Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 Endocrine sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M2Endo
Disturbances of piturtary adrenal gonadal axis in hemodialysis ptalaa wafa
The kidneys play an important role in hormonal management. Endocrine disorders are one of the most crucial elements of ‘uraemic syndrome’ which is underestimated and has not been fully examined.
In CRF, there are complex endocrinal disorders related to hypothalamus and pituitary functions, and their relations to adrenal and gonadal functions also as far as sex hormones and adipose tissue hormones .
There is a great need for more randomized clinical trials to evaluate new and old treatment approaches, with the goal of developing better evidence-based practice guidelines.
The document provides information about thyroid gland disorders including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It discusses the anatomy and blood supply of the thyroid gland. It describes Hashimoto's thyroiditis as the most common cause of hypothyroidism due to an autoimmune reaction. Graves' disease is outlined as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, also caused by an autoimmune process involving thyroid stimulating antibodies. The clinical features, investigations, and treatment approaches for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are summarized.
01.26.09: Histology of the Endocrine SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
The document summarizes key points about the endocrine system from Chapter 13 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology. It defines the endocrine system and describes the general characteristics and functions of hormones. It discusses the major endocrine glands including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and others. It explains how hormones are classified, their mechanisms of action, and how their secretions are controlled through feedback loops and the nervous system. Stress responses mediated by the endocrine system are also summarized.
The endocrine system is composed of hormone-releasing organs that maintain homeostasis by releasing chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the endocrine system. Hormones have broader response times than neurotransmitters in the nervous system. Endocrine drugs include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic hormones used for replacement therapy, treatment of disorders, and diagnosis. Examples discussed include hypothalamic-pituitary hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins; steroid hormones; and thyroid hormones.
This document provides an overview of chapter 13 from Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook on the endocrine system. It describes the key endocrine glands including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas and others. It discusses how hormones are classified, their mechanisms of action, and control of hormonal secretions primarily through negative feedback. The stress response is also summarized.
The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate various bodily functions including growth, development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Hormones are chemical signals produced in endocrine glands and transported via bloodstream to target tissues. They activate physiological responses by binding to cell surface or intracellular receptors. Common hormones include amines derived from amino acids, peptides and proteins, and steroids. Hormone levels are regulated by feedback loops involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Endocrine disorders can result from hormone deficiencies or excesses.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Disturbances of piturtary adrenal gonadal axis in hemodialysis ptalaa wafa
The kidneys play an important role in hormonal management. Endocrine disorders are one of the most crucial elements of ‘uraemic syndrome’ which is underestimated and has not been fully examined.
In CRF, there are complex endocrinal disorders related to hypothalamus and pituitary functions, and their relations to adrenal and gonadal functions also as far as sex hormones and adipose tissue hormones .
There is a great need for more randomized clinical trials to evaluate new and old treatment approaches, with the goal of developing better evidence-based practice guidelines.
The document provides information about thyroid gland disorders including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. It discusses the anatomy and blood supply of the thyroid gland. It describes Hashimoto's thyroiditis as the most common cause of hypothyroidism due to an autoimmune reaction. Graves' disease is outlined as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, also caused by an autoimmune process involving thyroid stimulating antibodies. The clinical features, investigations, and treatment approaches for hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are summarized.
01.26.09: Histology of the Endocrine SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Endocrine / Reproduction sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Endo
The document summarizes key points about the endocrine system from Chapter 13 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology. It defines the endocrine system and describes the general characteristics and functions of hormones. It discusses the major endocrine glands including the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and others. It explains how hormones are classified, their mechanisms of action, and how their secretions are controlled through feedback loops and the nervous system. Stress responses mediated by the endocrine system are also summarized.
The endocrine system is composed of hormone-releasing organs that maintain homeostasis by releasing chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control the endocrine system. Hormones have broader response times than neurotransmitters in the nervous system. Endocrine drugs include natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic hormones used for replacement therapy, treatment of disorders, and diagnosis. Examples discussed include hypothalamic-pituitary hormones like growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, and gonadotropins; steroid hormones; and thyroid hormones.
