accessible to the public. They can offer
professional medical information and counselling that meets
patients’ needs for anappropriate self-medication plan and
tailor-made healthcare services, (Petkova et al., 2005; Petkova
et al., 2007). According to ARIA guidelines, the first-line
treatment for all types of allergic rhinitis, regardless of the
symptom severity, are the topical or oral non-sedating H1-
receptor antagonists. Second generation oral antihistamines
(Cetirizine, Levocetirizine, Loratadine, Desloratadine,
Fexofenadine) are favoured in the management of all types of
allergic rhinitis for two main reasons: firstly, they do not cause
central nervous system side effects such as drowsiness and
fatigue, and secondly, they have higher H1-receptor affinity.
(Zyrtec et al., 2007) However, the OTC status of
antihistamines underlies their indiscriminate administration
without professional supervision. (Dykewicz et al., 1998) This
focuses the attention on the role of the pharmacist as a source
594 Mihailova et al., The role of the pharmacist in achieving therapeutic efficacy and cost effectiveness in the management of
allergic rhinitis
3. of counselling and advice on the management of intermittent
and mild persistent rhinitis, where good disease control can be
achieved and maintained. The pharmacist has to identify the
type of allergic rhinitis and decide whether to recommend an
appropriate treatment with OTC drugs, or to refer the patient to
a physician in cases of poorly controlled severe persistent
rhinitis. Figure 1 below shows the therapeutic algorithm of
pharmaceutical care and the two potential alternatives for
allergic rhinitis management – either a pharmacist-guided self-
medication plan, or a consultation with a medical specialist
when the condition necessitates it.
Therapeutic algorithm in the management of allergic
rhinitis
Once the allergic rhinitis has been identified as intermittent or
mild persistent and the patient’s choice is self-medication, the
therapeutic algorithm recommends pharmacist-provided
counselling and advice on appropriate drug therapy at an
affordable price. This alternative suggests the purchase of OTC
drugs (antihistamines) as the final stage. The treatment cost
includes only the OTC drug price set in accordance with
retailers' price caps. There are no treatment costs incurred by
sick leaves or hospitalization charges. Table 1 below includes
several potential alternatives for generic substitution, which the
pharmacist can recommend in accordance with patient’s
condition and financial abilities. The four medicines are
intended for the treatment of AR and have an OTC status.
Table1. Alternative choices for self-medication of AR with OTC
antihistamines
Medication Patient expenditures, BGN per pack
Allergosantabl.( chloropyramine
hydrochloride 25 mg)
3,06
Loranotabl.(loratidine) 4,63
Zirtectabl.(cetirizine dihydrochloride) 13,52
Claritin tabl.(loratidine) 11,60
The pharmacist can recommend alternatives for generic
substitution, and the purchase decision depends on patient’s
preferences and financial abilities. Patients’ out-of-pocket
payments affect the decision making process, since OTC drugs
are not reimbursed by public health funds and patients face
additional access barriers. The concept of pharmaceutical care
shifts the focus from the drug to the patient, without
disregarding the value of pharmaceuticals. (2) In the short run,
the benefit for the patient is the low price of the drug. In the long
run, however, the appropriate drug choice, the optimal dosage
regimen and the reasonable drug price will generate substantial
savings not only for the individuals, but for the health insurance
funds as well. Thus, unnecessary medical consultations and
hospitalizations, high rates of sickness absence, and poor quality
of life can be successfully avoided. Pharmacists are able to
assist, counsel and facilitate the correct choice of drugs, since
they have a direct contact with patients and very often are the
only health professionals that can monitor the treatment process.
Many patients face financial constraints, others have below basic
or basic health literacy skills, and others simply demonstrate
their discontent with the provided health care services. Each
separate case requires an adequate approach and proactive
attitude to stimulate the demand in accordance with the concept
of pharmaceutical care and professional conduct standards.
When the recommended therapy fails to provide a good
therapeutic outcome, the pharmacist should refer the patient to
the GP or to a medical specialist. This is the decisive key role of
the pharmacist as the health professional who can objectively
assess patient’s condition and prescribe the optimal therapy, thus
ensuring a good therapeutic outcome. The results from the
collaboration among different health professionals strongly
exceed the results of the separate efforts of physicians,
pharmacists, other healthcare professionals, patients, legislators,
and regulatory bodies.
Conclusion
Being at the end of the drug supply chain, pharmacists provide
drug manufacturers and distributors with professional feedback
on the quality, efficacy and safety of the drugs available in the
pharmaceutical market. They provide counselling to patients
who have chosenanappropriate self-medication plan on the
basis of sufficient information and objective assessment of the
specific symptoms. (7) Playing the role of the intermediary
between physicians and patients, pharmacists face increasing
expectations and are challenged to meet stringent professional
requirements.
595 International Journal of Information Research and Review Vol. 2, Issue, 04, pp. 593-596, April, 2015
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Petkova V., A. Antonova, 2005. Communication - A Key
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596 Mihailova et al., The role of the pharmacist in achieving therapeutic efficacy and cost effectiveness in the management of
allergic rhinitis