This document provides an overview of chapter 13 from Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook on the endocrine system. It describes the key endocrine glands including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas and others. It discusses how hormones are classified, their mechanisms of action, and control of hormonal secretions primarily through negative feedback. The stress response is also summarized.
The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate various bodily functions including growth, development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Hormones are chemical signals produced in endocrine glands and transported via bloodstream to target tissues. They activate physiological responses by binding to cell surface or intracellular receptors. Common hormones include amines derived from amino acids, peptides and proteins, and steroids. Hormone levels are regulated by feedback loops involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Endocrine disorders can result from hormone deficiencies or excesses.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Jim Holliman, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Alterations in Body Temperature: The Adult Patient with a Fever- Reside...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Rapid Sequence Intubation & Emergency Airway Support in the Pediatric E...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Michele Nypaver, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document provides an overview of ocular emergencies. It begins with an introduction to the Project: Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative and author information. The bulk of the document consists of slides reviewing various eye conditions and emergencies, including styes, chalazions, conjunctivitis, iritis, orbital cellulitis, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and scleritis. Treatment approaches are provided for many of the conditions. The document concludes with a discussion of the eye examination approach and areas to be reviewed.
GEMC- Disorders of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This document provides an overview of disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall. It discusses several topics in 1-3 sentences each, including costochondritis (inflammation of the costal cartilages), mediastinitis (infection of the mediastinum), mediastinal masses, pneumothorax (air in the pleural space), and catamenial pneumothorax (recurrent pneumothorax associated with menstruation). The document aims to enhance understanding of the major clinical disorders commonly encountered in emergency medicine involving the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall.
GEMC- Dental Emergencies and Common Dental Blocks- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Arthritis and Arthrocentesis- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Bursitis, Tendonitis, Fibromyalgia, and RSD- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Right Upper Quadrant Ultrasound- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeff Holmes from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
The document summarizes cardiovascular topics including pericardial tamponade, pericarditis, infective endocarditis, hypertension, tumors, and valvular disorders. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic studies, and management of these conditions. The document also includes bonus sections on cardiac transplant patients, pacemakers and ICDs, and EKG morphology.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC: Nursing Process and Linkage between Theory and PracticeOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
2014 gemc-nursing-lapham-general survey and patient care managementOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of patients with kidney failure presenting to the emergency department. It covers causes of acute kidney injury including pre-renal, intra-renal and post-renal failure. It also discusses evaluation of kidney function, risks of intravenous contrast, dialysis indications and complications in chronic kidney disease patients including infection, cardiovascular issues and electrolyte abnormalities. Special considerations are outlined for resuscitating, evaluating and treating kidney failure patients in the emergency setting.
GEMC: The Role of Radiography in the Initial Evaluation of C-Spine TraumaOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Stephen Hartsell from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jim Holliman from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Sickle Cell Disease: Special Considerations in Pediatrics- Resident Tra...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Hannah Smith, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Jim Holliman, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Alterations in Body Temperature: The Adult Patient with a Fever- Reside...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Rapid Sequence Intubation & Emergency Airway Support in the Pediatric E...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Michele Nypaver, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document provides an overview of ocular emergencies. It begins with an introduction to the Project: Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative and author information. The bulk of the document consists of slides reviewing various eye conditions and emergencies, including styes, chalazions, conjunctivitis, iritis, orbital cellulitis, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and scleritis. Treatment approaches are provided for many of the conditions. The document concludes with a discussion of the eye examination approach and areas to be reviewed.
GEMC- Disorders of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This document provides an overview of disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall. It discusses several topics in 1-3 sentences each, including costochondritis (inflammation of the costal cartilages), mediastinitis (infection of the mediastinum), mediastinal masses, pneumothorax (air in the pleural space), and catamenial pneumothorax (recurrent pneumothorax associated with menstruation). The document aims to enhance understanding of the major clinical disorders commonly encountered in emergency medicine involving the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall.
GEMC- Dental Emergencies and Common Dental Blocks- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Arthritis and Arthrocentesis- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Bursitis, Tendonitis, Fibromyalgia, and RSD- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Right Upper Quadrant Ultrasound- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeff Holmes from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
The document summarizes cardiovascular topics including pericardial tamponade, pericarditis, infective endocarditis, hypertension, tumors, and valvular disorders. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic studies, and management of these conditions. The document also includes bonus sections on cardiac transplant patients, pacemakers and ICDs, and EKG morphology.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC: Nursing Process and Linkage between Theory and PracticeOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
2014 gemc-nursing-lapham-general survey and patient care managementOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of patients with kidney failure presenting to the emergency department. It covers causes of acute kidney injury including pre-renal, intra-renal and post-renal failure. It also discusses evaluation of kidney function, risks of intravenous contrast, dialysis indications and complications in chronic kidney disease patients including infection, cardiovascular issues and electrolyte abnormalities. Special considerations are outlined for resuscitating, evaluating and treating kidney failure patients in the emergency setting.
GEMC: The Role of Radiography in the Initial Evaluation of C-Spine TraumaOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Stephen Hartsell from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jim Holliman from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Sickle Cell Disease: Special Considerations in Pediatrics- Resident Tra...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Hannah Smith, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
1. Author(s): Arno Kumagai, M.D., Robert Lash, M.D., 2009
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3. M2 Endocrine Sequence
University of Michigan Medical School
Directors:
Arno K. Kumagai, M.D.
Thomas Giordano, M.D., Ph.D.
Winter 2009
4. General Information
• Syllabus and Lecture notes
• Required Sessions:
• Patient presentation: Friday, March 6th
• Endocrine Small Groups: Thurs-Fri, March 5-6th
• Longitudinal Case
• Endocrine Photo Gallery
5. Feedback loops and
anterior pituitary physiology
M2- Endocrine Sequence
Arno K. Kumagai, M.D.
Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology &
Diabetes
Winter 2009
13. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
CRH = Corticotropin
(-) Releasing Hormone
CRH
±AVP
ACTH • 41 amino acids
(+) long
(-)
Cortisol
• Ovine form is
more potent than
ACTH (-)
human form
• A trophic factor
(+) and a releasing
hormone
R. Lash
14. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
ACTH = Corticotropin
(-) • Derived from a large
CRH molecule (POMC)
ACTH
±AVP
(+) • 39 amino acids long,
(-)
first 24 are the same
Cortisol
in multiple species
! Synthetic ACTH (aa
ACTH (-) 1-24) used clinically
• 250 µg in the pituitary
- about 50 µg
(+) secreted daily
R. Lash
15. Post-translational Processing of POMC in the
Normal Pituitary POMC = Pro-opiomelanocortin
ACTH
Source Undetermined
MSH = Melanocyte stimulating hormone
17. Growth hormone axis
GH Releasing
GHRH GH(-) SRIF Hormone (GHRH)
(+) (-) • About 44 amino
(-) acids long
IGF-I • Discovered in
GH (-) pancreatic tumors
• Men over 40 have
little response to
(+) GHRH
R. Lash
18. Growth hormone axis
Somatostatin (SRIF)
• Inhibits secretion
GHRH GH(-) SRIF of GH and TSH
(+) (-) • Also inhibits GI
(-) hormones and
IGF-I functions
GH (-) • Octreotide is a
clinically useful
analogue
(+)
R. Lash
19. Growth hormone - prolactin family
• Significant homology, less so at the protein
level (16%)
• Prl & GH both activate the prolactin
receptor
• Family also includes placental lactogen (PL)
20. Prolactin axis
Prl (-) Dopamine
PRF (-)
(+)
Neural
Stimulus (+)
Prl
(+) IMPORTANT
Prolactin release is
tonically inhibited
by DOPAMINE
Janine Chedid, Wikimedia Commons
R. Lash
21. Regulation of prolactin = tonically inhibited
! Prolactin-inhibiting factors (PIFs)
" Dopamine, Dopamine, Dopamine, maybe GABA
" Bromocriptine is a dopamine agonist
" Block multiple aspects of lactotrope function
! Prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs)
" TRH - but probably not physiologically important
" Other candidates: AVP, VIP, Oxytocin, PHI-27
22. Thyroid axis
TRH SRIF
(+) (-)
(-)
T3/T4
TSH (-)
(+)
R. Lash
23. Thyroid axis
T4 # T3
TRH SRIF
(+) (-)
(-)
T4#T3
T3/T4
TSH (-)
(+)
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24. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
T4 # T3
TRH = Thyrotropin
Releasing Hormone
TRH SRIF
• Tripeptide (3 amino
(+) (-) acids)
(-) • Also a potent
T4#T3 stimulator of
T3/T4
prolactin release
TSH (-)
• Synthesized as a
prohormone with six
copies of the TRH
(+) molecule
R. Lash
25. The TRH Tripeptide
O O
C NH CH C N
O N
CH2
C O
NH2
N N H
Source Undetermined
26. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
T4 # T3
TSH = Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone
TRH SRIF
• AKA Thyrotropin
(+) (-)
• Binds to receptors on
(-)
T4#T3 thyroid to stimulate
T3/T4 synthesis and release
TSH (-) of thyroid hormones
T4 (and some T3).
• Part of a glycoprotein
(+) hormone family
R. Lash
27. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is part
of a family of glycoprotein hormones
! Composed of noncovalently bound
! and " subunits
! Both subunits are glycosylated
! ! subunit is common
! "subunits are unique - confer biologic and
immunologic specificity
31. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
O T#E2 GnRH • GnRH = Gonadotropin
Releasing Hormone
Testo (-)
(+) (LH) • 10 amino acids in
length
LH & (-) Inhibin • GnRH # LH & FSH
FSH (FSH) # Sex steroids
• Regulates both LH
(+)
and FSH
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32. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH)
! Pulsatility and pulse frequency are critical
! Pulsatile
infusion stimulates LH and FSH
secretion
! Constant infusion inhibits LH and FSH
secretion
! GnRH can be used to induce fertility and
suppress gonadal function
38. Female gonadal axis
(Positive feedback
during ovulation)
GnRH
(+) Estrogen
(+)
LH &
FSH
(+)
R. Lash
39. Let s review the major players
Hypothalamic Pituitary Effect of
releasing factor hormone hypothalamic factor
TRH TSH (and Prl) Stimulatory
CRH ACTH Stimulatory
GHRH GH Stimulatory
Somatostatin (SRIF) GH and TSH Inhibitory
Dopamine Prl Inhibitory
GnRH FSH and LH Stimulatory
Source Undetermined
40. Rhythms in endocrinology
! Circadian rhythms
" Occur over the course of a day, and repeat daily
" Characteristic of most endocrine functions
" Examples: Cortisol secretion
! Ultradian rhythms
" Bursts (spikes) of hormone secretion
" Can be superimposed on circadian rhythms
" Physiologically important, particularly in reproduction
41. Pulsatility in the reproductive axis
! GnRH
" Pulsatile infusion at 90 minute intervals can induce ovulation in women
with hypothalamic disease
" Continuous infusion is used to suppress LH/FSH in preparation for in vitro
fertilization
! LH and FSH
" Puberty is associated with pulses of greater frequency and amplitude
42. Frequency of administration determines
effect of PTH on bone cells
Trabecular Bone Perimeter %
35 Vehicle
†
30 SC
1 h/day
25 2 h/day ‡
Continuous
20 *
15
10
5
0
Osteoblast Osteoclast
P<0.05, †P<0.01, ‡P<0.001 vs Vehicle
Dobnig and Turner. Endocrinology 1997;138:4607-4612
43. Things to remember if you re just waking
up
! Generally, hypothalamic hormones
stimulate pituitary hormone release
! Prolactin regulation, in contrast, is primarily
inhibitory
! The inhibitory hypothalamic factors worth
remembering are somatostatin and
dopamine
44. Things to remember if you re just waking
up
! Pituitary hormones fall into three groups
" Glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH)
" ACTH
" Growth hormone and prolactin
! Negative feedback is the usual state of
affairs, but not the only one
! Hormone activity depends on both the
quantity present, and its mode of release
45. Additional Source Information
for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 6: Source Undetermined
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Slide 20: Robert Lash; GFDL, Janine Chedid, Wikimedia Commons, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License
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Slide 42: Dobnig and Turner. Endocrinology 1997;138:4607-4612